Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003143
B. Williamson, P. Blondel, C. Hall, E. Armstrong, P. Bell
The drive towards sustainable energy has seen rapid development of marine renewable energy devices, and current efforts are focusing on wave and tidal stream energy. The NERC/DEFRA collaboration FLOWBEC-4D (Flow, Water column & Benthic Ecology 4D) is addressing the lack of knowledge of the environmental and ecological effects of installing and operating large arrays of wave and tidal energy devices. The FLOWBEC sonar platform combines a number of instruments to record information at a range of physical and multi-trophic levels. Data are recorded at a resolution of several measurements per second, for durations of 2 weeks to capture an entire spring-neap tidal cycle. An upward-facing multifrequency Simrad EK60 echosounder (38, 120 and 200 kHz) is synchronized with an upward-facing Imagenex 837B Delta T multibeam sonar (120° × 20° beamwidth, 260 kHz) aligned with the tidal flow. An ADV is used for local current measurements and a fluorometer is used to measure chlorophyll (as a proxy for plankton) and turbidity. The platform is self-contained with no cables or anchors, facilitating rapid deployment and recovery in high-energy sites and flexibility in allowing baseline data to be gathered. Five 2-week deployments were completed in 2012 and 2013 at wave and tidal energy sites, both in the presence and absence of renewable energy structures. These surveys were conducted at the European Marine Energy Centre, Orkney, UK. Algorithms for noise removal, target detection and target tracking have been written using a combination of LabVIEW, MATLAB and Echoview. Target morphology, behavior and frequency response are used to aid target classification, with concurrent shore-based seabird observations used to ground truth the acoustic data. Using this information, the depth preference and interactions of birds, fish schools and marine mammals with renewable energy structures can be tracked. Seabird and mammal dive profiles, predator-prey interactions and the effect of hydrodynamic processes during foraging events throughout the water column can also be analyzed. These datasets offer insights into how fish, seabirds and marine mammals successfully forage within dynamic marine habitats and also whether individuals face collision risks with tidal stream turbines. Measurements from the subsea platform are complemented by 3D hydrodynamic model data and concurrent shore-based marine X-band radar. This range of concurrent fine-scale information across physical and trophic levels will improve our understanding of how the fine-scale physical influence of currents, waves and turbulence at tidal and wave energy sites affect the behavior of marine wildlife, and how tidal and wave energy devices might alter the behavior of such wildlife. Together, the results from these deployments increase our environmental understanding of the physical and ecological effects of installing and operating marine renewable energy devices. These results can be used to guide marine spatial plann
{"title":"Field deployments of a self-contained subsea platform for acoustic monitoring of the environment around marine renewable energy structures","authors":"B. Williamson, P. Blondel, C. Hall, E. Armstrong, P. Bell","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003143","url":null,"abstract":"The drive towards sustainable energy has seen rapid development of marine renewable energy devices, and current efforts are focusing on wave and tidal stream energy. The NERC/DEFRA collaboration FLOWBEC-4D (Flow, Water column & Benthic Ecology 4D) is addressing the lack of knowledge of the environmental and ecological effects of installing and operating large arrays of wave and tidal energy devices. The FLOWBEC sonar platform combines a number of instruments to record information at a range of physical and multi-trophic levels. Data are recorded at a resolution of several measurements per second, for durations of 2 weeks to capture an entire spring-neap tidal cycle. An upward-facing multifrequency Simrad EK60 echosounder (38, 120 and 200 kHz) is synchronized with an upward-facing Imagenex 837B Delta T multibeam sonar (120° × 20° beamwidth, 260 kHz) aligned with the tidal flow. An ADV is used for local current measurements and a fluorometer is used to measure chlorophyll (as a proxy for plankton) and turbidity. The platform is self-contained with no cables or anchors, facilitating rapid deployment and recovery in high-energy sites and flexibility in allowing baseline data to be gathered. Five 2-week deployments were completed in 2012 and 2013 at wave and tidal energy sites, both in the presence and absence of renewable energy structures. These surveys were conducted at the European Marine Energy Centre, Orkney, UK. Algorithms for noise removal, target detection and target tracking have been written using a combination of LabVIEW, MATLAB and Echoview. Target morphology, behavior and frequency response are used to aid target classification, with concurrent shore-based seabird observations used to ground truth the acoustic data. Using this information, the depth preference and interactions of birds, fish schools and marine mammals with renewable energy structures can be tracked. Seabird and mammal dive profiles, predator-prey interactions and the effect of hydrodynamic processes during foraging events throughout the water column can also be analyzed. These datasets offer insights into how fish, seabirds and marine mammals successfully forage within dynamic marine habitats and also whether individuals face collision risks with tidal stream turbines. Measurements from the subsea platform are complemented by 3D hydrodynamic model data and concurrent shore-based marine X-band radar. This range of concurrent fine-scale information across physical and trophic levels will improve our understanding of how the fine-scale physical influence of currents, waves and turbulence at tidal and wave energy sites affect the behavior of marine wildlife, and how tidal and wave energy devices might alter the behavior of such wildlife. Together, the results from these deployments increase our environmental understanding of the physical and ecological effects of installing and operating marine renewable energy devices. These results can be used to guide marine spatial plann","PeriodicalId":368693,"journal":{"name":"2014 Oceans - St. John's","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115487155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003071
Wei Sun, Tian Zhou, Haisen S. Li, Yukuo Wei, Bo Wei, Xiaojing Wang
The Multi-beam Synthetic Aperture Sonar is a new kind of the imaging sonar that combines the conventionality Synthetic Aperture Sonar and the Multi-beam Sounding Sonar. This paper based on the Multi-beam Synthetic Aperture Sonar theory introduces the Multi-beam Synthetic Aperture Sonar anechoic tank experiment. In this experiment there are two separated targets, which locate at the No.60 beam and No.63 beam. The transmitting transducer sends the signal with 80kHz main frequency, 8kHz broad width and 1ms pulse without heading. The computer processing results have tested the correctness of theory analysis and the efficiency of Multi-beam Synthetic Aperture Sonar algorithm. The results show that, compared with multi-beam bathymetry sonar, the new scheme can remarkably improve the along-track resolution and have the outstanding discernment, compared with conventional SAS, the new scheme can get more information of the target, thereby enhance the imaging quality. Finally the paper shows some experiments results when the Multi-beam Synthetic Aperture Sonar sampling space along track doesn't meet the Synthetic Aperture Sonar sampling space along track law and give the helpful stuff to the future study.
{"title":"New experiment study of multi-beam synthetic aperture","authors":"Wei Sun, Tian Zhou, Haisen S. Li, Yukuo Wei, Bo Wei, Xiaojing Wang","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003071","url":null,"abstract":"The Multi-beam Synthetic Aperture Sonar is a new kind of the imaging sonar that combines the conventionality Synthetic Aperture Sonar and the Multi-beam Sounding Sonar. This paper based on the Multi-beam Synthetic Aperture Sonar theory introduces the Multi-beam Synthetic Aperture Sonar anechoic tank experiment. In this experiment there are two separated targets, which locate at the No.60 beam and No.63 beam. The transmitting transducer sends the signal with 80kHz main frequency, 8kHz broad width and 1ms pulse without heading. The computer processing results have tested the correctness of theory analysis and the efficiency of Multi-beam Synthetic Aperture Sonar algorithm. The results show that, compared with multi-beam bathymetry sonar, the new scheme can remarkably improve the along-track resolution and have the outstanding discernment, compared with conventional SAS, the new scheme can get more information of the target, thereby enhance the imaging quality. Finally the paper shows some experiments results when the Multi-beam Synthetic Aperture Sonar sampling space along track doesn't meet the Synthetic Aperture Sonar sampling space along track law and give the helpful stuff to the future study.","PeriodicalId":368693,"journal":{"name":"2014 Oceans - St. John's","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121637788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003247
Xin Zhang, Chuanbo Wang, Tingting Chen, Yue Wu, Zhan-Yong Zhao, Z. Luan, Chang’an Chen, Jun Yan
In this paper, we will report the first scientific using results for a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) named Fa Xian at R/V Ke Xue. A deep-sea hydrothermal area nearby Iheya North at Okinawa Trough and a cold seep area nearby Taiwan had been visited by ROV Fa Xian at the spring of 2014. An Insite Zeus Plus HD color zoon camera had collected a series of high definition video in both of areas. In situ deep-sea environmental data such as CTD, dissolved oxygen, pH, fluorimeter, turbimeter, CH4 and CO2 had been detected by different kinds of sensors. It is just a start of a big long-team project; more detail work will be report in future papers.
在本文中，我们将报告远程操作车辆(ROV)的第一次科学使用结果，名为“发贤”。2014年春季，潜水机器人“发弦”对冲绳海槽Iheya North附近的深海热液区和台湾附近的冷泉区进行了探测。Insite Zeus Plus高清彩色动物摄像机在两个区域采集了一系列高清视频。利用不同类型的传感器对CTD、溶解氧、pH、荧光计、浊度计、CH4和CO2等深海环境数据进行了原位检测。这只是一个大型长期团队项目的开始;更详细的工作将在以后的论文中报告。
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Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003116
S. Allan, D. Bryan, B. Pouliot
Placentia Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada contains numerous islands and shoals, and is a busy bay with large marine vessel traffic, fishers and small-craft users. Placentia Bay is second only to the Port of Vancouver in Canada in terms of the annual value of goods shipped. The SmartBay applied ocean observing system, an initiative of the Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University, was created to enhance marine safety for the Placentia Bay user community, and to provide environmental information to improve the efficiency of marine operations in the region. SmartBay successes to date have relied on effective collection and distribution of meteorological and oceanographic information. A recent advance has included the assimilation of these data into ultra-high resolution wind and wave models. Key elements of the work for Placentia Bay have included: configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical weather prediction model at 2 km resolution; adaptation of the Environment Canada Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Local Area Model (LAM), development of a 0.6 km grid resolution WaveWatch III (WW3) deep-water wave model; incorporation of detailed sea surface temperature (SST) analysis data into WRF's input; operational implementation of the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) shallow-water wave model at 0.5 km resolution; and implementing data assimilation within WRF. The paper focuses on the configuration, development and testing of the wind models, together with discussion of the data assimilation techniques employed and a comparison of results with met-ocean buoy measurements.
加拿大纽芬兰和拉布拉多的普兰西亚湾包含许多岛屿和浅滩，是一个繁忙的海湾，有大型海上船只交通，渔民和小型船只用户。就年货物运输量而言，普拉森西亚湾仅次于加拿大的温哥华港。“智能湾”应用海洋观测系统是纪念大学渔业及海洋研究所的一项倡议，旨在加强普兰提亚湾用户社区的海上安全，并提供环境信息，以提高该地区海上作业的效率。迄今为止，智能湾的成功依赖于有效收集和分发气象和海洋信息。最近的一项进展包括将这些数据同化成超高分辨率的风和波模型。普兰西亚湾工作的主要内容包括:配置2公里分辨率的天气研究与预报(WRF)数值天气预报模式;对加拿大环境部全球环境多尺度(GEM)局部区域模式(LAM)进行改编，开发了0.6 km网格分辨率的WaveWatch III (WW3)深水波模式;将详细的海表温度(SST)分析数据纳入WRF的输入;0.5 km分辨率模拟波浪近岸(SWAN)浅水波浪模式的业务实现;并在WRF内实施数据同化。本文重点介绍了风模式的配置、开发和测试，讨论了所采用的数据同化技术，并将结果与海洋浮标测量结果进行了比较。
{"title":"High-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) with data assimilation over Placentia Bay, Newfoundland","authors":"S. Allan, D. Bryan, B. Pouliot","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003116","url":null,"abstract":"Placentia Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada contains numerous islands and shoals, and is a busy bay with large marine vessel traffic, fishers and small-craft users. Placentia Bay is second only to the Port of Vancouver in Canada in terms of the annual value of goods shipped. The SmartBay applied ocean observing system, an initiative of the Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University, was created to enhance marine safety for the Placentia Bay user community, and to provide environmental information to improve the efficiency of marine operations in the region. SmartBay successes to date have relied on effective collection and distribution of meteorological and oceanographic information. A recent advance has included the assimilation of these data into ultra-high resolution wind and wave models. Key elements of the work for Placentia Bay have included: configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical weather prediction model at 2 km resolution; adaptation of the Environment Canada Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Local Area Model (LAM), development of a 0.6 km grid resolution WaveWatch III (WW3) deep-water wave model; incorporation of detailed sea surface temperature (SST) analysis data into WRF's input; operational implementation of the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) shallow-water wave model at 0.5 km resolution; and implementing data assimilation within WRF. The paper focuses on the configuration, development and testing of the wind models, together with discussion of the data assimilation techniques employed and a comparison of results with met-ocean buoy measurements.","PeriodicalId":368693,"journal":{"name":"2014 Oceans - St. John's","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122432568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003289
Ariel Pollard-Belsheim, M. Storey, C. Robinson, T. Bell
Coastal archaeological sites in Newfoundland and Labrador are currently under considerable threat, with important knowledge of the province's history and prehistory potentially lost to erosion. Climate change will exacerbate existing coastal hazards, thus causing even greater loss of archaeological resources in the future. Action is needed now to protect or retrieve the information from significant sites under threat in coastal areas before they are completely eroded. In responding, cultural resource managers face potentially tough questions about which sites are at risk, how to prioritize at-risk sites for action, and what management option is most appropriate. A 2011 study by Westley et al. estimated that one-fifth of the coastal archaeological sites in three study regions of Newfoundland were highly vulnerable to the impacts of relative sea-level rise (SLR), storm surges or coastal erosion over the next 15-50 years. The Coastal Archaeological Resources Risk Assessment (CARRA) project aims refine the site vulnerability assessment approach and inform management decisions about at-risk sites. This includes employing high resolution coastal topography (e.g. LiDAR), revised SLR projections, updated coastal erosion estimates and resurveyed site positions in our improved vulnerability classification. Once at-risk sites have been identified, prioritizing action at these sites is especially difficult. A review of the published literature revealed few examples of applied processes and those identified rely heavily on the quantification and ranking of risk factors with less emphasis on the nature and rarity of the archaeological resource. The CARRA project is reviewing current practices in at-risk site prioritization with the goal to create best practice scenarios for one of our Newfoundland study areas. This process will involve detailed hazard assessment of two at-risk sites, including coastal erosion and shoreline retreat studies, as well as an impact assessment of known archaeology resources at each site under future hazard scenarios. The final step in the management of at-risk archaeological sites is the design and implementation of an action plan. The CARRA project aims to inform this step through a review of current case studies and management actions at threatened sites across Canada. Two case studies from Newfoundland are briefly introduced to illustrate the types of local actions taken to mitigate erosion at archaeological sites. These case studies will be reviewed in detail with the intention to share adaptation strategies as part of a new community of practice for heritage managers responsible for coastal archaeology resources in Canada.
{"title":"The CARRA project: Developing tools to help heritage managers identify and respond to coastal hazard impacts on archaeological resources","authors":"Ariel Pollard-Belsheim, M. Storey, C. Robinson, T. Bell","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003289","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal archaeological sites in Newfoundland and Labrador are currently under considerable threat, with important knowledge of the province's history and prehistory potentially lost to erosion. Climate change will exacerbate existing coastal hazards, thus causing even greater loss of archaeological resources in the future. Action is needed now to protect or retrieve the information from significant sites under threat in coastal areas before they are completely eroded. In responding, cultural resource managers face potentially tough questions about which sites are at risk, how to prioritize at-risk sites for action, and what management option is most appropriate. A 2011 study by Westley et al. estimated that one-fifth of the coastal archaeological sites in three study regions of Newfoundland were highly vulnerable to the impacts of relative sea-level rise (SLR), storm surges or coastal erosion over the next 15-50 years. The Coastal Archaeological Resources Risk Assessment (CARRA) project aims refine the site vulnerability assessment approach and inform management decisions about at-risk sites. This includes employing high resolution coastal topography (e.g. LiDAR), revised SLR projections, updated coastal erosion estimates and resurveyed site positions in our improved vulnerability classification. Once at-risk sites have been identified, prioritizing action at these sites is especially difficult. A review of the published literature revealed few examples of applied processes and those identified rely heavily on the quantification and ranking of risk factors with less emphasis on the nature and rarity of the archaeological resource. The CARRA project is reviewing current practices in at-risk site prioritization with the goal to create best practice scenarios for one of our Newfoundland study areas. This process will involve detailed hazard assessment of two at-risk sites, including coastal erosion and shoreline retreat studies, as well as an impact assessment of known archaeology resources at each site under future hazard scenarios. The final step in the management of at-risk archaeological sites is the design and implementation of an action plan. The CARRA project aims to inform this step through a review of current case studies and management actions at threatened sites across Canada. Two case studies from Newfoundland are briefly introduced to illustrate the types of local actions taken to mitigate erosion at archaeological sites. These case studies will be reviewed in detail with the intention to share adaptation strategies as part of a new community of practice for heritage managers responsible for coastal archaeology resources in Canada.","PeriodicalId":368693,"journal":{"name":"2014 Oceans - St. John's","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122692627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003255
Violeta Skoro Kaskarovska, P. Beaujean
A Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) acoustic communication system has been developed to improve high data rate communications at short range in the shallow water acoustic channel. The proposed communication system operates at very high frequency and combines an adaptive spatial diversity and parallel Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE). Experimental results using selective combining with three, four and five receivers demonstrate ability to improve the quality of the acoustic channel in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise-and-Interference Ratio (SNIR). The work presented in this article focuses on statistical evaluation of the proposed SIMO system using simulated data. For that purpose, a simulation channel model is developed based on experimental channel model and Rician fading channel. Adaptive multilevel combining is performed on simulated messages with high individual BER before SIMO processing. The simulation results achieved with selective diversity and SIMO system with three, four and five receivers show that the BER and SNIR of the combined message improve dramatically, compared to the BER and SNIR of the individual message and demonstrate that the proposed SIMO system can significantly improve the reliability of the shallow water acoustic channel.
{"title":"Performance analysis of the single input multiple output acoustic system for high frequency shallow water communications","authors":"Violeta Skoro Kaskarovska, P. Beaujean","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003255","url":null,"abstract":"A Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) acoustic communication system has been developed to improve high data rate communications at short range in the shallow water acoustic channel. The proposed communication system operates at very high frequency and combines an adaptive spatial diversity and parallel Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE). Experimental results using selective combining with three, four and five receivers demonstrate ability to improve the quality of the acoustic channel in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise-and-Interference Ratio (SNIR). The work presented in this article focuses on statistical evaluation of the proposed SIMO system using simulated data. For that purpose, a simulation channel model is developed based on experimental channel model and Rician fading channel. Adaptive multilevel combining is performed on simulated messages with high individual BER before SIMO processing. The simulation results achieved with selective diversity and SIMO system with three, four and five receivers show that the BER and SNIR of the combined message improve dramatically, compared to the BER and SNIR of the individual message and demonstrate that the proposed SIMO system can significantly improve the reliability of the shallow water acoustic channel.","PeriodicalId":368693,"journal":{"name":"2014 Oceans - St. John's","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122735049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003119
S. Hurst, Xinyu Xie, Shwan Ashrafi, Sumit Roy, P. Arabshahi
Underwater communications is the necessary enabler for several next-generation engineering and scientific applications such as distributed undersea monitoring, persistent surveillance, and long-range high fidelity navigation. Underwater acoustic channels (characterized by long propagation delays and small coherence bandwidths) continue to present significant challenges and reliable networked communications remains a future goal. To this end, a joint collaboration between a number of partner universities (Ocean-TUNE project, funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation), seeks to implement an underwater networking testbed to conduct field tests for better understanding of the underwater acoustic channel characteristics. A key feature of the deployment is a new multicarrier (OFDM) modem - a first for such a testbed to the best of our knowledge - complemented with a software driven protocol stack implementation that allows adaptation to acoustic channel characteristics. In this paper, we first provide an architectural overview of our network testbed, followed by initial results from preliminary testing in Lake Union (Puget Sound), WA. We conclude the paper with a brief description of future plans.
水下通信是一些下一代工程和科学应用的必要推动者，如分布式海底监测、持续监视和远程高保真导航。水声信道(以长传播延迟和小相干带宽为特征)继续面临重大挑战，可靠的网络通信仍然是未来的目标。为此目的，若干伙伴大学之间的联合合作(Ocean-TUNE项目，由美国国家科学基金会资助)寻求建立一个水下网络试验台，进行实地测试，以便更好地了解水声通道特性。部署的一个关键特征是一个新的多载波(OFDM)调制解调器-据我们所知，这是此类测试平台的第一个-辅以软件驱动的协议栈实现，允许适应声学信道特性。在本文中，我们首先提供了我们的网络测试平台的架构概述，然后是来自华盛顿州Lake Union (Puget Sound)的初步测试的初步结果。我们以对未来计划的简要描述来结束本文。
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Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003095
J. Kohut, L. Palamara, E. Curchitser, J. Manderson, G. DiDomenico, M. Oliver, Matthew W. Breece, D. Fox
Since marine organisms are tightly coupled to the properties of the turbulent ocean fluid, the locations of critical habitat can change rapidly in time and space. Historically it has been difficult to measure these dynamic properties, but advances in ocean observing technologies allow us to measure many aspects of habitat (e.g. surface temperature, currents) and model others (e.g. bottom temperature, phytoplankton, zooplankton) over large spatial scales with fine temporal resolution. We observed a strong relationship between bottom temperature and butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus) distribution on the Mid Atlantic Bight continental shelf and used modeled temperature from 1958-2007 to observe changes in the spread of predicted habitat. Predicted habitat maps showed high seasonal and high interannual variability. This model was incorporated into the 2013 Butterfish stock assessment. In addition, observing platforms like gliders have become resources to expanding tracking studies that can now target pelagic habitats of the target species. We see these approaches as a step toward ecosystem based solutions that actually account for the measured dynamics of the system.
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Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003297
J. Power, A. S. Ré
Life saving appliances are used throughout Canada and around the world every day by a large number of individuals who work or travel over open water. Personnel rely on these life saving appliances to help provide protection from harsh environments, and reduce the risk of injury or death in the event of a marine accident. Due to their importance in helping to save lives at sea, life saving appliances are built and tested according to specific standards and regulations to ensure that they provide the level of performance required. Unfortunately, life saving appliances do not always perform as expected which can lead to unexpected injuries or loss of life. Given that life saving appliances must meet specific performance goals as prescribed by standards and regulations, it is often these goals that fall short of what is actually needed during a marine accident. A knowledge gap is created when the testing conditions, as outlined in a standard or regulation, do not accurately reflect those conditions found during a marine accident. As a result, a life saving appliance will often meet performance goals that are below those required to prevent an injury or loss of life during an actual marine accident. The Canadian regulation: “Life Saving Equipment Regulations” C.R.C., c. 1436 was reviewed and possible knowledge gaps with respect to human factors were identified. The goals and requirements for life saving appliances in the regulation were compared against existing work done in the area of marine safety to determine if what was prescribed adequately reflected what could be found during a marine accident. There were many gaps identified in the regulation, commonly caused by prescriptive wording specifying conditions not commonly found during a marine accident. These knowledge gaps will widen as conditions become more severe than what is prescribed in the regulations possibly leading to even further decrease in life saving appliance performance than what is already measured.
在加拿大和世界各地，每天都有大量在开阔水域工作或旅行的人使用救生设备。人员依靠这些救生设备来帮助提供对恶劣环境的保护，并在发生海上事故时降低受伤或死亡的风险。由于救生设备在海上救生方面的重要性，它们是根据特定的标准和法规建造和测试的，以确保它们提供所需的性能水平。不幸的是，救生设备并不总是像预期的那样运行，这可能导致意外的伤害或生命损失。鉴于救生设备必须满足标准和法规规定的特定性能目标，在海上事故中，这些目标往往达不到实际需要。当标准或法规中概述的测试条件不能准确反映海上事故中发现的条件时，就会产生知识差距。因此，救生设备的性能目标往往低于实际海上事故中防止伤害或生命损失的要求。审查了加拿大条例:“救生设备条例”c.r.c.， c. 1436，并确定了在人为因素方面可能存在的知识差距。将该规例中救生设备的目标和要求与海上安全领域的现有工作进行比较，以确定所规定的内容是否充分反映了在海上事故中可能发现的情况。在该条例中发现了许多漏洞，通常是由于规定了在海上事故中不常见的条件。随着情况变得比法规规定的更严重，这些知识差距将会扩大，可能导致救生设备的性能比已经测量的进一步下降。
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Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003097
Magda Meireles, Renato Lourenço, A. Dias, J. Almeida, H. Silva, A. Martins
This paper addresses the development of an underwater visual navigation system for a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) based on Real-Time Simultaneous Localization and Mapping method using natural landmarks. Our proposed approach was tested in an indoor tank, where field experiments were performed to obtain 3D vehicle (VIDEORAY Pro3 ROV) trajectory, and results validated using an external stereo vision “ground-truth” system.
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