Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.21.020.14051
Alex Stoeger
Scientific book reviews were an important genre in late-18thcentury German journals. The mostly anonymous reviewers regarded themselves as voices of the scientific community, judging the quality of new publications for its benefit. However, as this paper shows, some reviewers aspired to more than judging the books’ content. The reviewers of Christian Heinrich Pfaff ’s, Alexander von Humboldt’s, and Johann Wilhelm Ritter’s monographs on galvanism, published between 1796 and 1805, used the language of epistemic virtues and vices to present their readership with their ideal scientific persona meant to support the development of the empirical sciences.
科学书评是18世纪后期德国期刊的一个重要流派。大多数匿名评论者将自己视为科学界的声音，评判新出版物的质量是否有益。然而，正如这篇论文所表明的，一些评论家渴望的不仅仅是评判书籍的内容。克里斯蒂安·海因里希·普法夫（Christian Heinrich Pfaff）、亚历山大·冯·洪堡（Alexander von Humboldt）和约翰·威廉·里特（Johann Wilhelm Ritter。
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Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.21.016.14047
R. Tarkowski
Polscy przyrodnicy: Konstanty Jelski (1837–1896), Jan Sztolcman (1854–1928) oraz Jan Kalinowski (1857–1941) działali w Peru w drugiej połowie XIX oraz na początku XX wieku. Jelski przebywał w Peru w latach 1869–1879, Sztolcman dwukrotnie w latach 1875–1881 i 1882–1884, Kalinowski zaś przybył w 1889 roku i pozostał w tym kraju aż do śmierci. Ich pobyt miał na celu zebranie bogatej, mało znanej fauny, głównie ptaków, a prace tych przyrodników były sponsorowane przez rodzinę Branickich. Zebrane okazy fauny były przesyłane do Warszawskiego Gabinetu Zoologicznego zarządzanego przez W. Taczanowskiego oraz do prywatnego muzeum Branickich przy Frascati. Materiały zebrane przez polskich przyrodników wzbogaciły zbiory wielu instytucji naukowych w Polsce, również tych zagranicznych. Okazy fauny były podstawą do opisu wielu nowych gatunków nieznanych nauce. Nazwiska polskich przyrodników są znane do dziś specjalistom od fauny i flory neotropikalnej. Pojawiają się często w nazwach nowych gatunków opisanych na podstawie odkrytych przez nich okazów. Przesłane z Peru zbiory uczyniły Warszawski Gabinet Zoologiczny ośrodkiem badań neotropikalnej awifauny na światowym poziomie, a kolekcja ta była konsultowana przez specjalistów z całej Europy. Ptaki z Peru stanowiły podstawę opracowania monografii Ornithologie du Pérou W. Taczanowskiego. Kolekcje oraz obserwacje Jelskiego i Sztolcmana wniosły znaczący wkład w przygotowanie dzieła A. Raimondiego El Peru. Sztolcman opublikował dwutomowe dzieło Peru. Wspomnienia z podróży z mapą stanowiące ważny wkład Polski w poznawanie tego kraju. Ptaki i ssaki zebrane przez Kalinowskiego w Peru wzbogaciły kolekcje muzeów w Limie, Waszyngtonie, Londynie, Warszawie.
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Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.21.006.14037
A. Rafalska-Łasocha
Chemik Tadeusz Estreicher, uczeń prof. Karola Olszewskiego, zajmował się głównie kriogeniką, jego działalność obejmowała również wiele innych dziedzin nauki, kultury i sztuki. Swój czas poświęcał on też na działalność społeczną, szczególnie w czasie pobytu i pracy na uniwersytecie w szwajcarskim Fryburgu. Po odzyskaniu niepodległości prof. Tadeusz Estreicher wrócił do kraju i rozpoczął pracę organizacyjną i naukową. Związany był z Wydziałem Filozoficznym (Katedra Chemii), Oddziałem Farmaceutycznym UJ i krakowską Akademią Sztuk Pięknych. W 1939 r. został aresztowany w trakcie Sonderaktion Krakau i przebywał w obozie w Sachsenhausen. Po powrocie do Krakowa brał udział w tajnym nauczaniu, a po zakończeniu wojny powrócił do pracy w I Zakładzie Chemicznym Collegium Chemicum przy ul. Olszewskiego 2. Po jego śmierci, w nekrologu, jaki ukazał się w czasopiśmie Nature, John Read napisał: „Będąc przede wszystkim chemikiem, Estreicher był wielkim erudytą i miał wiele różnorodnych zainteresowań. Ten wybitny uczony mógłby przyjąć za swoje motto: Homo sum humani: nihil a me alienum puto.” Celem artykułu jest przypomnienie postaci Tadeusza Estreichera i uzupełnienie jego biografii o nowe wątki dotyczące jego zainteresowań sztuką i kontaktów ze środowiskiem artystycznym Krakowa.
{"title":"Profesor Tadeusz Estreicher (1871–1952) – chemik, kriogenik, historyk nauki, miłośnik sztuki, humanista, tłumacz i patriota","authors":"A. Rafalska-Łasocha","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.006.14037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.006.14037","url":null,"abstract":"Chemik Tadeusz Estreicher, uczeń prof. Karola Olszewskiego, zajmował się głównie kriogeniką, jego działalność obejmowała również wiele innych dziedzin nauki, kultury i sztuki. Swój czas poświęcał on też na działalność społeczną, szczególnie w czasie pobytu i pracy na uniwersytecie w szwajcarskim Fryburgu.\u0000\u0000Po odzyskaniu niepodległości prof. Tadeusz Estreicher wrócił do kraju i rozpoczął pracę organizacyjną i naukową. Związany był z Wydziałem Filozoficznym (Katedra Chemii), Oddziałem Farmaceutycznym UJ i krakowską Akademią Sztuk Pięknych.\u0000\u0000W 1939 r. został aresztowany w trakcie Sonderaktion Krakau i przebywał w obozie w Sachsenhausen. Po powrocie do Krakowa brał udział w tajnym nauczaniu, a po zakończeniu wojny powrócił do pracy w I Zakładzie Chemicznym Collegium Chemicum przy ul. Olszewskiego 2.\u0000\u0000Po jego śmierci, w nekrologu, jaki ukazał się w czasopiśmie Nature, John Read napisał: „Będąc przede wszystkim chemikiem, Estreicher był wielkim erudytą i miał wiele różnorodnych zainteresowań. Ten wybitny uczony mógłby przyjąć za swoje motto: Homo sum humani: nihil a me alienum puto.”\u0000\u0000Celem artykułu jest przypomnienie postaci Tadeusza Estreichera i uzupełnienie jego biografii o nowe wątki dotyczące jego zainteresowań sztuką i kontaktów ze środowiskiem artystycznym Krakowa.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44006470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.21.009.14040
V. Telvak, V. Pedych, V. Telvak
This article deals with the genesis and functioning of the Lviv Historical School of M. Hrushevsky. The plans to create a historical school of Ukrainian character at the University of Lviv were made by the initiators of the department of World History – specializing in with the history of the Western Europe – i.e.O. Barvinsky, V. Antonovych, and O. Koninsky, as well as by M. Hrushevsky. The school had a two-stage structure of formation and functioning: the historical seminar of the University of Lviv and the section for the history of philosophy of the Scientific Society of Shevchenko. It made it possible to gather creative young people on the first stage at the University of Lviv, and introduce them to the scientific work and to prepare and train the new employees on the second stage in the section for the history of philosophy of the Scientific Society of Shevchenko. The composition of the school were elaborated relying on the firstly determined criteria (taking part in the scientific seminar, the work in the sections and commissions of the Scientific Society Shevchenko, scholar maturity etc). It was determined that the Lviv school counted 20 young historians, among whom one was a woman. The Ukrainian Galician Center of Hrushevsky was characterized as a common school of the leadership type, whose didactic tasks were accompanied by the simultaneous creation of the new Ukrainian historical ideology. It was concluded that the Lviv Historical School was undoubtedly the most important humanistic phenomenon in the Ukrainian science, both in terms of effectiveness and the temporal range of influence. Its appearance marked the entry of Ukrainian science into a new level of professionalization.
{"title":"Historical school of Mykhailo Hrushevsky in Lviv: formation, structure, personal contribution","authors":"V. Telvak, V. Pedych, V. Telvak","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.009.14040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.009.14040","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the genesis and functioning of the Lviv Historical School of M. Hrushevsky. The plans to create a historical school of Ukrainian character at the University of Lviv were made by the initiators of the department of World History – specializing in with the history of the Western Europe – i.e.O. Barvinsky, V. Antonovych, and O. Koninsky, as well as by M. Hrushevsky.\u0000\u0000The school had a two-stage structure of formation and functioning: the historical seminar of the University of Lviv and the section for the history of philosophy of the Scientific Society of Shevchenko. It made it possible to gather creative young people on the first stage at the University of Lviv, and introduce them to the scientific work and to prepare and train the new employees on the second stage in the section for the history of philosophy of the Scientific Society of Shevchenko.\u0000\u0000The composition of the school were elaborated relying on the firstly determined criteria (taking part in the scientific seminar, the work in the sections and commissions of the Scientific Society Shevchenko, scholar maturity etc). It was determined that the Lviv school counted 20 young historians, among whom one was a woman.\u0000\u0000The Ukrainian Galician Center of Hrushevsky was characterized as a common school of the leadership type, whose didactic tasks were accompanied by the simultaneous creation of the new Ukrainian historical ideology.\u0000\u0000It was concluded that the Lviv Historical School was undoubtedly the most important humanistic phenomenon in the Ukrainian science, both in terms of effectiveness and the temporal range of influence. Its appearance marked the entry of Ukrainian science into a new level of professionalization.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47917205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.21.012.14043
S. Demidov
Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin’s life (1883–1950) and work of this outstanding Russian mathematician, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, coincides with a very difficult period in Russian history: two World Wars, the 1917 revolution in Russia, the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, the civil war of 1917–1922, and finally, the construction of a new type of state, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This included collectivization in the agriculture and industrialization of the industry, accompanied by the mass terror that without exception affected all the strata of the Soviet society. Against the background of these dramatic events took place the proces of formation and flourishing of Luzin the scientist, the creator of one of the leading mathematical schools of the 20th century, the Moscow school of function theory, which became one of the cornerstones in the foundation of the Soviet mathematical school. Luzin’s work could be divided into two periods: the first one comprises the problems regarding the metric theory of functions, culminating in his famous dissertation Integral and Trigonometric Series (1915), and the second one that is mainly devoted to the development of problems arising from the theory of analytic sets. The underlying idea of Luzin’s research was the problem of the structure of the arithmetic continuum, which became the super task of his work. The destiny favored the master: the complex turns of history in which he was involved did not prevent, and sometimes even favored the successful development of his research. And even the catastrophe that broke out over him in 1936 – “the case of Academician Luzin” – ended successfully for him.
{"title":"Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin at the crossroads of the dramatic events of the European history of the first half of the 20th century","authors":"S. Demidov","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.012.14043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.012.14043","url":null,"abstract":"Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin’s life (1883–1950) and work of this outstanding Russian mathematician, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, coincides with a very difficult period in Russian history: two World Wars, the 1917 revolution in Russia, the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, the civil war of 1917–1922, and finally, the construction of a new type of state, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This included collectivization in the agriculture and industrialization of the industry, accompanied by the mass terror that without exception affected all the strata of the Soviet society. Against the background of these dramatic events took place the proces of formation and flourishing of Luzin the scientist, the creator of one of the leading mathematical schools of the 20th century, the Moscow school of function theory, which became one of the cornerstones in the foundation of the Soviet mathematical school. Luzin’s work could be divided into two periods: the first one comprises the problems regarding the metric theory of functions, culminating in his famous dissertation Integral and Trigonometric Series (1915), and the second one that is mainly devoted to the development of problems arising from the theory of analytic sets. The underlying idea of Luzin’s research was the problem of the structure of the arithmetic continuum, which became the super task of his work.\u0000\u0000The destiny favored the master: the complex turns of history in which he was involved did not prevent, and sometimes even favored the successful development of his research. And even the catastrophe that broke out over him in 1936 – “the case of Academician Luzin” – ended successfully for him.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46154581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.21.003.14034
K. Wrzesińska
Artykuł opisuje debatę polskich uczonych na temat celów i zakresu badań antropologii. Wpływ na jej przebieg i rozbieżność konkluzji miało szereg czynników. Druga połowa XIX wieku to okres początkowy w kształtowaniu się tej dyscypliny badawczej. Pierwsi antropolodzy byli lekarzami, dlatego też podnoszono znaczenie badań nad fizycznością człowieka jako gatunku i jego podziałem na rasy. Jednocześnie jednak widziano potrzebę łącznego ujmowania związków biologii z ludzką kulturą i z życiem społecznym. Temu służyć miały nauki uznawane za pomocnicze wobec antropologii fizycznej: historia, etnografia, etnologia, socjologia, językoznawstwo i archeologia. Recepcja nauki zachodniej nie przynosiła gotowych wzorców. Na jej gruncie funkcjonowało bowiem jednocześnie wiele ujęć ukształtowanych przez niezależne od siebie narodowe tradycje. Ponadto rozdział nauk o człowieku na odrębne dyscypliny jeszcze się nie dokonał. Stąd też spotykamy synonimiczność terminów takich jak antropologia, etnologia i etnografia. Polskie piśmiennictwo naukowe i popularnonaukowe, stanowiące podstawę źródłową niniejszego artykułu, odegrało znaczącą rolę w pogłębieniu dyskursu wokół kształtujących się nauk o człowieku. Wprowadziło problematykę antropologiczną i zainteresowało nią szeroki krąg czytelników. Bez samodzielnych badań oraz recepcji nauki obcej, dokonujących się w dobie zaborów, nie byłby możliwy rozwój nauk o człowieku po 1918 roku w wolnej Rzeczypospolitej.
{"title":"Zanim skrystalizował się zakres badań, czyli o rozwoju nauk o człowieku i rasach ludzkich na ziemiach polskich w drugiej połowie XIX wieku","authors":"K. Wrzesińska","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.003.14034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.003.14034","url":null,"abstract":"Artykuł opisuje debatę polskich uczonych na temat celów i zakresu badań antropologii. Wpływ na jej przebieg i rozbieżność konkluzji miało szereg czynników. Druga połowa XIX wieku to okres początkowy w kształtowaniu się tej dyscypliny badawczej. Pierwsi antropolodzy byli lekarzami, dlatego też podnoszono znaczenie badań nad fizycznością człowieka jako gatunku i jego podziałem na rasy. Jednocześnie jednak widziano potrzebę łącznego ujmowania związków biologii z ludzką kulturą i z życiem społecznym. Temu służyć miały nauki uznawane za pomocnicze wobec antropologii fizycznej: historia, etnografia, etnologia, socjologia, językoznawstwo i archeologia. Recepcja nauki zachodniej nie przynosiła gotowych wzorców. Na jej gruncie funkcjonowało bowiem jednocześnie wiele ujęć ukształtowanych przez niezależne od siebie narodowe tradycje. Ponadto rozdział nauk o człowieku na odrębne dyscypliny jeszcze się nie dokonał. Stąd też spotykamy synonimiczność terminów takich jak antropologia, etnologia i etnografia.\u0000\u0000Polskie piśmiennictwo naukowe i popularnonaukowe, stanowiące podstawę źródłową niniejszego artykułu, odegrało znaczącą rolę w pogłębieniu dyskursu wokół kształtujących się nauk o człowieku. Wprowadziło problematykę antropologiczną i zainteresowało nią szeroki krąg czytelników. Bez samodzielnych badań oraz recepcji nauki obcej, dokonujących się w dobie zaborów, nie byłby możliwy rozwój nauk o człowieku po 1918 roku w wolnej Rzeczypospolitej.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48463906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.21.025.14056
J. Taheri
This article aims to provide a historical overview of the impact of architecture and decorative arts on health and health preservation in Muslim societies during the medieval era. Based on primary medical sources, this article provides a historical interpretation of the theoretical origin of the ignored link between medicine and architecture (and decorative arts). Our findings indicate that some empirical results concerning the effects and aspects of built environments (architectural spaces) on health and treatment–both physical and mental– have been considered in the medical sources. Practical instructions of these sources introduced two theoretical achievements: 1) an introduction to the historical knowledge of environmental health and design of healthy places, and 2) a comparative analogy of the built environment and human nature (organism), which became a theoretical basis for the relationship between natural sciences, architecture, and the decorative arts in the middle ages. Considerations of the study show the extent to which architects and artisans, based on the teachings and instructions of physicians, dealt with the structural and content adaptation models of architecture and decorative arts to human organism and nature.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.21.011.14042
M. Konashev
The translation of Ch. Darwin’s main and most well-known book, On the Origin of Species, had great significance for the reception and development of his evolution theory in Russia and later in the USSR, and for many reasons. The history of the book’s publication in Russian in tsarist Russia and in the Soviet Union is analyzed in detail. The first Russian translation of On the Origin of Species was made by Sergey A. Rachinsky in 1864. Till 1917 On the Origin of Species had been published more than ten times, including the publication in Darwin’s collected works. The edition of 1907– –1909 with Timiryazev as editor had the best quality of translation and scientific editing. This translation was used in all subsequent Soviet and post-Soviet editions. During Soviet time, On the Origin of Species was published seven times in total, and three times as a part of Darwin’s collected works. From 1940 to 1987, as a result of the domination of Lysenkoism in Soviet biology, On the Origin of Species was not published in the USSR. During the post-Soviet period, the book was published only two times, and it happened already in the 21st century. The small number of editions of Darwin’s main book in post-Soviet time is one of the consequences of the discredit of the evolutionary theory in mass media and by the Russian Orthodox Church as well as the rise of neo-Lysenkoism. The general circulation of nine pre-revolutionary editions of On the Origin of Species was about 30,000–35,000 copies. Only four editions which had been released in the USSR from 1926 to 1937 had the total circulation in 79,200 copies. Two post-Soviet editions published in 2001 and in 2003 had already a circulation of only 1,000 copies. Subsequent editions in each period of Russian history was thus some kind of an answer to the scientific, political and social requirements of the Russian society and the Russian state.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.21.010.14041
O. Strelko
The article is devoted to the historical analysis of development and improvement of electrotechnical equipment that was developed and applied in the USSR to conduct works on welding and related technologies in space in the period from the 60s to the 90s of the last century and to assess the contribution of Ukrainian scientists in this field.
{"title":"Stages of development, improvement and application of equipment for welding in space, created with the participation of Ukrainian scientists","authors":"O. Strelko","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.010.14041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.010.14041","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the historical analysis of development and improvement of electrotechnical equipment that was developed and applied in the USSR to conduct works on welding and related technologies in space in the period from the 60s to the 90s of the last century and to assess the contribution of Ukrainian scientists in this field.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70996689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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