{"title":"Ann-Katrin Kaufhold : Systemaufsicht : Anforderungen an die Ausgestaltung einer Aufsicht zur Abwehr systemischer Risiken entwickelt am Beispiel der Finanzaufsicht","authors":"H. Röhl","doi":"10.3790/VERW.51.2.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/VERW.51.2.301","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"51 1","pages":"301-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47488746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Das europaische Haushaltsrecht zeichnet sich im Vergleich mit dem deutschen durch eine Reihe von Besonderheiten aus: Es ist in seiner heutigen Gestalt ein sehr junges, im Grunde erst im Zuge der Prodi-Kinnock-Reformen 1999–2002 entstandenes Recht. Es kennt die fur das deutsche Haushaltsrecht charakteristische Trennung von Innenrecht und Ausenrecht nicht und ist deswegen selbst materielles Verwaltungsrecht der Leistungsverwaltung der Union. Soweit es um die Verwendung von Unionsmitteln geht, erfullt es zugleich Funktionen eines Aufsichtsrechts der Kommission auserhalb des Vertragsverletzungsverfahrens. Schlieslich werden im europaischen Haushaltsrecht in exemplarischer Weise die okonomischen, sozialen, territorialen und politischen Asymmetrien der Union verarbeitet, kurz: das Verhaltnis von Zentrum und Peripherie im Verwaltungsverbund. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht die Frage nach der gegenwartigen Leistungsfahigkeit und der Zukunft des Modells der Gemeinsamen Mittelverwaltung nach Art. 59 EHO und der VO 1303/2013, nach dessen Grundidee den Mitgliedstaaten die dezentrale Finanzierungskompetenz ubertragen wird, die Kommission aber die politische Haushaltsverantwortung behalt und dafur uber eine Reihe von Kontroll-, Aufsichts-, Mitsteuerungs- und Sanktionsbefugnissen verfugt. Dieses Modell ist aber inzwischen in einer schweren institutionellen Krise: Dem Haushaltsrecht sind in den letzten anderthalb Jahrzehnten sowohl im Recht der Struktur- und Investitionsfonds als auch beispielsweise bei der Finanzierung der Migrations- und Grenzsicherungspolitik politische Aufgaben zugefallen, die das unpolitisch-administrative Vollzugsmodell grundsatzlich in Frage stellen. Eine deswegen an sich folgerichtige, starkere direkte haushaltsrechtliche Steuerung durch die Kommission wird jedoch durch den gegenwartigen Rechtszustand strukturell unterlaufen. Die immer starkere Mobilisierung der Kontrollschiene fuhrt zu nichtintendierten Effekten. Der Beitrag diskutiert schlieslich Auswege aus der gegenwartigen Situation und zeigt die politischen Perspektiven einer Reform des europaischen Haushaltsrechts auf.
{"title":"Die Steuerung des Verwaltungshandelns durch Haushaltsrecht und Haushaltskontrolle in der Europäischen Union","authors":"F. Meinel","doi":"10.3790/VERW.51.2.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/VERW.51.2.153","url":null,"abstract":"Das europaische Haushaltsrecht zeichnet sich im Vergleich mit dem deutschen durch eine Reihe von Besonderheiten aus: Es ist in seiner heutigen Gestalt ein sehr junges, im Grunde erst im Zuge der Prodi-Kinnock-Reformen 1999–2002 entstandenes Recht. Es kennt die fur das deutsche Haushaltsrecht charakteristische Trennung von Innenrecht und Ausenrecht nicht und ist deswegen selbst materielles Verwaltungsrecht der Leistungsverwaltung der Union. Soweit es um die Verwendung von Unionsmitteln geht, erfullt es zugleich Funktionen eines Aufsichtsrechts der Kommission auserhalb des Vertragsverletzungsverfahrens. Schlieslich werden im europaischen Haushaltsrecht in exemplarischer Weise die okonomischen, sozialen, territorialen und politischen Asymmetrien der Union verarbeitet, kurz: das Verhaltnis von Zentrum und Peripherie im Verwaltungsverbund. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht die Frage nach der gegenwartigen Leistungsfahigkeit und der Zukunft des Modells der Gemeinsamen Mittelverwaltung nach Art. 59 EHO und der VO 1303/2013, nach dessen Grundidee den Mitgliedstaaten die dezentrale Finanzierungskompetenz ubertragen wird, die Kommission aber die politische Haushaltsverantwortung behalt und dafur uber eine Reihe von Kontroll-, Aufsichts-, Mitsteuerungs- und Sanktionsbefugnissen verfugt. Dieses Modell ist aber inzwischen in einer schweren institutionellen Krise: Dem Haushaltsrecht sind in den letzten anderthalb Jahrzehnten sowohl im Recht der Struktur- und Investitionsfonds als auch beispielsweise bei der Finanzierung der Migrations- und Grenzsicherungspolitik politische Aufgaben zugefallen, die das unpolitisch-administrative Vollzugsmodell grundsatzlich in Frage stellen. Eine deswegen an sich folgerichtige, starkere direkte haushaltsrechtliche Steuerung durch die Kommission wird jedoch durch den gegenwartigen Rechtszustand strukturell unterlaufen. Die immer starkere Mobilisierung der Kontrollschiene fuhrt zu nichtintendierten Effekten. Der Beitrag diskutiert schlieslich Auswege aus der gegenwartigen Situation und zeigt die politischen Perspektiven einer Reform des europaischen Haushaltsrechts auf.","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"51 1","pages":"153-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44087526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Regarding recent developments in Europe, the constitutional basis and scope of judicial independence is a salient question of the architecture of the judicial power in Germany, too. This article argues that judicial independence is not a personal privilege of judges but a functional requirement, which enables the judicial branch to exert its powers effectively. The analysis illustrates how judicial independence is protected as well substantively as procedurally under German legislation, which fills out the constitutional guarantee of the independence of the judges. Albeit a judge is under no obligation to follow instructions of a superior officer with regard to his or her legal findings, there are legitimate instruments of the court administration outside the centre of adjudication to secure good behaviour of the judges in office.
{"title":"Die richterliche Unabhängigkeit – Eine Bestandsaufnahme","authors":"G. Schmidt","doi":"10.3790/VERW.51.2.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/VERW.51.2.227","url":null,"abstract":"Regarding recent developments in Europe, the constitutional basis and scope of judicial independence is a salient question of the architecture of the judicial power in Germany, too. This article argues that judicial independence is not a personal privilege of judges but a functional requirement, which enables the judicial branch to exert its powers effectively. The analysis illustrates how judicial independence is protected as well substantively as procedurally under German legislation, which fills out the constitutional guarantee of the independence of the judges. Albeit a judge is under no obligation to follow instructions of a superior officer with regard to his or her legal findings, there are legitimate instruments of the court administration outside the centre of adjudication to secure good behaviour of the judges in office.","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"182 1","pages":"227-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41259055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is based upon a lecture held by the author at the discussion group “Administration” at the annual conference of the Association of German University Teachers of Constitutional Law in Saarbruecken in 2017. The first part covers the constitutional basis of public service in Austria. The relevant provisions deal with the distribution of competences, the exercise of authority over civil servants, the personnel responsible for public administration and the duty to obey directives given by superior administrative bodies. The second part reveals the impact of European Union law on public service in Austria. The focus is on the freedom of movement of workers (Article 45 para 4 TFEU) and the prohibition of age discrimination laid down in secondary European legislation as interpreted by the European Court of Justice. After a presentation of the dual concept of public sector employment in Austria (employment under public law or contract law), the paper analyses in its third part the question to what extent and for what purpose the Austrian Federal Constitution does require endowing civil servants with formal public law status. In addition, the study deals with the effects of the extensive outsourcing of public tasks and the transfer of the personnel entrusted with these tasks to outsourced legal entities. Finally, the article reconsiders the right of Austrian civil servants to strike. The recent case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights indicates that also civil servants are entitled to strike in principle.
{"title":"Das Recht des „öffentlichen Dienstes“ - Grundlagen und neuere Entwicklungen in rechtsvergleichender Perspektive. Die österreichische Sicht","authors":"G. Baumgartner","doi":"10.3790/VERW.51.1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/VERW.51.1.39","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is based upon a lecture held by the author at the discussion group “Administration” at the annual conference of the Association of German University Teachers of Constitutional Law in Saarbruecken in 2017. The first part covers the constitutional basis of public service in Austria. The relevant provisions deal with the distribution of competences, the exercise of authority over civil servants, the personnel responsible for public administration and the duty to obey directives given by superior administrative bodies. The second part reveals the impact of European Union law on public service in Austria. The focus is on the freedom of movement of workers (Article 45 para 4 TFEU) and the prohibition of age discrimination laid down in secondary European legislation as interpreted by the European Court of Justice. After a presentation of the dual concept of public sector employment in Austria (employment under public law or contract law), the paper analyses in its third part the question to what extent and for what purpose the Austrian Federal Constitution does require endowing civil servants with formal public law status. In addition, the study deals with the effects of the extensive outsourcing of public tasks and the transfer of the personnel entrusted with these tasks to outsourced legal entities. Finally, the article reconsiders the right of Austrian civil servants to strike. The recent case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights indicates that also civil servants are entitled to strike in principle.","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"51 1","pages":"39-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43370117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with the legislation of the Federal Administrative Court (BVerwG) in matters of constitutional law. It investigates, in which ways constitutional law impacts on ordinary law. One focus is on constitution-conformant interpretation (verfassungskonforme Auslegung).
{"title":"Bundesverfassungsrecht in der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverwaltungsgerichts (2012 – 2017)","authors":"Christian Bumke","doi":"10.3790/VERW.51.1.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/VERW.51.1.71","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the legislation of the Federal Administrative Court (BVerwG) in matters of constitutional law. It investigates, in which ways constitutional law impacts on ordinary law. One focus is on constitution-conformant interpretation (verfassungskonforme Auslegung).","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"51 1","pages":"71-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41359569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Civil service law – legal bases and recent developments A structural element of the legal bases of civil service law is its two-tier structure. In recent times the German Constitutional Court has granted the public sector organisational discretion for the recruitment of teachers and professors as civil servants or private employees. In practice, this is exercised according to financial criteria, which causes general understanding for the specific values of an official status to dwindle. Art. 33 paragraph 4 GG as a binding constitutional norm has to be examined in three steps: First, the general legitimation of a career as public officer has to be proved; then the content of the tasks and the typical forms of their fulfilment must be described. This leads to the base of a constitutional requirement to employ school and university teachers as civil servants. The discussion on a strike ban under civil service law, which also concerns the state monopoly of sovereign powers, has been object of two dec...
{"title":"Das Recht des öffentlichen Dienstes – Grundlagen und neuere Entwicklungen","authors":"A. Leisner-Egensperger","doi":"10.3790/VERW.51.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/VERW.51.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Civil service law – legal bases and recent developments A structural element of the legal bases of civil service law is its two-tier structure. In recent times the German Constitutional Court has granted the public sector organisational discretion for the recruitment of teachers and professors as civil servants or private employees. In practice, this is exercised according to financial criteria, which causes general understanding for the specific values of an official status to dwindle. Art. 33 paragraph 4 GG as a binding constitutional norm has to be examined in three steps: First, the general legitimation of a career as public officer has to be proved; then the content of the tasks and the typical forms of their fulfilment must be described. This leads to the base of a constitutional requirement to employ school and university teachers as civil servants. The discussion on a strike ban under civil service law, which also concerns the state monopoly of sovereign powers, has been object of two dec...","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3790/VERW.51.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42257596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Staatshaftungsrecht. Bericht über den Amtshaftungsanspruch in den Jahren 2007–2017","authors":"Foroud Shirvani","doi":"10.3790/VERW.50.4.571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/VERW.50.4.571","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"50 1","pages":"571-600"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46526035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every legal act issued by the administrative authorities has to be lawful. Lawfulness in a material sense (materielle Rechtmasigkeit) is considered as non-contradiction between the content of the legal act and the content of the legal order. If the regulative content of such an act has intertemporal existence its lawfulness is permanently in question. This essay is about administrative acts (Verwaltungsakte) which are legal acts of this kind. It treats the common ways in which their lawfulness is established with a special focus on the intertemporal aspect. From this perspective lawfulness is open to changes, it can be seen as a contingent quality of such legal acts. An administrative act can, for example, lose its (previously given) conformity with rules of law in case the factual or normative situation changes. The article connects this phenomenon with the thesis of the Federal Administrative Court according to which the management of such changes in the legal situation is built into the content of the same laws on which the lawfulness of such acts depends. From our point of view the arising interpretative question can be understood more precisely, and some general lines of argument dealing with this question can be described. Thereby the essay wants to contribute to the substitution of case-by-case interpretation by a more dogmatic-holistic approach.
{"title":"Die instabile Rechtmäßigkeit von Verwaltungsakten als Auslegungsproblem","authors":"D. Kuch","doi":"10.3790/VERW.50.4.483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/VERW.50.4.483","url":null,"abstract":"Every legal act issued by the administrative authorities has to be lawful. Lawfulness in a material sense (materielle Rechtmasigkeit) is considered as non-contradiction between the content of the legal act and the content of the legal order. If the regulative content of such an act has intertemporal existence its lawfulness is permanently in question. This essay is about administrative acts (Verwaltungsakte) which are legal acts of this kind. It treats the common ways in which their lawfulness is established with a special focus on the intertemporal aspect. From this perspective lawfulness is open to changes, it can be seen as a contingent quality of such legal acts. An administrative act can, for example, lose its (previously given) conformity with rules of law in case the factual or normative situation changes. The article connects this phenomenon with the thesis of the Federal Administrative Court according to which the management of such changes in the legal situation is built into the content of the same laws on which the lawfulness of such acts depends. From our point of view the arising interpretative question can be understood more precisely, and some general lines of argument dealing with this question can be described. Thereby the essay wants to contribute to the substitution of case-by-case interpretation by a more dogmatic-holistic approach.","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"50 1","pages":"483-505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46670486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the international political and military crisis in Ukraine in 2014, a German armaments manufacturer intended to export a training camp for field exercise to the Russian Ministry of Defence. Exports of weapons and military engineering require permission (Ausfuhrgenehmigung) from the Bundesamt fur Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, a government agency under the control of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. As this permission had been granted before Russia’s military intervention in Ukraine, the considerable change of circumstances led to a re-assessment of the security situation and raised the question of how to deal with the permission. Section 49(2) of the Federal Administrative Procedures Act allows for a cancellation (Widerruf) of an administrative act (Verwaltungsakt) due to a change of circumstances, such as where the permission would have been denied had the circumstances changed before the permission was granted. However, such a cancellation irrevocably voids the administrative act. In some cases, it may be more appropriate to only suspend the permission in order to monitor the situation before making a final decision. In the case at hand, the Bundesamt therefore ordered the temporary suspension (Aussetzung) of the permission arguing that section 49(2) of the Administrative Procedures Act allowed not only for a cancellation but, a maiore ad minus, also for a suspension of administrative acts. This assumption raises two questions: First, what is the distinct legal character of a suspension of an administrative act compared to its ultimate cancellation? Second, what are the specific legal requirements for such a suspension? With regard to the first question, the article concludes that the suspension relates to the enforceability (Vollziehbarkeit) of administrative acts, and that only validity (Wirksamkeit) and enforceability should be used to categorize the legal effects of administrative acts; other current differentiations such as interior and exterior validity or validity and legal existence are dismissed. Concerning the second question, the article analyses several legal provisions in different areas of administrative law, which allow for the suspension of administrative acts but shows that no such explicit legal basis exists in the field of foreign trade. This calls for an in-depth analysis of whether a suspension order can be based on a legal provision authorizing the cancellation of an administrative act. The article concludes that less intrusive measures (Minusmasnahmen) can replace measures provided for in a legal provision only under specific circumstances. It is argued that the requisite conditions are in principle fulfilled when a short-term suspension order referring to the temporary character of a change of circumstances is based on section 49(2) of the Administrative Procedures Act. Read More: https://ejournals.duncker-humblot.de/doi/abs/10.3790/verw.50.4.463
在2014年乌克兰发生国际政治和军事危机期间，一家德国军备制造商打算向俄罗斯国防部出口一个训练营进行实地演习。武器和军事工程的出口需要联邦经济事务和能源部控制下的政府机构Bundesamt fur Wirtschaft und Ausfurkontroll的许可（Ausfurgenehmigung）。由于这一许可是在俄罗斯军事干预乌克兰之前获得的，情况的重大变化导致了对安全局势的重新评估，并提出了如何处理许可的问题。《联邦行政程序法》第49（2）条允许因情况变化而取消（Widerruf）行政法案（Verwaltungsakt），例如在授予许可之前，如果情况发生变化，许可将被拒绝。但是，这种撤销不可撤销地使行政行为无效。在某些情况下，在做出最终决定之前，为了监控情况，只暂停许可可能更合适。在本案中，联邦议院因此下令暂时暂停（Aussetzung）许可，辩称《行政程序法》第49（2）条不仅允许取消，而且允许暂停行政行为。这一假设提出了两个问题：首先，与最终取消行政行为相比，暂停行政行为的独特法律性质是什么？第二，这种暂停的具体法律要求是什么？关于第一个问题，该条的结论是，中止涉及行政行为的可执行性（Vollziehbarkeit），只有有效性（Wirksamkeit）和可执行性才能用于对行政行为的法律效力进行分类；目前的其他区别，如内部和外部有效性或有效性和法律存在性，都被驳回。关于第二个问题，文章分析了行政法不同领域的几项法律规定，这些规定允许暂停行政行为，但表明在外贸领域不存在这样明确的法律依据。这就需要深入分析暂停令是否可以以授权取消行政行为的法律条款为基础。文章的结论是，只有在特定情况下，侵入性较小的措施（Minusmasnahmen）才能取代法律条款中规定的措施。有人争辩说，如果根据《行政程序法》第49（2）条作出提及情况变化的临时性质的短期暂停令，则原则上满足了必要条件。阅读更多：https://ejournals.duncker-humblot.de/doi/abs/10.3790/verw.50.4.463
{"title":"Die behördliche Aussetzung von Verwaltungsakten bei veränderter Sachlage. Rechtsnatur und Zulässigkeit am Beispiel der Ausfuhrgenehmigung","authors":"H. Sauer","doi":"10.3790/VERW.50.4.463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/VERW.50.4.463","url":null,"abstract":"During the international political and military crisis in Ukraine in 2014, a German armaments manufacturer intended to export a training camp for field exercise to the Russian Ministry of Defence. Exports of weapons and military engineering require permission (Ausfuhrgenehmigung) from the Bundesamt fur Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, a government agency under the control of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. As this permission had been granted before Russia’s military intervention in Ukraine, the considerable change of circumstances led to a re-assessment of the security situation and raised the question of how to deal with the permission. Section 49(2) of the Federal Administrative Procedures Act allows for a cancellation (Widerruf) of an administrative act (Verwaltungsakt) due to a change of circumstances, such as where the permission would have been denied had the circumstances changed before the permission was granted. However, such a cancellation irrevocably voids the administrative act. In some cases, it may be more appropriate to only suspend the permission in order to monitor the situation before making a final decision. In the case at hand, the Bundesamt therefore ordered the temporary suspension (Aussetzung) of the permission arguing that section 49(2) of the Administrative Procedures Act allowed not only for a cancellation but, a maiore ad minus, also for a suspension of administrative acts. \u0000 \u0000This assumption raises two questions: First, what is the distinct legal character of a suspension of an administrative act compared to its ultimate cancellation? Second, what are the specific legal requirements for such a suspension? With regard to the first question, the article concludes that the suspension relates to the enforceability (Vollziehbarkeit) of administrative acts, and that only validity (Wirksamkeit) and enforceability should be used to categorize the legal effects of administrative acts; other current differentiations such as interior and exterior validity or validity and legal existence are dismissed. Concerning the second question, the article analyses several legal provisions in different areas of administrative law, which allow for the suspension of administrative acts but shows that no such explicit legal basis exists in the field of foreign trade. This calls for an in-depth analysis of whether a suspension order can be based on a legal provision authorizing the cancellation of an administrative act. The article concludes that less intrusive measures (Minusmasnahmen) can replace measures provided for in a legal provision only under specific circumstances. It is argued that the requisite conditions are in principle fulfilled when a short-term suspension order referring to the temporary character of a change of circumstances is based on section 49(2) of the Administrative Procedures Act. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Read More: https://ejournals.duncker-humblot.de/doi/abs/10.3790/verw.50.4.463","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"50 1","pages":"463-482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44901020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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