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Nutrient Overloading in the Chesapeake Bay 切萨皮克湾的营养过剩
IF 1.2 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/sod.2020.0032
S. Longo, Ellinor Isgren, Brett Clark
We examine socioecological drivers of nutrient overloading and eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay associated with poultry production on the Delmarva Peninsula. We use a social metabolic analysis—rooted in a political-economy perspective—that highlights the interchange of matter and energy and the inextricable links within and between social and ecological systems, illuminating the social structural processes contributing to ecological changes. The concentration and consolidation of poultry production through integration, which involves contract farming, and geographic concentration of operations, have been associated with intensified and increased scale of chicken (broiler) production. These processes have had significant effects on waste accumulation, maintenance, and disposal, and this industry has become one of the major contributors of nutrient overloading in the Chesapeake Bay. This study, therefore, specifies social processes that are driving environmental changes between land and sea.
我们研究了与德尔马瓦半岛家禽生产相关的切萨皮克湾营养超载和富营养化的社会生态驱动因素。我们使用社会代谢分析——根植于政治经济视角——强调物质和能量的交换以及社会和生态系统内部和之间不可分割的联系,阐明了促进生态变化的社会结构过程。通过整合(包括合同养殖)和经营的地理集中,家禽生产的集中和巩固与鸡(肉鸡)生产的集约化和规模扩大有关。这些过程对废物的积累、维护和处理产生了重大影响,该行业已成为切萨皮克湾营养物质超载的主要贡献者之一。因此,这项研究详细说明了推动陆地和海洋之间环境变化的社会过程。
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引用次数: 2
Energy and the Environment 能源与环境
IF 1.2 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-11-27 DOI: 10.1525/SOD.2020.6.4.493
L. Thomas
Research has highlighted the relationship between production expansion and the creation of sacrifice zones in advanced capitalist economies. Yet, less attention has focused on the establishment of such regions within authoritarian, state-socialist countries. We draw theoretical and conceptual insights from treadmill of production theory and the Gramscian theory of hegemony to delineate the interaction between legitimation processes used by authoritarian states to justify the physical destruction of the environment. Our analysis focuses on the historic case of environmental destruction in Czechoslovakia’s North Bohemian coal mining region. We analyze data from various sources, including in-depth interviews with residents, state media articles, and state archival sources. We find that the interactive processes of coercion, domination, and consent were used to propel the development and legitimation of environmental exploitation in this area. We argue that these processes, and the resultant sacrifice zones, are a central component of the treadmill of production. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results for further analyses of sacrifice zones.
研究强调了发达资本主义经济体的生产扩张和牺牲区的建立之间的关系。然而,很少有人关注在专制的国家社会主义国家中建立这样的地区。我们从生产跑步机理论和葛兰西霸权理论中汲取了理论和概念上的见解,以描述威权国家用来证明对环境的物理破坏是正当的合法化过程之间的相互作用。我们的分析集中在捷克斯洛伐克北波希米亚煤矿区环境破坏的历史案例上。我们分析了各种来源的数据,包括对居民的深入采访、官方媒体文章和国家档案来源。我们发现,胁迫、支配和同意的互动过程被用来推动该地区环境开发的发展和合法化。我们认为,这些过程以及由此产生的牺牲区是生产跑步机的核心组成部分。最后,我们讨论了我们的结果对进一步分析牺牲区的影响。
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引用次数: 2
The Empowerment Paradox 赋权悖论
IF 1.2 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-09-29 DOI: 10.1525/SOD.2020.6.3.296
Orla Kelly
An extensive literature is dedicated to examining the proliferation of private sector-led, market-based approaches to address gender inequality. Drawing on insights from feminist environmentalism and environmental sociology, I explore how and why this phenomenon is connected to the environmental crisis. First, I analyze the World Bank’s gender strategy papers for 2001–2023. I highlight the organization's role in entrenching a neoliberal discourse of women's empowerment that erases socio-ecological contexts. Next, I provide an overview of Project Shakti, a women’s empowerment program run by Hindustan Unilever, a subsidiary of the Unilever conglomerate and a corporate partner of the World Bank. Secondary data on program outcomes show that the organization’s selective use of gendered ideologies has increased HUL's rural market share. On the other hand, the benefits for participants are less clear, particularly when considered in the context of the program’s social and environmental footprint. Finally, I present the Exxon Mobil's Foundation's gender portfolio to illustrate how exclusive networks and non-participatory program evaluations have been used by private sector actors to normalize an understanding of women's wellbeing that is devoid of environmental considerations. Together, these cases illustrate how feminist ideals have been used to support elite economic agendas with high environmental costs, while also marginalizing those who seek sustainable development through systemic reform. This phenomenon exacerbates an environmental crisis that disproportionately affects the people these programs purport to empower.
大量文献致力于研究私营部门主导的、以市场为基础的解决性别不平等问题的方法的激增。借鉴女权主义环保主义和环境社会学的见解,我探讨了这种现象如何以及为什么与环境危机有关。首先,我分析了世界银行2001-20023年的性别战略文件。我强调了该组织在巩固赋予妇女权力的新自由主义话语方面的作用,这种话语抹杀了社会生态环境。接下来,我将概述Shakti项目,这是一个由联合利华集团的子公司、世界银行的企业合作伙伴印度斯坦联合利华运营的妇女赋权项目。关于项目成果的次要数据显示,该组织选择性地使用性别意识形态增加了HUL的农村市场份额。另一方面,参与者的利益并不明确,尤其是在考虑该计划的社会和环境足迹时。最后,我介绍了埃克森美孚基金会的性别投资组合,以说明私营部门行为者如何利用排他性网络和非参与性项目评估,使人们对缺乏环境考虑的妇女福祉的理解正常化。这些案例共同说明了女权主义理想如何被用来支持环境成本高昂的精英经济议程,同时也边缘化了那些通过系统改革寻求可持续发展的人。这一现象加剧了环境危机,而这场危机对这些计划声称要赋予权力的人产生了不成比例的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Universal Social Protection 普遍社会保护
IF 1.2 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1525/sod.2020.6.1.116
A. Shriwise, Alexander E. Kentikelenis, D. Stuckler
Many intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) now place a high priority on universal social protection as a means for achieving sustainable development. Is this shift toward universal social protection just talk, or does it signify a more substantial emphasis on welfare within development policy? We present a theoretical framework for understanding discursive changes in global policy as rebranding, fads, trends, or paradigm shifts. We then conduct a comparative, semi-structured review of official language related to social protection used by six key IGOs (International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations Development Programme, World Bank, and World Health Organization) across five dimensions of social protection (labor market, health, family, housing, and education) before the introduction of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Then, employing the framework, we analyze the findings of this review to determine the significance of the discursive shift toward universal social protection in the context of the 2030 Agenda. We document that, at present, universal social protection is an influential policy trend that has shaped how IGOs understand and act on social issues. These findings inform theoretical debates on the relationship between discursive and substantive policy change and contribute to a growing literature on transnational social protection. They also have implications for efforts across agencies and sectors to enhance social protection and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
许多政府间组织现在高度重视普遍的社会保护,将其作为实现可持续发展的手段。这种向普遍社会保障的转变只是说说而已,还是意味着在发展政策中更实质性地强调福利?我们提出了一个理论框架来理解全球政策的话语变化,如重塑品牌、时尚、趋势或范式转变。然后,在引入《联合国2030年可持续发展议程》之前,我们对六个主要政府间组织(国际劳工组织、国际货币基金组织、联合国儿童基金会、联合国开发计划署、世界银行和世界卫生组织)在社会保护的五个方面(劳动力市场、健康、家庭、住房和教育)使用的与社会保护相关的官方语言进行了比较、半结构化的审查。然后,利用该框架,我们分析了本次审查的结果,以确定在2030年议程背景下向普遍社会保护的话语转变的意义。我们认为,目前,普遍社会保护是一种有影响力的政策趋势,它影响了政府间组织对社会问题的理解和行动。这些发现为关于话语性和实质性政策变化之间关系的理论辩论提供了信息,并为越来越多的关于跨国社会保护的文献做出了贡献。它们还对各机构和部门加强社会保护和实现可持续发展目标的努力产生影响。
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引用次数: 9
The Treadmill of Information 信息的跑步机
IF 1.2 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1525/sod.2019.5.4.381
Joseph M. Simpson, R. Dunlap, Andrew S. Fullerton
The world is facing a crisis of global warming due to the release of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses by human activities. Many scholars and stakeholders argue that information and communication technology (ICT) development will mitigate CO2 emissions. Advocacy of technological solutions to CO2 mitigation is consistent with ecological modernization theory's assertion that reflexive societies will modernize sustainably. In contrast, we define the “treadmill of information” as the unique contribution of ICT development to environmental degradation. We examine the impact of ICT development on total CO2 emissions and source-sector emissions from electricity, buildings, manufacturing, and transportation using a multilevel growth model for panel data from 113 countries split into the world, developed country, and less-developed-country samples. We find that the level of fixed telephone development is a strong predictor of higher CO2 emissions in less-developed countries, while internet use predicts higher CO2 emissions in developed countries. The effect of mobile telephone development is not significant. Thus, it appears that ICTs are not having an ameliorative effect on global warming as expected by ecological modernization theorists, and instead reinforce the treadmill of production's negative effect.
由于人类活动释放二氧化碳和其他温室气体,世界正面临全球变暖危机。许多学者和利益相关者认为,信息和通信技术的发展将减少二氧化碳排放。倡导减少二氧化碳排放的技术解决方案与生态现代化理论的主张一致,即反射性社会将可持续地现代化。相反,我们将“信息跑步机”定义为信息和通信技术发展对环境退化的独特贡献。我们使用来自113个国家(分为世界、发达国家和欠发达国家样本)的面板数据的多级增长模型,研究了信息和通信技术发展对电力、建筑、制造和运输的二氧化碳总排放量和来源部门排放量的影响。我们发现,固定电话的发展水平是欠发达国家二氧化碳排放量增加的有力预测因素,而互联网的使用则预测发达国家二氧化碳的排放量增加。移动电话的发展效果并不显著。因此,信息和通信技术似乎并没有像生态现代化理论家所预期的那样对全球变暖产生改善作用,反而加剧了生产的负面影响。
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引用次数: 7
Building Empowerment, Resisting Patriarchy 建立权力,抵制父权制
IF 1.2 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1525/sod.2019.5.4.360
S. Chaudhuri, M. Morash
This research explores how empowerment programs impact gender-based violence and the social structures that lead to such violence in the first place. Drawing from interviews with former participants in empowerment programs that focus on building community leaders, the study examines how grassroots women lead interventions and their effects on leaders’ and survivors’ lives. We find that although most survivors had displayed some agency in independently resisting violence, their efforts were more effective when coupled with a support network and access to resources. With the intervention of leaders, the survivors were able to better negotiate for justice with a renewed sense of agency. For the leaders, participation in programs gave them an identity independent of their status within the family. They promoted change by developing independent, innovative intervention strategies that worked despite the tight structural constraints of gendered norms.
本研究探讨了赋权项目如何影响基于性别的暴力以及最初导致此类暴力的社会结构。该研究通过对以培养社区领袖为重点的赋权项目的前参与者的采访,考察了基层妇女如何领导干预措施及其对领导者和幸存者生活的影响。我们发现,虽然大多数幸存者在独立抵抗暴力方面表现出一定的能动性,但如果加上支持网络和获得资源的途径,他们的努力会更有效。在领导人的干预下,幸存者能够以一种新的能动性更好地为正义进行谈判。对于领导者来说,参与项目给了他们独立于家庭地位的身份认同。她们通过制定独立的、创新的干预策略来促进变革,这些策略在性别规范的严格结构限制下发挥了作用。
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引用次数: 10
Women and Employment in Tunisia 突尼斯的妇女和就业
IF 1.2 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1525/sod.2019.5.4.337
V. Moghadam
Tunisia's legacy of “state feminism” and its strong civil society—including human rights, labor, and women's rights organizations—have placed Tunisian women in advance of their Arab sisters, and women are present across an array of professions and occupations. Still, most Tunisian women remain outside the labor force, face precarious forms of employment, or are unemployed. This article examines women's employment patterns, problems, and prospects in the light of an untoward economic environment, conservative social norms, and feminist advocacy. Drawing on interview and documentary data, and informed by feminist political economy and institutionalism, it highlights the importance of institutional supports for working mothers and improved work conditions to encourage more female economic participation and stronger labor-force attachment and thus to weaken patriarchal attitudes and values. The paper points to the need for both class-based and gender-based policies with respect to women's economic participation and rights.
突尼斯的“国家女权主义”遗产及其强大的公民社会——包括人权、劳工和妇女权利组织——使突尼斯妇女领先于阿拉伯姐妹,妇女在一系列专业和职业中都有存在。尽管如此,大多数突尼斯妇女仍然处于劳动力市场之外,面临着不稳定的就业形式,或者失业。本文从不利的经济环境、保守的社会规范和女权主义倡导的角度审视女性的就业模式、问题和前景。根据采访和文献数据,并在女权主义政治经济学和制度主义的指导下,它强调了对职业母亲的制度支持和改善工作条件的重要性,以鼓励更多的女性参与经济,增强劳动力依恋,从而削弱父权制的态度和价值观。该文件指出,在妇女的经济参与和权利方面,需要制定基于阶级和基于性别的政策。
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引用次数: 4
Uneven Decoupling 不均匀解耦
IF 1.2 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1525/sod.2019.5.4.410
Ryan P. Thombs, Xiaoru Huang
The macro-comparative decoupling literature has often sought to test the arguments made by the treadmill of production (TP) and ecological modernization (EM) theories. However, due to data limitations, these studies have been limited to analyzing the years after 1960. Given that both theories discuss historical processes operating before 1960, analyzing pre-1960 data is warranted to more comprehensively test the propositions made by both theories. We assess the long-term relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions from 1870 to 2014 using a sample of global North nations. We use Prais-Winsten regression models with time interactions to assess whether, when, and how much CO2 emissions have decoupled from economic growth over time. We find that significant relative decoupling has occurred twice since 1870: during the last 30 years of the nineteenth century, the timing of which is contrary to what both the EM and TP theories might expect, and after 1970. We also observe that the relationship remained relatively stable from the turn of the twentieth century to approximately 1970, which aligns with the arguments made by the classical TP work. We conclude that shifts in the global organization of production have shaped the magnitude of the economic growth–CO2 emissions relationship and its changes over time, which has implications for climate mitigation policy.
宏观比较脱钩文献经常试图检验生产跑步机(TP)和生态现代化(EM)理论的论点。然而,由于数据的限制,这些研究仅限于分析1960年之后的年份。鉴于这两种理论都讨论了1960年之前的历史过程,因此有必要分析1960年前的数据,以更全面地检验这两种学说提出的命题。我们使用全球北方国家的样本评估了1870年至2014年经济增长与二氧化碳排放之间的长期关系。我们使用具有时间相互作用的Prais-Westen回归模型来评估随着时间的推移,二氧化碳排放量是否、何时以及有多少与经济增长脱钩。我们发现,自1870年以来,显著的相对脱钩已经发生了两次:在19世纪的最后30年,其时间与EM和TP理论的预期相反,以及在1970年之后。我们还观察到,从20世纪之交到大约1970年,这种关系保持相对稳定,这与经典TP作品的论点一致。我们得出的结论是,全球生产组织的变化塑造了经济增长与二氧化碳排放关系的规模及其随时间的变化,这对气候缓解政策有影响。
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引用次数: 8
Implications of the Politics of Caste and Class for Child Poverty in India 种姓和阶级政治对印度儿童贫困的影响
IF 1.2 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1525/sod.2019.5.4.428
A. Daoud, S. Nandy
Understanding the politics of caste, corruption, and wealth is essential for combating poverty in India. However, relatively few studies have systematically analyzed how these factors explain patterns of poverty combining state-level indicators with household and child-level outcomes. Focusing on child poverty as an outcome measure, this paper tests the explanatory potency of John Harriss's typology of state government political regimes, Transparency International India's measures of state corruption, and state-level wealth. Using data on 120,988 children from the third National Family Health Survey (2005–2006) and multilevel models, we find that Harriss's typology of state regimes better explains child poverty differences between states than Transparency International India's corruption index. States whose political regimes are historically dominated by upper-caste groups tend to have an adverse effect on poor children of lower castes, compared to states dominated by lower-caste groups. This adverse effect is amplified in wealthier states.
了解种姓、腐败和财富的政治对印度消除贫困至关重要。然而,相对较少的研究系统地分析了这些因素如何将州级指标与家庭和儿童一级的结果相结合来解释贫困模式。本文将儿童贫困作为一种结果衡量标准,检验了约翰·哈里斯对邦政府政治制度的类型学、透明国际印度对邦腐败和邦财富的衡量标准的解释效力。利用第三次全国家庭健康调查(2005-2006)中120988名儿童的数据和多层次模型,我们发现哈里斯的国家政权类型比透明国际印度的腐败指数更好地解释了各州之间的儿童贫困差异。与由低种姓群体主导的州相比,其政治制度在历史上由高种姓群体统治的州往往对低种姓的贫困儿童产生不利影响。这种不利影响在较富裕的州被放大了。
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引用次数: 8
The Reliability and Stability of Measures of Individuals' Values and Beliefs Concerning Developmental Idealism in Nepal 尼泊尔发展理想主义的个人价值观和信念测量的可靠性和稳定性
IF 1.2 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.1525/sod.2019.5.3.314
A. Thornton, Dirgha J Ghimire, L. Young-DeMarco, Prem Bhandari
This paper examines the reliability and stability of developmental idealism (DI) measures in Nepal. DI is a set of cultural schemas that contains beliefs and values favoring modern societies and families over traditional ones and that views modern families as causes and effects of modern societies. It also views the world as dynamic, with change from traditionality toward modernity. Earlier studies have shown that DI has been disseminated widely internationally, but provide little evidence concerning whether individual views of DI can be reliably measured or the extent to which such views are stable across time. We estimate the reliability and stability of DI measures using panel data collected in Nepal. Our results indicate substantial reliability, equal or nearly equal to the reliability of standard value and belief items measured in general American surveys. There is also considerable stability of DI views across our study interval from 2008 to 2011.
本文考察了尼泊尔发展理想主义(DI)措施的可靠性和稳定性。DI是一套文化模式,其中包含有利于现代社会和家庭而不是传统社会和家庭的信仰和价值观,并将现代家庭视为现代社会的因果关系。它还认为世界是动态的,从传统到现代的变化。早期的研究表明,DI在国际上广泛传播,但几乎没有证据表明个人对DI的看法是否可以可靠地衡量,或者这些观点在多大程度上是稳定的。我们使用在尼泊尔收集的面板数据估计DI措施的可靠性和稳定性。我们的结果显示了相当的信度,等于或接近等于一般美国调查中测量的标准值和信念项目的信度。从2008年到2011年,在我们的研究区间内,DI视图也有相当大的稳定性。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Sociology of Development
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