Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.23.016.17707
Vito Balorda
In this paper, I address Max Delbrück’s conceptual and experimental importance for molecular biology (henceforth MB) origins. In particular, his complementarity approach and its anti-reductive implications on the (epistemic) reductionism debate in MB. Regarding Delbrück’s conceptual and experimental importance, I examine his influence on the development of MB by exploring a shift of his interests from physics to biology. Particularly, I outline his central role in “The Phage Group”, the informal group of scientists examining the origin of hereditary life using bacteriophages as their experimental model of choice. Delbrück and “The Phage Group” greatly influenced the development of MB, which culminated with the shared 1969 Nobel Prize for the discoveries regarding replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses. Moreover, I examine Delbrück’s complementarity approach towards biological explanations. The complementarity in biology assumes that “biological phenomena might require the employment of descriptions that are mutually exclusive yet jointly necessary for understanding life processes” (McKaughan 2011, p. 11). I explore Delbrück’s complementarity approach, in particular the debate between the reductive and anti-reductive interpretations of it. I argue for the latter interpretation by suggesting that Delbrück advanced an anti-reductive view towards biological explanations by advocating for independent status of explanations of various biological disciplines. Furthermore, I address the complementarity approach in the light of the anti-reductive interpretation in the recent developments in MB, particularly, the potentiality of finding the complementarity approach in systems biology, epigenetics, and boundary selection.
在本文中，我解决马克斯delbr的概念和实验重要性分子生物学(以下简称MB)起源。特别是，他的互补方法及其对MB(认知)还原论辩论的反还原含义。关于delbr的概念和实验重要性，我通过探索他的兴趣从物理学转向生物学来研究他对MB发展的影响。特别是，我概述了他在“噬菌体组”中的核心作用，“噬菌体组”是一个非正式的科学家小组，使用噬菌体作为他们选择的实验模型来研究遗传生命的起源。delbr和“噬菌体组”极大地影响了MB的发展，最终因发现病毒的复制机制和遗传结构而获得1969年诺贝尔奖。此外，我还研究了delbr对生物学解释的互补方法。生物学中的互补性假设“生物现象可能需要使用相互排斥但对理解生命过程共同必要的描述”(McKaughan 2011, p. 11)。我探讨了delbr克的互补性方法，特别是对它的还原和反还原解释之间的争论。我支持后一种解释，认为delbr通过提倡各种生物学科解释的独立地位，对生物学解释提出了一种反还原的观点。此外，根据最近MB的反还原解释，特别是在系统生物学、表观遗传学和边界选择中发现互补方法的可能性，我提出了互补方法。
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Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.22.019.15985
M. Kokowski
W artykule opisano typy czasopism z historii nauki, kryterium wyboru czasopism z historii nauki, transparentne kryteria ewaluacyjne czasopism naukowych przyjęte w „Wykazie czasopism Pracowni Naukoznawstwa IHN PAN” (2022) oraz podano punktację czasopism z historii nauki w Wykazach czasopism MNiSW (25.01.2017), MEiN (21.12.2021) oraz Pracowni Naukoznawstwa IHN PAN (2022).
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Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.22.008.15974
Michalina Petelska
Dotychczas w literaturze naukowej stosunków polsko-kanadyjskich nie rozpatrywano w kontekście historii nauki. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi rekonesans badawczy. Zagadnienie zostało zbadane na podstawie „Roczników Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności” – jednej z najważniejszych polskich instytucji naukowych. Analiza materiału źródłowego wykazała, że pierwsze kontakty nawiązano już w latach osiemdziesiątych XIX wieku. W kolejnych latach Akademia rozwijała wymianę publikacji naukowych z kanadyjskimi uniwersytetami, muzeami i towarzystwami naukowymi.
{"title":"Kontakty AU/PAU z instytucjami kanadyjskimi w latach 1872–1952 w świetle Roczników Akademii","authors":"Michalina Petelska","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.22.008.15974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.22.008.15974","url":null,"abstract":"Dotychczas w literaturze naukowej stosunków polsko-kanadyjskich nie rozpatrywano w kontekście historii nauki. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi rekonesans badawczy. Zagadnienie zostało zbadane na podstawie „Roczników Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności” – jednej z najważniejszych polskich instytucji naukowych. Analiza materiału źródłowego wykazała, że pierwsze kontakty nawiązano już w latach osiemdziesiątych XIX wieku. W kolejnych latach Akademia rozwijała wymianę publikacji naukowych z kanadyjskimi uniwersytetami, muzeami i towarzystwami naukowymi.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46785610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.22.002.15968
P. Wlodkowski
The interregnum between the death of Galileo and the publication of Newton’s Principia produced great advances in military science and technology. Particularly noteworthy are Kazimierz Siemienowicz’s contributions to artillery and to the field of rocketry. The dominating nature of these weapon systems remain as relevant today as it did in 1650 with the publication of his opus, The Great Art of Artillery. Rocket technology defines power relations, whether fired indiscriminately across a national border or positioned menacingly in a silo as an intercontinental ballistic missile. Siemienowicz’s designs, namely his multi-stage rockets with delta-wing stabilizers and ejection nozzles, became instruments of state power. The standardization of the caliber scale, the writing of the science of artillery, the optimization of gunpowder quality, and the pioneering work in rocketry, which became his legacy, qualify him as principal in the culmination of the military revolution.
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Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.22.010.15976
Zenta Broka-Lāce
This article examines the history of archaeology in Latvia during the Soviet occupation (1940–1941; 1944–1991), trying to understand the consequences brought in the field of archaeology by the single-party led experiment of communism. The research is based on archival studies and uses the historical method, source criticism and historiography. Author explains the nature of the prescribed theoretical and methodological guidelines as well as actual implications of the ‘communist way’ in archaeology. The article challenges the common belief that archaeology and prehistory were ideologically freer than other branches of history during the Soviet era.
{"title":"The Communist Way: a Look upon Soviet Archaeology in Occupied Latvia","authors":"Zenta Broka-Lāce","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.22.010.15976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.22.010.15976","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the history of archaeology in Latvia during the Soviet occupation (1940–1941; 1944–1991), trying to understand the consequences brought in the field of archaeology by the single-party led experiment of communism. The research is based on archival studies and uses the historical method, source criticism and historiography. Author explains the nature of the prescribed theoretical and methodological guidelines as well as actual implications of the ‘communist way’ in archaeology. The article challenges the common belief that archaeology and prehistory were ideologically freer than other branches of history during the Soviet era.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44982143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.22.004.15970
K. Wrzesińska
Celem artykułu jest zobrazowanie dyskusji na ziemiach polskich na temat rodowodu ludzkości, których inspiratorem był Charles Darwin i kontynuatorzy jego myśli. Teoria ewolucji zmieniła sposób myślenia o człowieku, który traktowany był dotąd jako „korona stworzenia”. Główną oś niniejszego tekstu stanowi analiza recepcji prac Darwina poprzez pryzmat sporów nad rodowodem człowieka, tym samym więc rozwój nauki na ziemiach polskich w XIX wieku. Problematyka ta znalazła swoje odzwierciedlenie w naukowej (a także popularyzującej wiedzę) polskiej prasie doby zaborów. Przełom w myśleniu o człowieku polegał na odejściu od koncepcji kreacjonistycznej, uznającej wolę Stwórcy w powstaniu świata oraz na zakwestionowaniu dogmatu niezmienności gatunków. Pod wpływem teorii Darwina, nie bez polemik, wywiedziono wniosek o decydującej roli czynników naturalnych w powstaniu świata ludzkiego i jego zróżnicowania. Najbardziej kontrowersyjną tezą było uznanie pokrewieństwa człowieka z małpą. Budziła ona sprzeciw sfer konserwatywnych. Sam Darwin nie wyprowadzał tak bezpośredniego rodowodu. Natomiast jego następcy kusili się o często kontrowersyjne koncepcje, które również znalazły odzwierciedlenie w polskim czasopiśmiennictwie poprzez recepcję nauki zachodniej. Należy zaznaczyć, że pisma popularnonaukowe były ważnym źródłem informacji ze świata nauki i wywarły znaczący wpływ na postrzeganie teorii ewolucji pośród masowego odbiorcy. Często uprzystępniały one wiadomości na temat teorii Darwina oraz przedstawiały stan badań. Czyniły to w sposób wyważony i kompetentny. Ich autorami byli uznani polscy uczeni. W rezultacie więc, to całokształt dostępnych informacji zadecydował o upowszechnieniu teorii Darwina pośród polskiego społeczeństwa.
{"title":"Człowiek czy zwierzę? O dyskusjach wokół rodowodu ludzkości w polskim czasopiśmiennictwie drugiej połowy XIX wieku","authors":"K. Wrzesińska","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.22.004.15970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.22.004.15970","url":null,"abstract":"Celem artykułu jest zobrazowanie dyskusji na ziemiach polskich na temat rodowodu ludzkości, których inspiratorem był Charles Darwin i kontynuatorzy jego myśli. Teoria ewolucji zmieniła sposób myślenia o człowieku, który traktowany był dotąd jako „korona stworzenia”. Główną oś niniejszego tekstu stanowi analiza recepcji prac Darwina poprzez pryzmat sporów nad rodowodem człowieka, tym samym więc rozwój nauki na ziemiach polskich w XIX wieku. Problematyka ta znalazła swoje odzwierciedlenie w naukowej (a także popularyzującej wiedzę) polskiej prasie doby zaborów. Przełom w myśleniu o człowieku polegał na odejściu od koncepcji kreacjonistycznej, uznającej wolę Stwórcy w powstaniu świata oraz na zakwestionowaniu dogmatu niezmienności gatunków. Pod wpływem teorii Darwina, nie bez polemik, wywiedziono wniosek o decydującej roli czynników naturalnych w powstaniu świata ludzkiego i jego zróżnicowania. Najbardziej kontrowersyjną tezą było uznanie pokrewieństwa człowieka z małpą. Budziła ona sprzeciw sfer konserwatywnych. Sam Darwin nie wyprowadzał tak bezpośredniego rodowodu. Natomiast jego następcy kusili się o często kontrowersyjne koncepcje, które również znalazły odzwierciedlenie w polskim czasopiśmiennictwie poprzez recepcję nauki zachodniej.\u0000Należy zaznaczyć, że pisma popularnonaukowe były ważnym źródłem informacji ze świata nauki i wywarły znaczący wpływ na postrzeganie teorii ewolucji pośród masowego odbiorcy. Często uprzystępniały one wiadomości na temat teorii Darwina oraz przedstawiały stan badań. Czyniły to w sposób wyważony i kompetentny. Ich autorami byli uznani polscy uczeni. W rezultacie więc, to całokształt dostępnych informacji zadecydował o upowszechnieniu teorii Darwina pośród polskiego społeczeństwa.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46156132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.22.017.15983
M. Kokowski
Artykuł komentuje słynny referat Borisa Hessena „Społeczne i ekonomiczne korzenie Principiów Newtona” przedstawiony podczas II Międzynarodowego Kongresu Historii Nauki i Techniki w Londynie w 1931 r. Komentarz ten czyniony jest w świetle rozważań z metodologii historiografii nauki, w tym autorskich idei hermeneutyki badawczej i hermeneutyki badawczej historiografii nauki, biografii Borisa Hessena, historii historiografii nauki, historii nauki oraz historii naukoznawstwa. Artykuł syntetycznie przedstawia hermeneutykę badawczą Hessena i wskazuje jej zasadnicze wady. Opisuje recepcję referatu Hessena na Zachodzie: zarówno szerzej znaną pozytywną recepcję (bernaliści i ich następcy, m.in. zwolennicy marksistowskich badań nauki i społecznej historii nauki), jak i o wiele mniej znaną negatywną recepcję (członkowie (Brytyjskiego) Towarzystwa na rzecz Wolności w Nauce, członkowie Harvardzkiej grupy J.B. Conanta Kształcenia Ogólnego z Zakresu Nauk Empirycznych). Przedstawia także zmienne losy recepcji myśli Hessena w ZSSR i Rosji w latach 1930–2020. Wskazuje również różne historiograficzne mity związane z „Borisem Hessenem”, w tym mit jakoby polskie naukoznawstwo powstało później lub w tym samym czasie co rosyjskie naukovedenie. Ułomność hermeneutyki badawczej Hessena, z jednej strony, i recepcja jego poglądów na Zachodzie oraz w ZSSR i w Rosji od lat 30. XX wieku do lat 20. XXI wieku, w tym mity historiograficzne związane z Hessenem, z drugiej strony, pokazują jak paradoksalna może być historia historiografii nauki i dowodzą konieczności pielęgnowania zdolności krytycznego myślenia wśród badaczy interpretujących naukę (historyków nauki, filozofów nauki, socjologów wiedzy naukowej itp.).
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Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.22.011.15977
Andrij Rovenchak, O. Rovenchak
We present a detailed biographical account and analysis of works of Juda Kreisler (1904–1940s?), a theoretical physicist from Lviv. He was born in Tlumach (Ukrainian: Тлумач, Polish: Tłumacz, Yiddish: טאלמיטש ), nowadays a town in Ivano-Frankivsk oblast in the western part of Ukraine. In 1923, Juda Kreisler finished a gymnasium in Stanislaviv and entered the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Lviv (Wydział Filozoficzny Uniwersytetu Jana Kazimierza [UJK] we Lwowie) in order to study physics. In 1932, he was promoted to the doctoral degree in physics under the supervision of Professor Stanisław Loria. For a short period in the 1930s, Juda Kreisler worked at the Department for Theoretical Physics of the University of Lviv, and returned to the University in 1940, after the Soviets had reorganized it upon taking over Lviv in September 1939. His fate remains unknown: he is listed among murdered by Nazis Jewish employees of the University of Lviv in 1941–43. Dr. Kreisler authored four scientific papers and four abstracts of conference presentations delivered at the Congresses of Polish Physicists in 1932–36. There is, however, another field, where he was extremely prolific in the late 1930s. We have discovered 122 of his popular articles in “Chwila” (English: “Moment”), a local daily newspaper published by the Jewish community in Lviv during 1919–39. These articles covered various subjects, that can be tentatively divided into the following major topics: chronicles and personalia; history of science; discoveries, new studies and inventions; the applied value of science (for medicine and economy in particular); interconnection between science and war; organization of scientific life; Hitler’s Germany and the problem of so-called ‘Aryan science’. While various branches of physics formed the largest part within disciplines reflected in Juda Kreisler’s articles, he also discussed biology, chemistry, meteorology, and geology. The latter field is closely related to his professional career at Lviv’s Geophysical Institute of “Pionier”, a joint-stock company for the exploration and exploitation of bituminous materials, where he spent nine months in 1936.
我们对利沃夫的理论物理学家Juda Kreisler（1904–1940？）的作品进行了详细的传记叙述和分析。他出生于特卢马奇（乌克兰语：Тлумач，波兰语：Tłumacz，意第绪语：Şددיد），现为乌克兰西部伊万诺-弗兰基夫斯克州的一个城镇。1923年，Juda Kreisler完成了斯坦尼斯拉夫的一个体育馆，进入利沃夫大学哲学系（WydziałFilozoficzny Uniwersytetu Jana Kazimierza[UJK]we Lwowie）学习物理。1932年，他在Stanisław Loria教授的指导下晋升为物理学博士。在20世纪30年代的一小段时间里，Juda Kreisler在利沃夫大学理论物理系工作，并在1939年9月苏联接管利沃夫后于1940年回到该大学。他的命运仍然未知：他被列为1941年至43年被利沃夫大学纳粹犹太雇员谋杀的人之一。Kreisler博士撰写了四篇科学论文和四篇1932年至36年在波兰物理学家大会上发表的会议演讲摘要。然而，在另一个领域，他在20世纪30年代末非常多产。我们在“Chwila”（英语：“Moment”）上发现了他的122篇流行文章，这是利沃夫犹太社区在1919年至39年间出版的一份当地日报。这些文章涵盖了各种主题，可以暂时分为以下主要主题：编年史和人物志；科学史；发现、新研究和发明；科学的应用价值（特别是对医学和经济）；科学与战争的相互联系；科学生活的组织；希特勒的德国和所谓的“雅利安科学”问题。虽然物理学的各个分支在Juda Kreisler的文章中反映了学科中最大的部分，但他也讨论了生物学、化学、气象学和地质学。后一个领域与他在利沃夫“开拓者”地球物理研究所的职业生涯密切相关，该研究所是一家勘探和开发沥青材料的股份公司，1936年他在那里度过了九个月。
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Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.22.006.15972
Polak Paweł
The Polish philosophy of mathematics in the 19th century had its origins in the Romantic period under the influence of the then-predominant idealist philosophies. The decline of Romantic philosophy precipitated changes in general philosophy, but what is less well known is how it triggered changes in the philosophy of mathematics. In this paper, we discuss how the Polish philosophy of mathematics evolved from the metaphysical approach that had been formed during the Romantic era to the more modern positivistic paradigm. These evolutionary changes are attributed to the philosophers Henryk Struve, Antoni Molicki and Julian Ochorowicz, and mathematicians Karol Hertz and Samuel Dickstein. We also show how implicit ideas (i.e., those not declared openly) from the area between the philosophy of science and general philosophy played a crucial role in the paradigm shift in the Polish philosophy of mathematics.
19世纪的波兰数学哲学起源于浪漫主义时期，受到当时占统治地位的唯心主义哲学的影响。浪漫主义哲学的衰落促成了一般哲学的变化，但鲜为人知的是它是如何引发数学哲学的变化的。在本文中，我们讨论了波兰数学哲学是如何从浪漫主义时期形成的形而上学方法发展到更现代的实证主义范式的。这些进化变化归功于哲学家Henryk Struve, Antoni Molicki和Julian Ochorowicz，以及数学家carol Hertz和Samuel Dickstein。我们还展示了科学哲学和一般哲学之间的隐含思想(即那些未公开宣布的思想)如何在波兰数学哲学的范式转变中发挥关键作用。
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Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.4467/2543702xshs.22.015.15981
Natalia Otrishchenko
The article outlines the development of a new network assembled by the chair of urban planning at the Lviv Polytechnic institute after the collapse of the USSR. It focuses on the actions of individual people who contributed to institutional changes and used various resources to create and maintain a set of connections. The tradition of urban planning education in Lviv begins with a Chair of Urban Planning created in 1913 at Lviv Polytechnic. However, after WWII and the incorporation of the city into the Soviet state, Lviv Polytechnic went through radical changes. Urban planning was restored as an architectural sub-specialization only in 1966, while a separate department of architecture was organized only in 1971. After perestroika and the disintegration of the Soviet Union (1985‒1991), the Chair of Urban Planning relatively quickly reoriented its activities from Moscow’s to Kraków’s, Wrocław’s, Vienna’s or Berlin’s perspective. This was primarily due to personal contacts, which step by step became institutionalized, and due to the “imaginary continuity” between contemporary urban planners and the pre-war Lviv architectural school. Professors who left the city right after WWII gained symbolic importance and helped to establish a common ground between the milieu of Lviv Polytechnic and Polish technical schools in the 1990s. During the time of social and political changes, looking into the past became a quite successful strategy, which helped the institution to gain symbolic capital and survive. The history of Lviv Polytechnic, stripped from all potential conflicts and sharp divisions, helped to build new connections after the old ones no longer provided stable positions. Knowing foreign languages became one of the basic means or resources that people needed to feel connected and to participate in scientific exchanges. The sources of the article include oral history interviews with academics in the field of architecture, memoirs, and other published materials related to the history of the Chair of Urban Planning at Lviv Polytechnic.
{"title":"Looking Forward, Looking Back: Re-Connecting of Urban Planning Education in Lviv","authors":"Natalia Otrishchenko","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.22.015.15981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.22.015.15981","url":null,"abstract":"The article outlines the development of a new network assembled by the chair of urban planning at the Lviv Polytechnic institute after the collapse of the USSR. It focuses on the actions of individual people who contributed to institutional changes and used various resources to create and maintain a set of connections.\u0000The tradition of urban planning education in Lviv begins with a Chair of Urban Planning created in 1913 at Lviv Polytechnic. However, after WWII and the incorporation of the city into the Soviet state, Lviv Polytechnic went through radical changes. Urban planning was restored as an architectural sub-specialization only in 1966, while a separate department of architecture was organized only in 1971.\u0000After perestroika and the disintegration of the Soviet Union (1985‒1991), the Chair of Urban Planning relatively quickly reoriented its activities from Moscow’s to Kraków’s, Wrocław’s, Vienna’s or Berlin’s perspective. This was primarily due to personal contacts, which step by step became institutionalized, and due to the “imaginary continuity” between contemporary urban planners and the pre-war Lviv architectural school.\u0000\u0000Professors who left the city right after WWII gained symbolic importance and helped to establish a common ground between the milieu of Lviv Polytechnic and Polish technical schools in the 1990s. During the time of social and political changes, looking into the past became a quite successful strategy, which helped the institution to gain symbolic capital and survive. The history of Lviv Polytechnic, stripped from all potential conflicts and sharp divisions, helped to build new connections after the old ones no longer provided stable positions. Knowing foreign languages became one of the basic means or resources that people needed to feel connected and to participate in scientific exchanges.\u0000The sources of the article include oral history interviews with academics in the field of architecture, memoirs, and other published materials related to the history of the Chair of Urban Planning at Lviv Polytechnic.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41930609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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