Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.015.9335
M. Pawłowska
The article discusses an extraordinary event, i.e. the First International Cosmic Rays Conference, which took place in Cracow in 1947, shortly after the end of the Second World War. The conference was organized by a group of theoretical physicists from the Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Mining under the leadership of Professor Jan Weyssenhoff. The achievements of Polish physicists, especially Cracow scientists, who were involved in the study of cosmic radiation in the 1930s and 1940s are reminded of in this article. The author recalls names of outstanding physicists representing the most wellknown research centers in Europe and the United States during the Conference. The article was enriched with photographs taken during the Conference and numerous unofficial meetings that took place in October 1947 in Cracow. The author of the pictures, Andrzej Hrynkiewicz, was a young scientist, and later professor of nuclear physics at the Jagiellonian University and the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
{"title":"Fizycy w Krakowie – w 70. rocznicę I Międzynarodowej Konferencji Promieni Kosmicznych","authors":"M. Pawłowska","doi":"10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.015.9335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.015.9335","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses an extraordinary event, i.e. the First International Cosmic Rays Conference, which took place in Cracow in 1947, shortly after the end of the Second World War. The conference was organized by a group of theoretical physicists from the Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Mining under the leadership of Professor Jan Weyssenhoff. The achievements of Polish physicists, especially Cracow scientists, who were involved in the study of cosmic radiation in the 1930s and 1940s are reminded of in this article. The author recalls names of outstanding physicists representing the most wellknown research centers in Europe and the United States during the Conference. The article was enriched with photographs taken during the Conference and numerous unofficial meetings that took place in October 1947 in Cracow. The author of the pictures, Andrzej Hrynkiewicz, was a young scientist, and later professor of nuclear physics at the Jagiellonian University and the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42022149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.011.9331
Jerzy Sawicki
On October 11, 1745, a German scientist Ewald Georg (Jürgen) Kleist in Cammin in Pommern (today Kamień Pomorski) discovered both the phenomenon of storing electricity in a glass vessel with water, and a new device – an electric capacitor. Kleist quickly and correctly announced his discovery to the scientific community. The greatest help in confirming the discovery and its publication was received by Kleist from Daniel Gralath who was active in the first Polish Society for Experimental Physics Societas Physicae Experimentalis in Gdańsk. At the beginning of 1746, in the Dutch Leiden, in the workshop of the famous professor Pieter Musschenbroek, an experiment was conducted similar to the one in Cammin. The information about the Leiden experiment quickly reached Paris, the centre of European science of that time, and which lead to a proclamation of a new, very important physical discovery. The experiment gained wide publicity in Europe thanks to numerous public repetitions. The French promoter of the Leiden experiment was physicist Jean-Antoine Nollet. The discoverer’s fame was unjustly attributed to Musschenbroek and Leiden, although Daniel Gralath reported Nollet’s letter about Kleist’s priority. From the moment of discovery to modern times, scientific publications in the field of physics and history of science often misrepresent the person of the discoverer, the place of discovery and its name. The aim of the article is to present a broad overview of the reports, descriptions and opinions contained in scientific publications about the discovery. In the review presented in the article, 117 books are divided by country of issue, language and time of publication. The most frequent errors were classified and assigned to the analyzed publications. The result turned out to be surprising, as only 6 items were free of errors, and in the remaining, 254 errors were found. Unfortunately, in both former and contemporary publications, Kleist is sometimes ignored, and even if noticed, his discovery is usually depreciated in various ways. It may come as a surprise that the first two works on the history of electrical research written in the eighteenth century by Daniel Gralath and Joseph Priestley correctly and profoundly convey the course of events and the priority of Kleist’s discovery. It turns out that the French untrue version of the history of this finding is still alive, especially in European countries, so that pupils, students and physics enthusiasts receive a false message about this important discovery. In the circle of reliable researchers in the history of science, the priority of Kleist’s discovery is widely recognized, but even they have a problem with naming the electric capacitor discovered by the Cammin physicist differently than the Leiden jar. One of the reasons for the poor knowledge of Kleist and his experiment is scant scientific literature on the subject and the ignorance of the source texts written by the Cammin explorer. This gap i
1745年10月11日，德国科学家埃瓦尔德·格奥尔格（Jürgen）Kleist在波默恩的Cammin（今天的KamieńPomorski）发现了在装有水的玻璃容器中储存电力的现象，以及一种新的设备——电容器。克莱斯特迅速而正确地向科学界宣布了他的发现。在确认这一发现及其发表方面，克莱斯特得到了丹尼尔·格拉拉特的最大帮助，格拉拉特活跃于位于格但斯克的第一个波兰实验物理学会。1746年初，在荷兰莱顿，在著名教授彼得·穆申布罗克的工作室里，进行了一项类似于在卡姆明的实验。关于莱顿实验的信息很快传到了当时欧洲科学中心巴黎，并宣布了一项新的、非常重要的物理发现。由于多次公开重复，这项实验在欧洲获得了广泛的宣传。莱顿实验的法国推动者是物理学家让·安托万·诺莱。这位发现者的名声被不公正地归咎于穆申布罗克和莱顿，尽管丹尼尔·格拉拉特报道了诺莱关于克莱斯特优先权的信。从发现的那一刻到现代，物理学和科学史领域的科学出版物经常歪曲发现者的身份、发现地及其名称。这篇文章的目的是对科学出版物中关于这一发现的报告、描述和意见进行全面概述。在文章中的评论中，117本书按出版国、语言和出版时间进行了划分。最常见的错误被分类并分配给分析的出版物。结果令人惊讶，因为只有6个项目没有错误，而在剩下的项目中，发现了254个错误。不幸的是，在以前和当代的出版物中，克莱斯特有时都被忽视，即使被注意到，他的发现通常也会以各种方式被贬低。令人惊讶的是，丹尼尔·格拉拉特和约瑟夫·普里斯特利在18世纪撰写的前两部关于电学研究史的著作正确而深刻地传达了克莱斯特发现的过程和优先事项。事实证明，法国对这一发现历史的不真实版本仍然存在，尤其是在欧洲国家，因此学生和物理爱好者收到了关于这一重要发现的虚假信息。在科学史上可靠的研究人员圈子里，克莱斯特发现的优先事项得到了广泛认可，但即使是他们也有一个问题，那就是用不同于莱顿罐子的名字来命名这位卡姆明物理学家发现的电容器。克莱斯特及其实验知识贫乏的原因之一是缺乏关于这一主题的科学文献，以及对这位卡姆明探险家所写的原始文本的无知。本文作者撰写的一本科学专著弥补了这一差距。本文补充了作者的著作《Ewald-Georg Kleist–Wielki odkrywca z małego miasta（一位来自小镇的伟大发现者）：KamieńPomorski 1745》（Warszawa:Instytut Historyi Nauki PAN，Stowarzyszenie Elektryków Polskich，Zachodnopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecini，2018）中提供的信息。
{"title":"Kleist vs. Musschenbroek – trudna droga do prawdy","authors":"Jerzy Sawicki","doi":"10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.011.9331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.011.9331","url":null,"abstract":"On October 11, 1745, a German scientist Ewald Georg (Jürgen) Kleist in Cammin in Pommern (today Kamień Pomorski) discovered both the phenomenon of storing electricity in a glass vessel with water, and a new device – an electric capacitor. Kleist quickly and correctly announced his discovery to the scientific community.\u0000\u0000The greatest help in confirming the discovery and its publication was received by Kleist from Daniel Gralath who was active in the first Polish Society for Experimental Physics Societas Physicae Experimentalis in Gdańsk.\u0000\u0000At the beginning of 1746, in the Dutch Leiden, in the workshop of the famous professor Pieter Musschenbroek, an experiment was conducted similar to the one in Cammin. The information about the Leiden experiment quickly reached Paris, the centre of European science of that time, and which lead to a proclamation of a new, very important physical discovery. The experiment gained wide publicity in Europe thanks to numerous public repetitions. The French promoter of the Leiden experiment was physicist Jean-Antoine Nollet.\u0000\u0000The discoverer’s fame was unjustly attributed to Musschenbroek and Leiden, although Daniel Gralath reported Nollet’s letter about Kleist’s priority. From the moment of discovery to modern times, scientific publications in the field of physics and history of science often misrepresent the person of the discoverer, the place of discovery and its name.\u0000\u0000The aim of the article is to present a broad overview of the reports, descriptions and opinions contained in scientific publications about the discovery. In the review presented in the article, 117 books are divided by country of issue, language and time of publication. The most frequent errors were classified and assigned to the analyzed publications. The result turned out to be surprising, as only 6 items were free of errors, and in the remaining, 254 errors were found. Unfortunately, in both former and contemporary publications, Kleist is sometimes ignored, and even if noticed, his discovery is usually depreciated in various ways. It may come as a surprise that the first two works on the history of electrical research written in the eighteenth century by Daniel Gralath and Joseph Priestley correctly and profoundly convey the course of events and the priority of Kleist’s discovery. It turns out that the French untrue version of the history of this finding is still alive, especially in European countries, so that pupils, students and physics enthusiasts receive a false message about this important discovery.\u0000\u0000In the circle of reliable researchers in the history of science, the priority of Kleist’s discovery is widely recognized, but even they have a problem with naming the electric capacitor discovered by the Cammin physicist differently than the Leiden jar. One of the reasons for the poor knowledge of Kleist and his experiment is scant scientific literature on the subject and the ignorance of the source texts written by the Cammin explorer. This gap i","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43850867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.008.9328
P. Tomaszewski
Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research of Polish Academy of Sciences celebrated its 50th anniversary in November 2016. The paper presents the history of the Institute going backward to the history of other ten scientific institutions from which the Institute was finally founded in 1966. It shows the efforts of Prof. Roman Ingarden and Prof. Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski to establish a powerful center of physics and physico-chemistry of solid state in Wrocław.
{"title":"Geneza Instytutu Niskich Temperatur i Badań Strukturalnych PAN we Wrocławiu","authors":"P. Tomaszewski","doi":"10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.008.9328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.008.9328","url":null,"abstract":"Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research of Polish Academy of Sciences celebrated its 50th anniversary in November 2016. The paper presents the history of the Institute going backward to the history of other ten scientific institutions from which the Institute was finally founded in 1966. It shows the efforts of Prof. Roman Ingarden and Prof. Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski to establish a powerful center of physics and physico-chemistry of solid state in Wrocław.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49149957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.022.9342
M. Kokowski
The bibliography presents the list of publications by Piotr Flin (1945–2018), an astronomer and exact sciences historian. This study presents a list of two hundred and fifty (including two hundred and forty-three separate) publications of the late Piotr Flin and a list of three doctoral theses he supervised. It is likely that the list of publications presented is not a complete bibliography of the author’s works. Due to the specificity of the study, the co-authored publications are listed in a chronological order, not an alphabetical order of co-authors. In addition, compared to the standard bibliographical style adopted in the journal, the date of publication appears at the end of each bibliographic record in square brackets. Providing the date in this format follows the convention adopted on the SAO / NASA portal Astrophysics Data System and its enriched copy: “The Science Archive Facility” at the European Southern Observatory. In accordance with the conventions adopted in the aforementioned portals, the list of publications also includes two reviews of a co-authored monograph by P. Flin.
{"title":"Bibliography of the works by Piotr Flin (1945–2018), an astronomer and exact sciences historian","authors":"M. Kokowski","doi":"10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.022.9342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.022.9342","url":null,"abstract":"The bibliography presents the list of publications by Piotr Flin (1945–2018), an astronomer and exact sciences historian.\u0000\u0000This study presents a list of two hundred and fifty (including two hundred and forty-three separate) publications of the late Piotr Flin and a list of three doctoral theses he supervised. It is likely that the list of publications presented is not a complete bibliography of the author’s works.\u0000\u0000Due to the specificity of the study, the co-authored publications are listed in a chronological order, not an alphabetical order of co-authors. In addition, compared to the standard bibliographical style adopted in the journal, the date of publication appears at the end of each bibliographic record in square brackets. Providing the date in this format follows the convention adopted on the SAO / NASA portal Astrophysics Data System and its enriched copy: “The Science Archive Facility” at the European Southern Observatory. In accordance with the conventions adopted in the aforementioned portals, the list of publications also includes two reviews of a co-authored monograph by P. Flin.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45605511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.003.9323
Stanisław Domoradzki, Małgorzata Stawiska
In this article we present diverse experiences of Polish mathematicians (in a broad sense) who during World War I fought for freedom of their homeland or conducted their research and teaching in difficult wartime circumstances. We discuss not only individual fates, but also organizational efforts of many kinds (teaching at the academic level outside traditional institutions, Polish scientific societies, publishing activities) in order to illustrate the formation of modern Polish mathematical community. In Part I we focus on mathematicians affiliated with the existing Polish institutions of higher education: Universities in Lwów in Kraków and the Polytechnical School in Lwów, within the Austro-Hungarian empire.
{"title":"Polish mathematicians and mathematics in World War I. Part I: Galicia (Austro-Hungarian Empire)","authors":"Stanisław Domoradzki, Małgorzata Stawiska","doi":"10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.003.9323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.003.9323","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we present diverse experiences of Polish mathematicians (in a broad sense) who during World War I fought for freedom of their homeland or conducted their research and teaching in difficult wartime circumstances. We discuss not only individual fates, but also organizational efforts of many kinds (teaching at the academic level outside traditional institutions, Polish scientific societies, publishing activities) in order to illustrate the formation of modern Polish mathematical community.\u0000\u0000In Part I we focus on mathematicians affiliated with the existing Polish institutions of higher education: Universities in Lwów in Kraków and the Polytechnical School in Lwów, within the Austro-Hungarian empire.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47363843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.016.9336
M. Kokowski
The article presents essential reservations about the proposal and the adopted Act 2.0 vel Constitution for Science. It focuses on the analysis of two topics: model of university and model of evaluation of journals and books. Our analysis is made in the light of knowledge of integrated sciences of science (containing, i.a., history of science, history of organization of higher education system and science, scientometrics and bibliometrics) and a model of university of new humanism. The article calls for introduction of series of vital modifications in the analyzed Act 2.0 and implementing regulations to remedy their fundamental drawbacks. Key words: Act 2.0, Constitution for Science, models of university, the model of corporate university, the model of university of new humanism, Research University of the Polish Academy of Sciences, science of science, scientometrics, bibliometrics, model of evaluation of journals and books, „principle of inheritance of prestige”
{"title":"Podstawowe zastrzeżenia wobec projektu i uchwalonej Ustawy 2.0 vel Konstytucji dla nauki","authors":"M. Kokowski","doi":"10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.016.9336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.016.9336","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents essential reservations about the proposal and the adopted Act 2.0 vel Constitution for Science. It focuses on the analysis of two topics: model of university and model of evaluation of journals and books. Our analysis is made in the light of knowledge of integrated sciences of science (containing, i.a., history of science, history of organization of higher education system and science, scientometrics and bibliometrics) and a model of university of new humanism.\u0000\u0000The article calls for introduction of series of vital modifications in the analyzed Act 2.0 and implementing regulations to remedy their fundamental drawbacks.\u0000\u0000Key words: Act 2.0, Constitution for Science, models of university, the model of corporate university, the model of university of new humanism, Research University of the Polish Academy of Sciences, science of science, scientometrics, bibliometrics, model of evaluation of journals and books, „principle of inheritance of prestige”","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70996115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.024.9344
M. Kokowski
{"title":"Bibliography of the works by Zbigniew Bela (1949–2018), a philologist, prosaist, and pharmacy historian","authors":"M. Kokowski","doi":"10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.024.9344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.024.9344","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70996202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.017.9337
Viktor Blåsjö
I reply to recent arguments by Peter Barker & Tofigh Heidarzadeh, Arun Bala, and F. Jamil Ragep claiming that certain aspects Copernicus’s astronomical models where influenced by late Islamic authors connected with the Maragha school. In particular, I argue that: the deleted passage in De revolutionibus that allegedly references unspecified previous authors on the Tusi couple actually refers to a simple harmonic motion, and not the Tusi couple; the arguments based on lettering and other conventions used in Copernicus’s figure for the Tusi couple have no evidentiary merit whatever; alleged indications that Nicole Oresme was aware of the Tusi couple are much more naturally explained on other grounds; plausibility considerations regarding the status of Arabic astronomy and norms regarding novelty claims weight against the influence thesis, not for it.
Peter Barker和Tofigh Heidarzadeh、Arun Bala和F. Jamil Ragep最近的观点认为，哥白尼的天文模型的某些方面受到了与马拉迦学派有关的后期伊斯兰作家的影响。特别是，我认为:在《革命论》中被删除的段落，据称引用了未指明的先前作者关于图斯夫妇的文章，实际上指的是一个简单的谐波运动，而不是图斯夫妇;哥白尼在图斯夫妇的形象中使用的基于字母和其他惯例的论点没有任何证据价值;所谓妮可·奥瑞斯姆知道图斯夫妇的迹象，用其他理由来解释要自然得多;关于阿拉伯天文学地位的似是而非的考虑，以及关于新颖性主张的规范，都是对影响理论的反对，而不是支持。
{"title":"A rebuttal of recent arguments for Maragha influence on Copernicus","authors":"Viktor Blåsjö","doi":"10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.017.9337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.017.9337","url":null,"abstract":"I reply to recent arguments by Peter Barker & Tofigh Heidarzadeh, Arun Bala, and F. Jamil Ragep claiming that certain aspects Copernicus’s astronomical models where influenced by late Islamic authors connected with the Maragha school. In particular, I argue that: the deleted passage in De revolutionibus that allegedly references unspecified previous authors on the Tusi couple actually refers to a simple harmonic motion, and not the Tusi couple; the arguments based on lettering and other conventions used in Copernicus’s figure for the Tusi couple have no evidentiary merit whatever; alleged indications that Nicole Oresme was aware of the Tusi couple are much more naturally explained on other grounds; plausibility considerations regarding the status of Arabic astronomy and norms regarding novelty claims weight against the influence thesis, not for it.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42999864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.009.9329
David E. Dunning
Between the World Wars, a robust research community emerged in the nascent discipline of mathematical logic in Warsaw. Logic in Warsaw grew out of overlapping imperial legacies, launched mainly by Polish-speaking scholars who had trained in Habsburg universities and had come during the First World War to the University of Warsaw, an institution controlled until recently by Russia and reconstructed as Polish under the auspices of German occupation. The intellectuals who formed the Warsaw School of Logic embraced a patriotic Polish identity. Competitive nationalist attitudes were common among interwar scientists – a stance historians have called “Olympic internationalism,” in which nationalism and internationalism interacted as complementary rather than conflicting impulses. One of the School’s leaders, Jan Łukasiewicz, developed a system of notation that he promoted as a universal tool for logical research and communication. A number of his compatriots embraced it, but few logicians outside Poland did; Łukasiewicz’s notation thus inadvertently served as a distinctively national vehicle for his and his colleagues’ output. What he had intended as his most universally applicable invention became instead a respected but provincialized way of writing. Łukasiewicz’s system later spread in an unanticipated form, when postwar computer scientists found aspects of its design practical for working under the specific constraints of machinery; they developed a modified version for programming called “Reverse Polish Notation” (RPN). RPN attained a measure of international currency that Polish notation in logic never had, enjoying a global career in a different discipline outside its namesake country. The ways in which versions of the notation spread, and remained or did not remain “Polish” as they traveled, depended on how readers (whether in mathematical logic or computer science) chose to read it; the production of a nationalized science was inseparable from its international reception.
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Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.010.9330
M. Górny
This article analyses strategies used by geographers of Central and Eastern Europe, foremost Poland, to improve their international position, in the interwar. The boycott of Germany and its former allies almost until mid-1930s was a challenge to this group and it gradually hindered its development. The most original attempt at overcoming the threat of marginalization were congresses of Slavic geographers organized from 1924. The greatest success, however, came with the 1934 Warsaw congress of the Geographical Union, which was also the occasion for German geographers to fully return to international scholarly exchange.
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