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Staatshaftung getäuschter Hoheitsträger?
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.3790/VERW.52.2.181
Nils Grosche
The scandal concerning rigged emissions tests to circumvent regulations is regularly not reflected through the lense of the German rules of State liabilty. This lack of attention follows from the fact that compensation for damage caused to individuals is regularly precluded under the German rules of State liability when the underlying regulation scheme is applied diligently by the competent public authority. In consequence, an unlawful market approval by manipulated but lawfully investigating public authorities appears to exclude liability. However, liability under the German rules of State liability is not limited to cases of misconduct by public authorities. Against this background the case is made for a liability of the manipulated State even though there is no evidence of misconduct on behalf of its authorities when applying approval procedures. The proposed special case for State liability rests on two pillars: the structural vulnerability of the relevant approval procedures for manipulation and a high degree of dependency of third party economic actors on the validity of the State’s approval mechanisms.
关于操纵排放测试以规避法规的丑闻通常不会通过德国国家责任规则的视角来反映。这种缺乏关注的原因是,当主管公共当局认真实施基本监管计划时,德国的国家责任规则经常排除对个人造成的损害的赔偿。因此,被操纵但正在进行合法调查的公共当局的非法市场批准似乎排除了责任。然而,德国国家责任规则规定的责任不限于公共当局的不当行为。在这种背景下,即使没有证据表明被操纵国当局在申请批准程序时有不当行为,也要追究被操纵国的责任。拟议的国家责任特例基于两个支柱:相关审批程序在结构上易受操纵,以及第三方经济行为体高度依赖国家审批机制的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Renaissance der Verwaltungswissenschaft? 公共行政的复兴?
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.3790/VERW.52.2.157
Enrico Peuker
German Administrative Science seems to be in crisis. However, some development indicates a possible renaissance. The paper analyzes causes of the crisis and depicts requirements for a renaissance. Therefore, it highlights the historic developmentof the Administrative Science in Germany and discusses different integration levels of Administrative Science. These integration levels are described as potential future scenarios and are evaluated with regard to their sustainability. After examining the impact of New Administrative Law (“Neue Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft”) on the renaissance of Administrative Science in Germany the paper argues for a concept of Administrative Science as an interdisciplinary project rather than a transdisciplinary science. It demonstrates the potential of this concept with regard to two examples (the reform of the asylum administration and the use of Artificial Intelligence by the administration). The paper ends with notes on the Administrative Science’s entitlement and reputation.
德国行政科学似乎处于危机之中。然而,一些发展表明可能出现复兴。本文分析了危机的原因,并描述了复兴的要求。因此,本文突出了德国行政科学的历史发展,并对行政科学的不同整合水平进行了探讨。这些综合水平被描述为潜在的未来情景,并就其可持续性进行评估。在考察了新行政法(Neue Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft)对德国行政科学复兴的影响后,本文主张将行政科学视为一门跨学科项目,而不是一门跨学科科学。它通过两个例子(庇护管理的改革和管理部门对人工智能的使用)展示了这一概念的潜力。文章最后对行政科学的权利与声誉作了评述。
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引用次数: 0
Ansprüche und Klagen im Verwaltungsrecht 行政法的要求和诉讼
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.3790/VERW.52.2.239
A. Funke
Claims and Actions in Administrative Law It is beyond dispute that administrative courts protect the rights of individuals. Yet how does this protection actually operate? In his recently published monograph “Actio, Anspruch, subjektives Recht” (2017), Johannes Buchheim suggests a fresh account of legal protection in administrative law issues. Buchheim develops an action-based model concerning the reconstruction of administrative law. The project questions the prevalent approach towards administrative law, labelled as the claim-based model. The claim-based model focusses on substantive claims, which may originate from a violation of an individual right or which may be established directly by a statute, a contract or anadministrative act. It conceives judicial actions as being strictly dependent on such substantive claims. The action-based model denies such a dependence. Instead, it assumes that the courts follow an autonomous logic of decision-making, perceiving the violation of a right only as the initial reference point. This article aspires, firstly, to identify Buchheim’s main objections, secondly, to clarify and to confine the claim-based model in some respects, and lastly, to examine the objections raised by Buchheim in detail. While the book offers a plethora of inspiring ideas, it finally does not succeed in establishing the action-based model. Judicial review is based on claims, not only on (violation of) rights.
行政法中的权利主张和诉讼行政法院保护个人权利是无可争议的。然而,这种保护实际上是如何运作的呢?Johannes Buchheim在其最近出版的专著《Actio,Anspruch,subjektives Recht》(2017)中,对行政法问题中的法律保护提出了新的看法。布赫海姆提出了一种基于行动的行政法重建模式。该项目质疑被称为基于索赔模式的普遍行政法方法。基于索赔的模式侧重于实质性索赔,这些索赔可能源于对个人权利的侵犯,也可能由法规、合同或行政行为直接确立。它认为司法行动严格依赖于这种实质性主张。基于行动的模型否认了这种依赖性。相反,它假设法院遵循自主决策逻辑,只将侵犯权利视为最初的参考点。本文希望,首先,确定布赫海姆的主要反对意见,其次,在某些方面澄清和限制基于索赔的模型,最后,详细审查布赫海姆提出的反对意见。虽然这本书提供了大量鼓舞人心的想法,但它最终没有成功地建立起基于行动的模式。司法审查是基于索赔,而不仅仅是基于(侵犯)权利。
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引用次数: 0
Die Verwaltung: Volume 52, Issue 1 管理:第52卷第1期
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.2019.52.issue-1
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引用次数: 0
Informationssysteme als Herausforderung für den Rechtsschutz im Europäischen Verwaltungsverbund 作为对欧洲行政系统的保护的一个威胁
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.3790/VERW.52.1.1
Ferdinand Wollenschläger
Abstract Information systems constitute a key feature of the European Composite Administration. In the Food and Feed sector, the European Union has established a Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) obliging the Member States to exchange information on food- and feed-related risks to public health, thus enabling them to take action in case of food safety risks resulting from the free movement of these products within the European Union. Such information systems pose a particular challenge for effective legal protection since undertakings seeking to challenge the information exchange or measures resulting from it because of e. g. incorrect information are confronted with a multitude of actors, legal orders and systems of judicial protection. Against this background, the article explores the RASFF’s design and ist functioning, notably the role of the various actors on national and EU level, and analyses the issues of primary and secondary legal protection in case of incorret alert notifications. Moreover, on the basis of these findings, general conclusions for designing EU information systems – relevant also beyond the Food and Feed sector – will be drawn.
摘要信息系统是欧洲综合管理局的一个重要特征。在食品和饲料部门,欧洲联盟建立了食品和饲料快速预警系统,要求成员国就食品和饲料对公众健康的风险交换信息,从而使它们能够在这些产品在欧洲联盟内自由流动造成食品安全风险时采取行动。这种信息系统对有效的法律保护提出了特别的挑战,因为由于信息不正确而试图对信息交流或由此产生的措施提出质疑的企业面临着众多行为者、法律命令和司法保护系统。在此背景下,本文探讨了RASFF的设计和运作,特别是国家和欧盟层面的各种行为者的作用,并分析了在错误警报通知的情况下的初级和次级法律保护问题。此外,在这些发现的基础上,将得出设计欧盟信息系统的一般结论——也与食品和饲料行业有关。
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引用次数: 0
Vergaberecht als Digitalisierungsfolgenrecht 没有其他规定
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.3790/VERW.52.1.65
Christoph Krönke
Abstract The State bears a certain responsibility for the consequences of digitalizing public administration and services. The principles of democracy and the rule of law demand that the state retains effective control over the digitalized performance of ist tasks. This “digital responsibility” of the State also has an impact on the application of public procurement rules governing the procurement of information technologies and services (IT). On the one hand, ensuring digital responsibility will often mean that the contracting authority needs a broad margin of appreciation when interpreting the rules of procurementlaw – for examplewith regard to the legal requirements for choosing special procurement procedures enabling a particulary flexible IT procurement. On the other hand, the contracting authority’s digital responsibility can also be turned against it: When involving, for instance, private parties in the preparation of substantial decisions concerning the procurement of IT, the authority must keep itself well informed and may not simply take over prepared decisions. This way, the digital responsibility of the State can be (and should be) used as a distinct legal argument under public procurement law.
国家对公共行政和服务数字化的后果负有一定的责任。民主和法治原则要求国家对数字化任务的表现保持有效控制。国家的这种“数字责任”也对管理信息技术和服务采购的公共采购规则的适用产生影响。一方面,确保数字责任通常意味着订约当局在解释采购法规则时需要有广泛的升值余地——例如,关于选择特殊采购程序的法律要求,以实现特别灵活的IT采购。另一方面,签约机构的数字责任也可能与之相反:例如,当涉及私营部门准备有关it采购的重大决策时,该机构必须充分了解情况,而不能简单地接管准备好的决策。这样,国家的数字责任就可以(也应该)作为公共采购法的一个独特的法律论据。
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引用次数: 0
Verfassungsrechtliche Grundlagen und Grenzen der Kooperation von Bund und Ländern 联邦政府与各州合作的宪法基础和限度
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.52.1.99
Maik Bäumerich, Maximilian Schneider
Abstract Contributing to the discussion about the constitutional prohibition on cooperation (‘Kooperationsverbot’) In the political discussion, the term ‘Kooperationsverbot’ (prohibition on cooperation) has become a fixed buzzword. It describes a principle of the GermanConstitution that prevents the Federation from supporting the Länder in the allegedly inadequate fulfilment of their tasks, particularly in the field of education. Its constitutional foundation lies in the distribution of powers and finances of the German Constitution between the Federation and the Länder. This distribution is structured differently in the field of jurisdiction, legislation, administration and finance. The overall view of these areas does not lead to a comprehensive prohibition on cooperation, but rather to a prohibition on the mixing of powers. The existing distribution of powers and finances can be reorganized by amending the constitution – but only up to the indispensable area of the federal principle protected b Article 79 (3) of the German Constitution. The current discussion about the expansion of cooperation possibilities between the Federation and the Länder must take greater account of these limits. Restrictions of the sovereignity of the Länder, which result from the creationand expansion of joint powers andfinancial assistance, must be handled restrictively.Theincreasing blending of powersandimplementation of financial assistance are no panacea for deficits in the fulfilment of tasks by the Länder. The long-term solution lies in an adequate financial allocation of the Länder.
摘要对宪法禁止合作的讨论做出了贡献(“禁止合作”)在政治讨论中,“禁止合作(Kooperationsverbot)”一词已成为一个固定的流行词。它描述了德国宪法的一项原则,该原则阻止联邦支持各州据称不充分履行其任务,特别是在教育领域。其宪法基础在于联邦和各州之间的德国宪法权力和财政分配。这种分配在管辖权、立法、行政和金融领域的结构各不相同。对这些领域的总体看法并没有导致全面禁止合作,而是导致禁止权力混合。现有的权力和财政分配可以通过修改宪法来重组,但只能在德国宪法第79(3)条保护的联邦原则的不可或缺的领域内。目前关于扩大联邦和各州之间合作可能性的讨论必须更多地考虑到这些限制。由于联合权力和财政援助的建立和扩大,对各州主权的限制必须受到限制。权力的日益融合和财政援助的实施并不是解决各州在完成任务时出现赤字的灵丹妙药。长期的解决方案在于为各州提供充足的财政拨款。
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引用次数: 0
Löwentattoos auf Streife? 巡逻队的猴爪刺青
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.3790/VERW.52.1.41
Klaus Schönenbroicher
Abstract Recently, there have been various conflicts with regard to extravagant or flashy body styling of applicants for police career, like conspicuous tattoos and piercings. The essay discusses the general requirements, which bear uponapplicants in the interest of public image cultivation, separation ofpowers in the light of basic rules. As Article 33 (5) of the Basic Law obligates the state to organize the public service according to traditional principles of German civil service, constitutional law offers a basis to justify interferences in private life, as far as the duties inherent in the servise as police officers require neutrality.
摘要近年来,警察职业申请者的身体造型过于奢华或浮华,如刺青和穿孔等,引发了各种冲突。本文从公共形象培养、三权分立的基本原则出发,论述了对申请人的一般要求。由于《基本法》第33(5)条规定国家有义务根据德国公务员制度的传统原则组织公共服务,宪法法律为干预私人生活提供了一个依据,只要警察服务的固有职责要求保持中立。
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引用次数: 0
Entwicklungen und Perspektiven des Migrationsrechts zwischen Umbruch und Kontinuität 在动乱和持续移徙权利之间的发展和观点
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.3790/VERW.51.4.495
C. Janda
Abstract Providing a comprehensive review of the recent developments in migration and refugee law proves to be an impossible undertaking – one reason being the vast diversity of this area of law, which includes asylum, work or family migration, the other being the mix of actors in the multi-level system. The events of 2015, which are more likely to be referred to as “refugee protection crises” rather than a “refugee crisis”, undoubtedly mark a turning point. They have not only revealed the shortcomings of the Common EU Asylum System, but have triggered a broad societal debate on immigration as such. The focus of the following report will be on refugee law. First, the supra-national aspects of this increasingly Europeanized area of law shall be determined. Furthermore, the recent and various changes in national law shall be analyzed, ranging from the acceleration of asylum procedures, the efforts to limit and control migration up to the establishment of socio-economic incentive structures in order to avoid “bogus” asylum procedures. Finally, the article provides an overview of the perspectives of European and national migration and refugee law.
对移民和难民法的最新发展进行全面审查被证明是一项不可能完成的任务-一个原因是这一法律领域的巨大多样性,其中包括庇护,工作或家庭移民,另一个原因是多层次系统中行为者的混合。2015年的事件,更有可能被称为“难民保护危机”,而不是“难民危机”,无疑标志着一个转折点。它们不仅暴露了欧盟共同庇护制度(Common EU Asylum System)的缺陷,还引发了一场关于移民本身的广泛社会辩论。下一份报告的重点将是难民法。首先,应确定这个日益欧洲化的法律领域的超国家方面。此外,还应分析最近国家法律的各种变化,从加速庇护程序、努力限制和控制移徙到建立社会经济奖励结构以避免“虚假”庇护程序。最后,文章概述了欧洲和各国移民和难民法的观点。
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引用次数: 1
Höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung zum Planungsrecht 最高建筑法指令
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.3790/VERW.51.4.559
M. Kment
Abstract In the last five years (2014– 2018) judgements of the German Federal Administrative Court (Bundesverwaltungsgericht) have significantly influenced the German planning law (Baugesetzbuch). This article provides a representative overview of these decisions. It also explains their influence on the German planning law with a particular emphasis on the law of urban landuse planning (Bauleitplanung) and building consents (Baugenehmigung). The article also takes into account some decisions of the German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) as well as the German Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof). Both courts have adjudicated on compensation for expropriation. Furthermore, the German Federal Constitutional Court has given advice on the preservation of deficient plans whereas the German Federal Court of Justice also delivered judgements on urbanistic contracts.
在过去的五年中(2014 - 2018),德国联邦行政法院(Bundesverwaltungsgericht)的判决对德国规划法(Baugesetzbuch)产生了重大影响。本文提供了这些决策的代表性概述。它还解释了它们对德国规划法的影响,特别强调城市土地利用规划法(Bauleitplanung)和建筑许可法(Baugenehmigung)。该条还考虑到德国联邦宪法法院(Bundesverfassungsgericht)以及德国联邦法院(Bundesgerichtshof)的一些决定。两个法院都对征用补偿作出了裁决。此外,德国联邦宪法法院就保留有缺陷的计划提出了建议,而德国联邦法院也就城市规划合同作出了判决。
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引用次数: 0
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