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Germination of high Andean treeline species of contrasting environments and along elevational gradients in northwest Argentina 阿根廷西北部不同环境和海拔梯度的安第斯高树线物种的发芽
IF 0.9 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1906137
G. Cuyckens, I. Hensen, V. López, J. M. Cellini, D. Renison
ABSTRACT In mountain ecosystems, temperature and precipitation change along elevation and determine the lower and upper limits of tree species which form forests. Early life performance of tree species has been assessed along elevational gradients as a proxy for several environmental variables. Here, we attempt to answer the following question: How does elevation provenance influence seed mass, viability, and germination of Queñoa (Polylepis spp.)? We worked with four species from two contrasting environments from northwest Argentina. We gathered seeds along elevation gradients, seeds were weighed, tested for viability (Triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid; TTC) and germination percentage in a controlled environment. The analysis was performed using Generalized Linear Models (GLM). We found low germination percentages in all species, probably related to low seed viability. The two species from humid environments had lower seed mass and higher germination percentages than the two species from dry environments. The effect of elevational provenance negatively affected the germination of two species, while the other two species were not affected. We conclude that although the four species studied belong to the same genus, their early life characteristics differ between environments and along elevational gradients according to species. Trends regarding future temperatures suggest increases in germination for two of our study species and no effects on the other two species.
摘要在山地生态系统中,温度和降水量随着海拔高度的变化而变化,并决定了形成森林的树种的下限和上限。已经沿着海拔梯度评估了树种的早期生活表现,作为几个环境变量的代表。在这里,我们试图回答以下问题:海拔种源如何影响Queñoa(Polylepis spp.)的种子质量、活力和发芽?我们研究了来自阿根廷西北部两个截然不同环境的四个物种。我们沿着海拔梯度收集种子,对种子进行称重,在受控环境中测试活力(三苯基四唑啉;TTC)和发芽率。使用广义线性模型(GLM)进行分析。我们发现所有物种的发芽率都很低,这可能与种子活力低有关。湿润环境中的两个种的种子质量较低,发芽率较高。海拔种源的影响对两个种的发芽产生了负面影响,而其他两个种则没有受到影响。我们得出的结论是,尽管所研究的四个物种属于同一属,但它们的早期生活特征在不同环境和不同物种的海拔梯度上有所不同。关于未来温度的趋势表明,我们研究的两个物种的发芽率增加,对其他两个物种没有影响。
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引用次数: 3
Observaciones de forrajeo en recursos florales por Phyllotis haggardi (Rodentia: Cricetidae) en un ecosistema de páramo al sur del Ecuador 赤道以南荒地生态系统中Phyllotis haggardi(啮齿动物:蟋蟀科)对花卉资源的觅食观察
IF 0.9 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1964912
C. Nivelo-Villavicencio, Bruno Timbe, Pedro X. Astudillo
ABSTRACT The Haggard’s Big-eared Mouse (Phyllotis haggardi) is an endemic species from Ecuador. This species lives in the high Andean region where it is recorded with relative ease; however, very little is known about its ecology. This study presents for first time, observations made on its feeding behavior, on three species of herbaceous plants, specifically on flower resources in the herbaceous paramo ecosystem in southern Ecuador. The observed behavior showed that P. haggardi could behave as a pollinator of Xenophyllum humile in paramo environments.
摘要哈格德大耳鼠是厄瓜多尔的特有种。该物种生活在安第斯山脉的高海拔地区,在那里它的记录相对容易;然而,人们对它的生态学知之甚少。本研究首次对其在厄瓜多尔南部草本植物帕拉莫生态系统中的三种草本植物,特别是花卉资源的取食行为进行了观察。观察到的行为表明,在半湿润环境中,哈加尔迪P.hagardi可以作为Xenophyllum humile的传粉昆虫。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluación del estiércol de mamíferos nativos como potenciales atrayentes para el muestreo de escarabajos coprófagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) 评价本地哺乳动物粪便作为食粪甲虫(鞘翅目:金龟子科)取样的潜在引诱剂
IF 0.9 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1943215
M. E. Rodríguez-López, Gibrán Sánchez-Hernández, B. Gómez
ABSTRACT Mammalian dung represents a primary feeding and reproductive resource for most dung beetle species. Competition for the trophic resource is common among the subfamily Scarabaeinae showing different habits depending on the quantity and quality of food available. In this study, we evaluated the dung of six species of mammal native to Chiapas (Mexico) as attractants for sampling dung beetles. The six species have different feeding habits (carnivores, herbivores and omnivores) and the feces used were obtained from Zoo animals fed a standard diet. Sampling efficiency was over 99% for each of the attractants. Tapirus bairdii feces attracted the highest abundance, while Canis latrans attracted the highest richness and diversity was higher in Procyon lotor. The captured species showed no affinity for a specific attractant, and differences in richness, abundance, diversity, and species composition between baits were largely non-significant. These results suggest that when food availability is high, Scarabaeinae assemblages maintain very abundant populations with generalists feeding habits. However, other aspects such as the quality and quantity (volume) of the food may be important when choosing a resource. Hence, the use of different types of attractants that meet these characteristics offers the possibility of improving results in the monitoring of dung beetle communities in tropical forests, allowing the capture of those inconspicuous or rare species that inhabit the landscape.
哺乳动物粪便是大多数屎壳郎的主要取食和繁殖资源。对营养资源的竞争在金龟子亚科中很常见,根据可获得食物的数量和质量表现出不同的习性。在这项研究中,我们评估了六种原产于墨西哥恰帕斯州的哺乳动物的粪便作为取样蜣螂的引诱剂。这六个物种有不同的摄食习惯(食肉动物、食草动物和杂食动物),所使用的粪便来自于喂食标准饮食的动物园动物。每种引诱剂的取样效率均在99%以上。白头貘粪便吸引的丰度最高,犬科动物粪便吸引的丰富度最高,多样性较高。捕获的鱼种对特定引诱剂没有亲和力,饵料的丰富度、丰度、多样性和种类组成差异不显著。这些结果表明,当食物供应充足时,金龟类的种群数量非常丰富,摄食习惯也很普遍。然而,在选择食物资源时,其他方面,如食物的质量和数量(体积)可能很重要。因此,使用符合这些特征的不同类型的引诱剂,有可能改善对热带森林中屎壳郎群落的监测结果,从而捕获栖息在这片土地上的那些不显眼或稀有物种。
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引用次数: 3
A new distributional record for the Martin del Campo’s Arboreal Alligator Lizard (Abronia martindelcampoi) with comments on the biogeography of arboreal Alligator-lizards in the Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico 马丁·德尔·坎波树栖短吻鳄蜥蜴(Abronia martindelcampoi)分布新记录及对墨西哥南部马德雷山树栖短吻鳄蜥蜴生物地理学的评述
IF 0.9 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.2000301
Thalia E. Cruz-Machuca, Ricardo Palacios-Aguilar
ABSTRACT Alligator lizards of the genus Abronia are a clade of arboreal and terrestrial squamates distributed throughout much of the highlands of Mexico and Central America. Here, we report a new record of the Mexican endemic A. martindelcampoi that represents the easternmost limit of the species and the lowest known elevational record. We briefly discuss the biogeographical hypotheses that have been proposed in the past concerning this and other related genera.
短吻鳄蜥蜴属的短吻鳄蜥蜴是有鳞的树栖和陆生蜥蜴的一个分支,分布在墨西哥和中美洲的大部分高地。在这里,我们报告了墨西哥特有的a . martindelcampoi的新记录,它代表了该物种的最东端极限和已知的最低海拔记录。我们简要讨论了过去提出的关于这一属和其他相关属的生物地理学假说。
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引用次数: 0
Taxonomic diversity and ecological attributes of copepods of the Colombian Caribbean Sea 哥伦比亚加勒比海桡足类的分类多样性和生态特征
IF 0.9 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.2000295
E. F. Dorado-Roncancio, Johanna Medellín-Mora, J. E. Mancera-Pineda
ABSTRACT Seven oceanographic expeditions were carried out between 2013 and 2018 to explore the taxonomic diversity and ecological attributes of copepods of the Caribbean Oceanic Ecoregion (CAO). One hundred and forty zooplankton samples were collected in four depth ranges, between 0 and 1000 m depth. A total of 133 species were identified, 33 of which are new records for the Colombian Caribbean Sea and 50 species have amplified their geographical distribution. This information increasing the list of species of marine copepods recorded for the Colombian Caribbean Sea from 214 to 247 species. Carnivorous species (32.33%) and herbivorous-omnivorous species (27.06%) were the most important trophic guilds in the CAO ecoregion, due to the fact that it is an oligotrophic system that presents low productivity where regenerated production can occur. This study obtained relevant information on the richness and diversity of copepods in the offshore system, providing key information to describe the ecological processes and increase knowledge in this important taxonomic group.
摘要2013年至2018年间,共进行了七次海洋考察,以探索加勒比海洋生态区桡足类的分类多样性和生态属性。在0到1000米的四个深度范围内采集了一百四十个浮游动物样本。共确认了133个物种,其中33个是哥伦比亚加勒比海的新记录,50个物种扩大了其地理分布。这一信息使哥伦比亚加勒比海记录的海洋桡足类物种从214种增加到247种。食肉物种(32.33%)和草食性杂食物种(27.06%)是CAO生态区中最重要的营养群落,因为它是一个贫营养系统,生产力低,可以再生生产。这项研究获得了近海系统桡足类丰富度和多样性的相关信息,为描述生态过程和增加对这一重要分类群的了解提供了关键信息。
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引用次数: 0
DNA barcoding approach to characterize microalgae isolated from freshwater systems in Ecuador DNA条形码方法鉴定厄瓜多尔淡水系统中分离的微藻
IF 0.9 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1920296
I. Ballesteros, Paulina Terán, Cristina Guamán-Burneo, N. González, Alejandra Cruz, Pablo Castillejo
ABSTRACT The use of suitable DNA barcodes and the generation of databases with reference sequences have been considered a promissory approach for the identification of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta microalgae. In this study, we carried out a molecular characterization and identification of strains isolated from freshwater systems in Ecuador using a dual barcode method. The target sequences for Chlorophyta were 18S rDNA and rbcL genes, and 16S rDNA and 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer (ITS) for Cyanophyta. We reported these DNA barcodes for 20 different Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) for Chlorophyta and 10 for Cyanophyta. Our results show that the 18S V4 hypervariable region (300 bp) is sufficient for differentiating between isolates, but rbcL is a determinant for genus identification in Scenedesmaceae and Chlorellaceae strains. In Cyanophyta, both barcodes enabled the genus-level assignment of 9 out of 10 MOTUs. These results highlight the necessity of a second barcode additional to small ribosomal subunit sequences to improve molecular identification. Furthermore, the present study significantly contributes to the body of Ecuadorian barcode sequences of microalgae that are currently documented, making them available for future comparative diversity studies.
摘要使用合适的DNA条形码和生成具有参考序列的数据库被认为是鉴定绿藻和蓝藻微藻的一种有前景的方法。在本研究中,我们使用双条形码方法对从厄瓜多尔淡水系统分离的菌株进行了分子表征和鉴定。叶绿体的靶序列是18S rDNA和rbcL基因,蓝藻的靶序列为16S rDNA及16S–23S rDNA基因间间隔区(ITS)。我们报道了20个不同的叶绿素门分子操作分类单元(MOTU)和10个蓝藻门的DNA条形码。我们的结果表明,18SV4高变区(300bp)足以区分分离株,但rbcL是Scedesmaceae和Chlorellaceae菌株属鉴定的决定因素。在蓝藻门中,两个条形码都能实现10个MOTU中9个MOTU的属级分配。这些结果强调了在小核糖体亚基序列之外添加第二个条形码以改进分子鉴定的必要性。此外,本研究对目前记录的厄瓜多尔微藻条形码序列做出了重大贡献,使其可用于未来的比较多样性研究。
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引用次数: 6
Feeding of humpback whales in low latitudes of the Southeast Pacific Ocean 东南太平洋低纬度地区座头鲸的进食
IF 0.9 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1971041
Ana García Cegarra, Cristina Castro, K. Van Waerebeek
ABSTRACT Humpback whales perform long migrations from their breeding and nursing areas at low latitudes to feeding grounds at high latitudes. Nonetheless, this strictly dichotomous paradigm of migration is challenged by accumulating examples of occasional or regular feeding at low latitudes for several stocks worldwide. Here, we report multiple evidences of “Stock G” humpback whales feeding in coastal waters, at low latitudes of the Southeast Pacific Ocean. Lunge feeding behavior and defecation were observed in Ecuador, while both lunge- and trap feeding in pursuit of Peruvian anchovy was documented in northern Chile. A photographically re-sighted individual feeding at different latitudes of Chile suggested potential site fidelity to two foraging areas. Whether these feeding behaviours are novel due to changes in prey distribution, intensifying competition from a growing humpback whale population, or simply reflect vastly increased research effort remains unknown. Further research into the feeding ecology of Stock G should help reveal historic and potentially new feeding grounds, prey composition and precise migration paths. Competition from anchovy fisheries, vessel collision and net entanglement are suspected threats.
摘要座头鲸从低纬度的繁殖和哺乳区到高纬度的觅食地进行长时间迁徙。尽管如此,这种严格的二分法移民模式受到了挑战,因为世界各地不断积累的几种种群在低纬度偶尔或定期觅食的例子。在这里,我们报告了“G种群”座头鲸在东南太平洋低纬度沿海水域觅食的多种证据。在厄瓜多尔观察到了箭步进食行为和排便,而在智利北部记录到了追逐秘鲁凤尾鱼的箭步和陷阱进食。一张在智利不同纬度觅食的照片表明,该地点可能与两个觅食区相似。这些进食行为是由于猎物分布的变化、来自不断增长的座头鲸种群的竞争加剧而产生的,还是仅仅反映了研究工作的大幅增加,目前尚不清楚。对G种群觅食生态的进一步研究应有助于揭示历史和潜在的新觅食地、猎物组成和精确的迁徙路径。来自凤尾鱼渔业的竞争、船只碰撞和渔网缠绕都是可疑的威胁。
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引用次数: 2
Geometry morphometrics of plant structures as a phenotypic tool to differentiate Polylepis incana Kunth. and Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav. reforested jointly in Ecuador 植物结构的几何形态计量学,作为一种表型工具,以区分多角菊。和Polylepis racemosa Ruiz&Pav。厄瓜多尔联合造林
IF 0.9 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1906138
Joselin Carolina Caiza Guamba, D. Corredor, C. Galárraga, Jean Pierre Herdoiza, Michelle Santillán, M. C. Segovia-Salcedo
ABSTRACT In Ecuador, there is a progressive loss of the native forest. To mitigate these problems, several reforestation plans have been carried out in the country. To recover the Andean forest, Polylepis racemosa was introduced from Peru, due to its similarity to native species like Polylepis incana. This genus fulfills important ecological functions that help mitigate the effects of local climate change. However, reforestation of introduced species close to natural populations threatens the genetic diversity of Polylepis native forests. In the long term, it can trigger hybridization processes and create problems for ecosystem conservation. This study used geometry morphometric (GM), to differentiate species quickly and economically, using the form of leaves, stomata, flowers, and pollen of P. incana and P. racemosa in three populations: Illinizas Ecological Reserve, Mojanda Lagoons and Cayambe-Coca National Park. To obtain the data, the composite leaves were scanned, the stomata and pollen were photographed with an increase of 400× and on flowers with 100×. 15, 10, 12, and 9 landmarks (LM) were digitized for leaves, stomata, flowers, and pollen, respectively, using ImageJ software. Then, the shape variables and statistical analysis were performed in MorphoJ software. As a result, it was obtained that the discriminant function analysis (DFA) shows that leaves and flowers can be used as indicators to differentiate species from this genus, discarding stomata and pollen. After that, Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) of leaves and flowers showed that reforested species jointly are separated into two different species; except for the flowers of the population of Mojanda, where there is an intersection of few individuals, which share similar phenotypic characteristics so they can be considered as potentially hybrid individuals. This study generates information on the location of species introduced inside and outside the National System of Protected Areas that threaten the Andean highlands. Finally, GM is an accessible tool for monitoring biodiversity through morphological characteristics and discriminating against species with complex taxonomic problems.
摘要在厄瓜多尔,原生森林正在逐渐消失。为了缓解这些问题,该国已经实施了几项重新造林计划。为了恢复安第斯森林,从秘鲁引进了总状聚伞属,因为它与印加聚伞属等本土物种相似。该属具有重要的生态功能,有助于减轻当地气候变化的影响。然而,接近自然种群的引进物种的重新造林威胁到了Polylapis原生森林的遗传多样性。从长远来看,它可能会引发杂交过程,并给生态系统保护带来问题。本研究使用几何形态计量学(GM),在伊利尼扎斯生态保护区、莫詹达泻湖和卡扬贝-科卡国家公园三个种群中,利用P.incana和P.raceosa的叶片、气孔、花朵和花粉的形式,快速、经济地区分物种。为了获得数据,对复合叶进行了扫描,对气孔和花粉进行了增加400倍的拍照,对花朵进行了增加100倍的拍照。使用ImageJ软件分别对叶片、气孔、花朵和花粉的15、10、12和9个地标(LM)进行数字化。然后,在MorphoJ软件中对形状变量进行统计分析。结果表明,判别函数分析(DFA)表明,叶片和花朵可以作为区分本属物种的指标,丢弃气孔和花粉。然后,叶和花的典型变分分析(CVA)表明,联合复造林的物种分为两个不同的物种;除了Mojanda种群的花朵,那里有少数个体的交集,它们具有相似的表型特征,因此可以被认为是潜在的杂交个体。这项研究提供了关于在国家保护区系统内外引入的威胁安第斯高地的物种位置的信息。最后,转基因是一种通过形态学特征监测生物多样性和歧视有复杂分类学问题的物种的可利用工具。
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引用次数: 5
Controles extrínsecos e intrínsecos en la descomposición de hojas de tres especies de árboles pioneros comunes en quebradas de bajo orden en los Andes Centrales de Colombia 哥伦比亚安第斯山脉中部低阶峡谷中常见的三种先锋树种叶片分解的外在和内在控制
IF 0.9 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1964913
L. P. Giraldo, J. F. Blanco-Libreros, J. Chará
ABSTRACT Riparian forests provide high amounts of leaf litter to tropical headwater streams (1–3 order) and its decomposition is controlled by interactions between leaf quality and macroinvertebrate activity. However, few studies have been conducted in North Andean streams. We conducted a leaf litter decomposition experiment using three native tree species (Heliocarpus americanus, Nectandra sp., and Cecropia telealba) in two headwater streams in the Colombian Coffee-growing Eco-Region. The interactive roles of intrinsic factors (quality) and extrinsic factors (presence/absence of macroinvertebrates) on decomposition rates were tested. Three single-species treatments, a species-mixture treatment, and an artificial substrate treatment were incubated in either coarse-pore mesh or fine-pore mesh bags to allow or exclude macroinvertebrate colonization, respectively. Bags were removed from the streams 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after starting the study. Toughness and chemical quality of senescent leaves of each species were determined in order to test their effect on the decomposition rates. The k-values for the three single-species and the species-mixture treatments indicated that decomposition occurred at medium to fast rates (0.009–0.01 day−1). H. americanus showed the greatest mass loss at the end of the trial, followed by C. telealba and Nectandra sp. Leaf toughness was positively correlated with carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C: N) and carbon-to-phosphorus ratio (C: P) and, in turn, the three characteristics were negatively correlated with breakdown rate. A total of 3876 individuals from 13 orders, 35 families, and 47 genera colonized leaf-litter bags. Chironomidae, Lumbriculidae, and Hydropsychidae were the families with the highest abundance. The abundance and richness of macroinvertebrates in the leaf-litter bags showed no correlation with the descriptors of intrinsic characteristics (leaf quality). These results indicate that among the three tree-species in the study, the intrinsic characteristics of senescent leaves determine their mass loss rates, while the macroinvertebrate abundance or richness play a secondary role, probably due to the fact that shredders were not abundant.
河岸林为热带水源提供了大量的凋落叶(1-3级),其分解受叶片质量和大型无脊椎动物活动的相互作用控制。然而,在北安第斯山脉的溪流中进行的研究很少。在哥伦比亚咖啡生态区内,利用三种原生树种(Heliocarpus americanus、Nectandra sp.和Cecropia telealba)在两条水源中进行了凋落叶分解实验。测试了内在因素(质量)和外在因素(有无大型无脊椎动物)对分解率的交互作用。在粗孔网眼袋和细孔网眼袋中分别培养三种单种处理、一种混合处理和一种人工基质处理,以允许或排除大型无脊椎动物定植。研究开始后7、14、28和56天将袋子从溪流中取出。测定了各树种衰老叶片的韧性和化学品质,以考察其对分解速率的影响。单种处理和混合处理的k值表明,分解速率为中~快(0.009 ~ 0.01 d−1)。叶片韧性与碳氮比(C: N)和碳磷比(C: P)呈显著正相关,与分解率呈显著负相关。在凋落叶袋中发现了来自13目35科47属的3876只个体。蠓科、蚓科和水蠓科为丰度最高的科。凋落叶袋中大型无脊椎动物的丰度和丰富度与内在特征描述符(叶质量)没有相关性。这些结果表明,在研究的3种树种中,衰老叶片的内在特征决定了它们的质量损失率,而大型无脊椎动物的丰度或丰富度起次要作用,可能是由于碎纸机并不丰富。
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引用次数: 0
Acanthocera buestani a new species of rare wasp-like horsefly, with notes on the subgenus Querbetia from Ecuador 厄瓜多尔棘球马蝇一新种,并附关于棘球马蝇亚属的注释
IF 0.9 Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1938888
A. Pazmiño-Palomino, Roberto Andreocci, Diego J. Inclán
ABSTRACT Horse flies from the Neotropical region include many endemic and rarely collected groups. In this study, we describe a new species of a poorly known genus, Acanthocera (Querbetia) buestani, from Napo, Ecuador. The Querbetia subgenus is underrepresented in entomological collections by scarce historical specimens, still this group is one of the most easily recognizable and peculiar Tabanidae thanks to its inflated antennomere. This new species can be distinguished by its proboscis and palpi, longer than the other species of the subgenus Querbetia and body coloration pattern. We included an illustrative key to identify this subgenus and its species. Additionally, we report for the first time A. inopinata from Ecuador.
来自新热带地区的马蝇包括许多地方性和罕见的类群。在这项研究中,我们描述了来自厄瓜多尔纳波的一个鲜为人知的属——棘球(Querbetia) buestani的一个新种。由于历史标本的缺乏,槲寄生亚属在昆虫学收藏中代表性不足,但由于其膨胀的触角,该亚属是最容易识别和独特的Tabanidae之一。这个新种可以通过它的喙和触须来区分,比其他的栎亚属物种长,身体的颜色模式。我们包括了一个说明性的关键来识别这个亚属和它的物种。此外,我们首次报道了来自厄瓜多尔的A. inopinata。
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引用次数: 0
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Neotropical Biodiversity
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