Academic Forensic Pathology最新文献

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Neck Injuries Caused by Delivery Modes? Late Questions to the Matshes et al. 分娩方式导致颈部损伤?数学的后期问题等。

Q4 Medicine

Academic Forensic Pathology

Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-25 DOI: 10.1177/19253621211062043

Niels Lynøe, Anders Eriksson

引用次数: 0

Organ Retention Litigation 器官保留诉讼

Q4 Medicine

Academic Forensic Pathology

Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/19253621211032498

V. Weedn

The common practice of retaining organs and tissues after the autopsy dissection is a potential legal liability for forensic pathologists and the offices they work for. In 1988, a coroner and the coroner’s office were successfully sued for corneal procurements without the consent of the next of kin. That led to later lawsuits of forensic pathologists and medical examiner offices over the retention of brains for formalin fixation and neuropathologic examination without consent, although the autopsies were not consent based. National Association of Medical Examiners became involved in this ligation and filed numerous amicus briefs. These later lawsuits were not successful. After caselaw on the subject, such lawsuits have largely abated. Nonetheless, the threat of such lawsuits remains, and statutory language can be promulgated to mitigate the risk.

尸检后保留器官和组织的常见做法对法医病理学家及其工作办公室来说是一种潜在的法律责任。1988年，一名验尸官和验尸官办公室在未经其近亲同意的情况下被成功起诉购买角膜。这导致后来法医病理学家和法医办公室就未经同意保留大脑进行福尔马林固定和神经病理学检查提起诉讼，尽管尸检并非基于同意。美国国家法医协会参与了这项结扎手术，并提交了许多法庭之友案情摘要。后来的这些诉讼都没有成功。在这个问题上的判例法之后，这类诉讼在很大程度上减少了。尽管如此，此类诉讼的威胁仍然存在，可以颁布法定语言来减轻风险。

引用次数: 0

Study on Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Sri Lankan Traffic Police Officers Related to Examination of Drunk Drivers, in Two Most Populated Districts of Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡两个人口最多地区对斯里兰卡交警酒后驾驶考试相关知识、态度和实践的评估研究

Q4 Medicine

Academic Forensic Pathology

Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/19253621211032502

Y. Thivaharan, I. Kitulwatte, T. Muthulingam, Maleesha Jayasundara, N. Borukgama, Udaya Prageeth, Dumith Senevirathna, D. Kulathunga, Sandamini Aththanayaka

Introduction: Driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is one of the substantial predisposing factors for mishaps among road users. A traffic police officer will be the first authoritative personnel a drunk driver encounters in the legal system. The absence of accurate skills and knowledge of these officers impedes the structuring of legal procedures and may lead to miscarriage of justice. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of Sri Lankan traffic police in handling and managing an alleged case of driving under influence of alcohol. Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study carried on a sample of 384 traffic police officers attached to the districts of Colombo and Gampaha, through a questionnaire. Results: Out of 384, only 75 of police officers knew the correct preliminaries to perform before administering a breathalyzer test. 79.7% knew the correct instructions for using a breathalyzer, but only 3.4% knew the colour changes of the breathalyzer. Significantly poor attitude was observed among the police officers, regarding the importance of producing a drunk driver for medico-legal examination (P = 0.001) Only 222 (57.8%) answered correctly that a drunk driver needs to be subjected to a medico-legal examination as early as possible. Significantly poor practice and attitude was observed in officers with longer service duration but no significant association was observed between ranks of officers and attitude and practice (P = 0.199). Conclusions: The results of our study demonstrate that the knowledge attitude and practice on efficiently handling a case of DUI among traffic police officers is poor, even though all of them are engaged in DUI duties irrespective of their service duration. The need for continuous professional development programmes was highlighted.

引言：酒后驾驶是道路使用者发生事故的主要诱因之一。交通警察将是醉酒司机在法律体系中遇到的第一个权威人员。这些官员缺乏准确的技能和知识，阻碍了法律程序的构建，并可能导致误判。目的：评估斯里兰卡交通警察在处理和管理一起涉嫌酒后驾驶案件时的知识、态度和做法。方法：这是一项描述性的横断面研究，通过问卷调查，对科伦坡和甘帕哈地区的384名交通警察进行了抽样调查。结果：在384名警察中，只有75名警察知道在进行酒精测试之前要做的正确的准备工作。79.7%的人知道正确的酒精测试仪使用说明，但只有3.4%的人知道酒精测试仪的颜色变化。对于让醉酒司机接受法医检查的重要性，警察的态度明显较差（P=0.001）只有222人（57.8%）正确回答醉酒司机需要尽早接受法医检查。服务时间较长的警察的行为和态度明显较差，但警察级别与态度和行为之间没有显著关联（P=0.199）。结论：我们的研究结果表明，交警在有效处理酒后驾车案件方面的知识态度和行为较差，即使他们所有人都从事酒后驾驶职责，而不管他们的服务期限如何。会上强调了持续的专业发展方案的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Crocodile Attack Injuries: A Failed Attempt to Conceal Homicide 鳄鱼袭击造成的伤害:掩盖谋杀的失败尝试

Q4 Medicine

Academic Forensic Pathology

Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/19253621211033472

Kunasilan Subramaniam, Grace Wong Yi-Li, Vomanasri Krishnan, Iyvonne Chuah Sock Yi, Muhammad Aniq bin Mohd Amran

Crocodile attacks are not uncommon in this region. There have been 92 cases reported since 2015 and 50 cases alone reported in Sarawak. Every year death has been attributed to a crocodile attack. An estimate of 71% of the total cases of crocodile attack ended up dead. However, there are instances where a crocodile attack happened after the death of a person. This is a case of an adult male who was reported missing. His body was found by two local anglers, being mauled by crocodiles. Only partial trunk and lower limbs were found, and the major organs were absent. The postmortem features of the crocodile attacks have been described.

鳄鱼袭击在这个地区并不罕见。自2015年以来，共报告了92例病例，仅砂拉越就报告了50例。每年的死亡都被归咎于鳄鱼袭击。据估计，鳄鱼袭击事件中有71%最终死亡。然而，也有鳄鱼在人死后袭击的例子。这是一起报告失踪的成年男性案件。他的尸体被两名当地垂钓者发现，他们被鳄鱼咬伤。仅发现部分躯干和下肢，主要器官缺失。已经描述了鳄鱼袭击的尸检特征。

引用次数: 1

Fatal Necrotizing Fasciitis as a Consequence of Blunt Trauma: A Case Report 钝性创伤致致命坏死性筋膜炎1例报告

Q4 Medicine

Academic Forensic Pathology

Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/19253621211038108

Chandrakanth Hv, H. Rg, S. Rani

Necrotizing fasciitis is an uncommon lethal bacterial infection that involves the subcutaneous tissue and fascia. It can be mono or polymicrobial infection. The diagnosis is mainly dependent on clinical signs and symptoms. Trauma is the commonest cause for it. The early signs and symptoms may mimic cellulitis. We present a case of necrotizing fasciitis following an assault. The patient was received in a state of shock. Despite all measures, the patient could not be saved. Early debridement and antibiotic therapy have a key role in the prognosis of the disease. Medicolegal issues can arise when the disease develops post-assault because of the vague and unpredictable nature of the disease and its challenging prognosis.

坏死性筋膜炎是一种罕见的致命细菌感染，涉及皮下组织和筋膜。它可以是单一或多种微生物感染。诊断主要取决于临床体征和症状。创伤是最常见的病因。早期体征和症状可能类似蜂窝组织炎。我们报告一例攻击后坏死性筋膜炎。病人在休克状态下接受治疗。尽管采取了各种措施，病人还是没能得救。早期清创和抗生素治疗对疾病的预后起着关键作用。当疾病在袭击后发展时，由于疾病的模糊性和不可预测性及其具有挑战性的预后，可能会出现法医学问题。

引用次数: 0

Aortoesophageal Fistula Secondary to Esophageal Diverticulum Resulting in Sudden Unexpected Death 食管分流器继发主动脉食管瘘致猝死

Q4 Medicine

Academic Forensic Pathology

Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/19253621211038122

R. Ndikumana, A. Lal, J. Herath

Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is a rarely encountered clinical outcome that is often fatal. It is most commonly a postoperative complication of vascular surgery (secondary AEF). Reported primary causes of AEF include aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, infection, foreign objects, achalasia with megaesophagus, gastrointestinal malignancy, and radiotherapy. Aortoesophageal fistula is often not a top diagnostic consideration for clinicians or pathologists and has the potential to be overlooked. This report describes a rare case of AEF secondary to an esophageal traction diverticulum and associated abscess that resulted in the sudden unexpected death of a 78-year-old male. Aortoesophageal fistula is an important consideration for pathologists and requires careful consideration in the postmortem setting.

主动脉食管瘘(AEF)是一种罕见的临床结果，往往是致命的。它是最常见的血管手术术后并发症(继发性AEF)。据报道，AEF的主要病因包括主动脉瘤、动脉粥样硬化、感染、异物、食管贲门失弛缓症、胃肠道恶性肿瘤和放疗。主动脉食管瘘通常不是临床医生或病理学家的首要诊断考虑，并有可能被忽视。本报告描述了一例罕见的食管牵引憩室继发急性食管炎并伴有脓肿，导致一名78岁男性突然意外死亡。主动脉食管瘘是病理学家的一个重要考虑因素，需要在死后仔细考虑。

引用次数: 0

Acute Esophageal Necrosis (Black Esophagus): An Autopsy Case Series 急性食管坏死（黑色食管）：尸检病例系列

Q4 Medicine

Academic Forensic Pathology

Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/19253621211036305

Lauren R. Crowson-Hindman, Keenen Smith, A. Phillips

Introduction: Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN), also known as black esophagus and acute necrotizing esophagitis, is a rare pathologic finding of unknown etiology. It was first characterized as diffuse, circumferential black discoloration of the esophageal mucosa that affects predominantly the distal esophagus with sharp transition to normal-appearing mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction. Case frequency of AEN remains low and mainly found incidentally, with up to 0.2% in autopsy and endoscopy studies. Men are 4 times more commonly affected and overall mortality is approximately 32%. Methods: Black esophagus was incidentally found during ten forensic autopsy cases. Complete autopsies with photographs, histological examination, and toxicological analysis were performed. Case background information was reviewed. A review of literature was done, with research criteria including previous case reports, diagnosis, and autopsy, endoscopic, and microscopic findings of AEN. Results: Nine of ten deceased were male, with an age range of 26 to 67 years old. The most common preexisting pathological condition was chronic alcohol consumption, seen in six of ten cases, and in eight cases, the death occurred suddenly at home. “Classic” black esophagus was only seen in four cases. Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to acute necrotizing esophagitis was established as the immediate cause of death in six of ten cases. Discussion: This case series demonstrates ten cases of AEN with variation in appearance, yet diagnosis supported by histology, ancillary testing, and case information. The case frequency was higher than previously reported, 0.7%, suggesting that the prevalence of AEN may be underestimated, especially in forensic death investigations.

简介:急性食管坏死(AEN)，又称黑色食管和急性坏死性食管炎，是一种罕见的病理发现，病因不明。首先表现为食管黏膜弥漫性、周向性黑色变色，主要累及食管远端，在胃食管交界处迅速过渡到正常粘膜。AEN的病例频率仍然很低，主要是偶然发现的，在尸检和内窥镜检查中高达0.2%。男性的发病率是男性的4倍，总死亡率约为32%。方法:在10例法医尸检中偶然发现食管黑色。进行了完整的尸检，包括照片、组织学检查和毒理学分析。审查了病例背景资料。对文献进行了回顾，研究标准包括以前的病例报告、诊断、尸检、内窥镜和显微镜下发现的AEN。结果:10例死者中有9例为男性，年龄26 ~ 67岁。最常见的先前存在的病理状况是慢性饮酒，10例中有6例出现，其中8例在家中突然死亡。“典型”食管黑色仅见于4例。急性坏死性食管炎引起的上消化道出血被确定为10例中6例的直接死亡原因。讨论:本病例系列展示了10例AEN的外观变化，但诊断支持组织学，辅助检查和病例信息。病例频率高于先前报道的0.7%，这表明AEN的患病率可能被低估了，特别是在法医死亡调查中。

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引用次数: 1

Confronting Forensic Pathologists 直面法医病理学家

Q4 Medicine

Academic Forensic Pathology

Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/19253621211032504

V. Weedn

Background: The Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause gives defendants a right to confront their accusers. Method: U.S. Supreme Court cases that interpreted this right as applied to forensic scientists were reviewed. Results: Melendez-Diaz, Bullcoming, and Williams examined constitutional rights to confront forensic scientists. Lower courts have specifically examined their application to forensic pathology. Whether autopsy reports are considered “testimonial” varies among jurisdictions and has not been definitively settled. Defendants are generally able to compel testimony of forensic pathologists. Where the forensic pathologist is truly unavailable, the surrogate expert should be in a position to render an independent opinion.

背景：《第六修正案对抗条款》赋予被告对抗原告的权利。方法：对美国最高法院将这一权利解释为适用于法医科学家的案件进行审查。结果：Melendez Diaz、Bullcoming和Williams审查了宪法赋予他们对抗法医科学家的权利。下级法院专门审查了它们在法医病理学方面的应用。尸检报告是否被视为“证明”因司法管辖区而异，尚未得到明确解决。被告通常能够强迫法医病理学家作证。如果法医病理学家确实不在，代理专家应该能够发表独立意见。

引用次数: 0

Inconsistencies in Overdose Suicide Death Investigation Practice and Potential Remedies Using Technology: A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Consultation Meeting Summary. 吸毒过量自杀死亡调查实践中的不一致之处以及利用技术进行补救的可能性：美国疾病控制和预防中心咨询会议摘要。

Q4 Medicine

Academic Forensic Pathology

Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-14 DOI: 10.1177/19253621211022464

Melissa C Mercado, Deborah M Stone, Caroline W Kokubun, Aimée-Rika T Trudeau, Elizabeth Gaylor, Kristin M Holland, Brad N Bartholow

Introduction: It is widely accepted that suicides-which account for more than 47 500 deaths per year in the United States-are undercounted by 10% to 30%, partially due to incomplete death scene investigations (DSI) and varying burden-of-proof standards across jurisdictions. This may result in the misclassification of overdose-related suicides as accidents or undetermined intent.

Methods: Virtual and in-person meetings were held with suicidologists and DSI experts from five states (Spring-Summer 2017) to explore how features of a hypothetical electronic DSI tool may help address these challenges.

Results: Participants envisioned a mobile DSI application for cell phones, tablets, or laptop computers. Features for systematic information collection, scene description, and guiding key informant interviews were perceived as useful for less-experienced investigators.

Discussion: Wide adoption may be challenging due to differences in DSI standards, practices, costs, data privacy and security, and system integration needs. However, technological tools that support consistent and complete DSIs could strengthen the information needed to accurately identify overdose suicides.

导言：人们普遍认为，美国每年有超过47500人死于自杀，其中10%至30%的死亡人数被低估，部分原因是死亡现场调查（DSI）不完整以及不同司法管辖区的举证责任标准不同。这可能导致与用药过量有关的自杀被错误地归类为意外事故或意图不明：与来自五个州的自杀学家和 DSI 专家举行了虚拟和面对面会议（2017 年春夏），探讨假设的电子 DSI 工具的功能可如何帮助应对这些挑战：结果：与会者设想了一种用于手机、平板电脑或笔记本电脑的移动 DSI 应用程序。系统信息收集、场景描述和指导关键信息提供者访谈等功能被认为对经验不足的调查人员非常有用：讨论：由于 DSI 标准、实践、成本、数据隐私和安全以及系统集成需求存在差异，广泛采用 DSI 可能具有挑战性。然而，支持一致、完整的 DSI 的技术工具可以加强准确识别服药过量自杀所需的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Safety Recommendations for Forensic Laboratory Staff During COVID-19 Pandemic. COVID-19大流行期间法医实验室工作人员的安全建议。

Q4 Medicine

Academic Forensic Pathology

Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-28 DOI: 10.1177/19253621211024396

Suneel Prajapati, Sukhminder Kaur

In the 21st century, the crime rate and viral infectious diseases are on peak and seems to be the real enemies of humanity. Forensic science and its various branches especially biology have a key role in modern-day justice. Forensic scientists and laboratory staffs are of great significance for elucidating the biological exhibits and generating the biological evidence which are required for criminal justice. Owing to the profession and like other medical health workers, forensic laboratory staffs are also at a greater risk in the era of COVID-19. Therefore, the safety of forensic laboratory staff is of utmost importance during this pandemic. The article emphasizes on the safety guidelines and regulations that need to be adopted by the forensic staff in connection with daily laboratory practices. Thus, the article may offer a reference or help one to implement COVID-19 advisory to forensic scientists and other laboratory staff working in forensic institutions and laboratories during the current pandemic.

在21世纪，犯罪率和病毒性传染病达到高峰，似乎是人类真正的敌人。法医学及其各个分支，尤其是生物学，在现代司法中发挥着关键作用。法医学工作者和实验室工作人员对生物物证的解释和生物证据的生成具有重要的意义。由于法医实验室工作人员的职业以及与其他医疗卫生工作者一样，他们在COVID-19时代也面临着更大的风险。因此，在本次大流行期间，法医实验室工作人员的安全至关重要。本文强调了法医工作人员在日常实验室实践中需要采用的安全准则和规定。因此，本文可以为当前疫情期间法医科学家和法医机构和实验室的其他实验室工作人员实施COVID-19咨询提供参考或帮助。

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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