Motives: Does the real property owned by an entity subject to the real property tax exemption and placed in the dependent possession of another entity give rise to an obligation to pay the tax in the amount payable by the entrepreneur?Aim: In a situation where the property is in the possession of the entrepreneur, he is obliged to pay the highest amount of tax – in 2021, the rate of this tax is PLN 24, PLN 84 per m2. However, the Act on Local and Duties and Fees provides for certain exceptions for entities which, due to their activities, benefit from a tax exemption, because of which no funds are credited to the budget of a local government unit. Therefore, it can be concluded that the tax authorities want the largest possible number of properties to be taxed in the highest amount. Their task is facilitated by the fact that the provisions of tax law are not clear as to the definition of “seizure of real estate for conducting business activity”, which allows the tax authorities to freely decide what such activity is and what is not. Recently, an opinion has developed that the mere transfer of real estate into dependent possession based on a civil law contract justifies the statement that the entity conducts business activity. Therefore, the article in question attempts to answer the question whether, and if so, in what amount, the entity that benefits from the tax exemption is obliged to pay tax if it gives the property into dependent possession, and whether it is possible to use tax optimization and make the division of real estate for tax purposes?Results: The interpretation of the provisions of a.l.t. applied by the tax authorities to date, which boils down to the assumption that the mere fact of leasing real estate proves that business activity is being conducted and prejudges the loss of acquired right to tax exemption, is not justified in any way. In the provisions of the a.l.t., the legislator clearly indicates that the subjective use of the real property for purposes that entitle the entity to use the tax exemption is of significance. At the same time, when the tax exemption does not extend to part of the property, it is possible to subdivide it for tax optimisation purposes.
{"title":"Taxation of property given into dependent possession by an entity subject to a property tax exemption","authors":"Edyta Jóźwiak","doi":"10.31648/aspal.7072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.7072","url":null,"abstract":"Motives: Does the real property owned by an entity subject to the real property tax exemption and placed in the dependent possession of another entity give rise to an obligation to pay the tax in the amount payable by the entrepreneur?Aim: In a situation where the property is in the possession of the entrepreneur, he is obliged to pay the highest amount of tax – in 2021, the rate of this tax is PLN 24, PLN 84 per m2. However, the Act on Local and Duties and Fees provides for certain exceptions for entities which, due to their activities, benefit from a tax exemption, because of which no funds are credited to the budget of a local government unit. Therefore, it can be concluded that the tax authorities want the largest possible number of properties to be taxed in the highest amount. Their task is facilitated by the fact that the provisions of tax law are not clear as to the definition of “seizure of real estate for conducting business activity”, which allows the tax authorities to freely decide what such activity is and what is not. Recently, an opinion has developed that the mere transfer of real estate into dependent possession based on a civil law contract justifies the statement that the entity conducts business activity. Therefore, the article in question attempts to answer the question whether, and if so, in what amount, the entity that benefits from the tax exemption is obliged to pay tax if it gives the property into dependent possession, and whether it is possible to use tax optimization and make the division of real estate for tax purposes?Results: The interpretation of the provisions of a.l.t. applied by the tax authorities to date, which boils down to the assumption that the mere fact of leasing real estate proves that business activity is being conducted and prejudges the loss of acquired right to tax exemption, is not justified in any way. In the provisions of the a.l.t., the legislator clearly indicates that the subjective use of the real property for purposes that entitle the entity to use the tax exemption is of significance. At the same time, when the tax exemption does not extend to part of the property, it is possible to subdivide it for tax optimisation purposes.","PeriodicalId":36893,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Administratio Locorum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42707211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samah A. Abrahem, Hiyam Siham Taha, Suzan Abed Hassan
This paper investigated the effect of water features on thermal comfort in a central open space of a residential project in a hot-arid climate. A crowded urbanized area in Baghdad was chosen as a case study a city. The methodology relied on a simulation method using ENVI-met 4.4.5 software to create a model of a residential project and obtain the levels of the predicted mean vote as well as four parameters associated with it. These parameters included, air temperature, mean radiant temperature, horizontal wind speed, and relative humidity. For the purpose of comparative analysis, four types of surfaces were modelled, a surface with a water feature, a vegetated surface, a concrete surface, and a combination of green and blue surfaces. The simulation results showed that a water feature can significantly decrease the levels of the predicted mean vote (PMV) index. It was even more effective than a vegetated surface in increasing thermal comfort levels in the microclimate of a residential project in a hot-arid climate.
本文研究了在炎热干旱的气候条件下，某住宅项目中央开放空间的水景对热舒适性的影响。选择巴格达一个拥挤的城市化地区作为一个城市的案例研究。该方法依赖于使用ENVI met 4.4.5软件的模拟方法来创建住宅项目的模型，并获得预测的平均投票水平以及与之相关的四个参数。这些参数包括空气温度、平均辐射温度、水平风速和相对湿度。为了进行比较分析，对四种类型的表面进行了建模，即具有水景的表面、植被表面、混凝土表面以及绿色和蓝色表面的组合。模拟结果表明，水景可以显著降低预测平均投票率（PMV）指数的水平。在炎热干旱的气候中，它甚至比植被表面更有效地提高了住宅项目小气候中的热舒适度。
{"title":"Effect of water features on the microclimate of residential projects in a hot-arid climate","authors":"Samah A. Abrahem, Hiyam Siham Taha, Suzan Abed Hassan","doi":"10.31648/aspal.7052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.7052","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigated the effect of water features on thermal comfort in a central open space of a residential project in a hot-arid climate. A crowded urbanized area in Baghdad was chosen as a case study a city. The methodology relied on a simulation method using ENVI-met 4.4.5 software to create a model of a residential project and obtain the levels of the predicted mean vote as well as four parameters associated with it. These parameters included, air temperature, mean radiant temperature, horizontal wind speed, and relative humidity. For the purpose of comparative analysis, four types of surfaces were modelled, a surface with a water feature, a vegetated surface, a concrete surface, and a combination of green and blue surfaces. The simulation results showed that a water feature can significantly decrease the levels of the predicted mean vote (PMV) index. It was even more effective than a vegetated surface in increasing thermal comfort levels in the microclimate of a residential project in a hot-arid climate.","PeriodicalId":36893,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Administratio Locorum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47897640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrei Hrybau, Aliaksandr Hrydziushka, Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Baryła
The work aims to discuss current problems and challenges for agriculture in the Republic of Belarus. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the socio-economic processes initiated in 2020 somewhat worsened the situation in the agricultural sector, and the existing problems deepened and reasserted themselves. The methods of statistical comparative analysis used in the study together with the construction of dynamic series, which reflect changes in the phenomenon over time, allowed for the identification of certain trends and regularities characteristic of Belarusian agriculture. On the other hand, dialectical analysis made it possible to identify the sources of the main obstacles to effective functioning. The study concludes that the reform of the agricultural system is of key importance for the future performance of Belarusian agriculture. The lack of a uniform approach to the development of the separate spheres of the agro-industrial complex (rus. агропромышленный комплекс, далее – АПК) leads to significant disproportions in their effectiveness. On the other hand, the lack of diversification of buyers on the market of agricultural products leads to a significant dependence of Belarusian producers on the market conditions of the Russian Federation. An attempt to create large cluster formations should be accompanied by appropriate justification and calculation of potential opportunities and threats.
{"title":"Current problems and challenges of agriculture in the Republic of Belarus","authors":"Andrei Hrybau, Aliaksandr Hrydziushka, Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Baryła","doi":"10.31648/aspal.6790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.6790","url":null,"abstract":"The work aims to discuss current problems and challenges for agriculture in the Republic of Belarus. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the socio-economic processes initiated in 2020 somewhat worsened the situation in the agricultural sector, and the existing problems deepened and reasserted themselves. The methods of statistical comparative analysis used in the study together with the construction of dynamic series, which reflect changes in the phenomenon over time, allowed for the identification of certain trends and regularities characteristic of Belarusian agriculture. On the other hand, dialectical analysis made it possible to identify the sources of the main obstacles to effective functioning. The study concludes that the reform of the agricultural system is of key importance for the future performance of Belarusian agriculture. The lack of a uniform approach to the development of the separate spheres of the agro-industrial complex (rus. агропромышленный комплекс, далее – АПК) leads to significant disproportions in their effectiveness. On the other hand, the lack of diversification of buyers on the market of agricultural products leads to a significant dependence of Belarusian producers on the market conditions of the Russian Federation. An attempt to create large cluster formations should be accompanied by appropriate justification and calculation of potential opportunities and threats.","PeriodicalId":36893,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Administratio Locorum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46275575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cities in the world transformed from traditional aspects to sustainable aspects, this transformation need to consider preserving urban heritage as one of the goals of sustainable development agenda 2030. From this view, the research problem appears from the lack of clarity of preserving urban heritage as part of culture and urban sustainability. So, the research aim tries to reach the role of urban preservation to achieve goals of sustainable urban development, and chose Erbil citadel as the first implemented preservation project in Iraq, which adopted 2014 in the world heritage list by UNESCO, which need to integrate preserving urban heritage with sustainable development goals. That will lead to prevent loss of heritage stock, and integrate all goals that contribute to revive the historical buildings in the life of city and society. The research concludes the continuation of this cultural heritage and its effectiveness in completing principles of sustainable development, especially, resettlement of the original inhabitants who removed from it, to be as integrated global model for the traditional human natural and cultural life, and integrated with surrounding urban fabric, instead of their decision to converted citadel as a museum.
{"title":"role of urban preservation to achieve sustainable urban development – Preserving Erbil Citadel as case study","authors":"Mohammed Qasim Abdul Ghafoor Al Ani","doi":"10.31648/aspal.7037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.7037","url":null,"abstract":"Cities in the world transformed from traditional aspects to sustainable aspects, this transformation need to consider preserving urban heritage as one of the goals of sustainable development agenda 2030. From this view, the research problem appears from the lack of clarity of preserving urban heritage as part of culture and urban sustainability. So, the research aim tries to reach the role of urban preservation to achieve goals of sustainable urban development, and chose Erbil citadel as the first implemented preservation project in Iraq, which adopted 2014 in the world heritage list by UNESCO, which need to integrate preserving urban heritage with sustainable development goals. That will lead to prevent loss of heritage stock, and integrate all goals that contribute to revive the historical buildings in the life of city and society. The research concludes the continuation of this cultural heritage and its effectiveness in completing principles of sustainable development, especially, resettlement of the original inhabitants who removed from it, to be as integrated global model for the traditional human natural and cultural life, and integrated with surrounding urban fabric, instead of their decision to converted citadel as a museum.","PeriodicalId":36893,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Administratio Locorum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44188286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomasz Budzyński, Natalia Sajnóg, K. Sobolewska-Mikulska, S. Janicki
Motives: Creating a functionality of a software system for managing multi-family residential buildings which could support property managers and encourage households to reduce their water consumption. Aim: Developing a proposal for a solution supporting a more rational use of water and billing individual households in multi-family buildings for water they use.Results: The created methodology includes automatic collection and recording of data from water meters in a property management software system, creation of algorithms describing relationships in water meter data, creation of algorithms supporting optimal water use in a property and incorporating the developed solution into the software system. The created algorithms were based on the method of moving average of three consecutive readings which is clear for all users. This enables automatic verification of water use and its visualisation using graphs. The created solution was incorporated into one of the property management software systems used in Poland (IAN24), tested and implemented. The created functionality allows property managers e.g. to estimate future water use, which is important for calculating advance payments towards water bills. It also allows managers to automatically detect various types of anomalies, such as meter failures. In addition, a dynamic method of billing according to the proposed methodology may encourage households to reduce their water consumption and thus reduce the impact for the environment.
{"title":"Proposal for a solution supporting a rational water use in multi-family residential buildings – implementation in property management","authors":"Tomasz Budzyński, Natalia Sajnóg, K. Sobolewska-Mikulska, S. Janicki","doi":"10.31648/aspal.7153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.7153","url":null,"abstract":"Motives: Creating a functionality of a software system for managing multi-family residential buildings which could support property managers and encourage households to reduce their water consumption.\u0000Aim: Developing a proposal for a solution supporting a more rational use of water and billing individual households in multi-family buildings for water they use.Results: The created methodology includes automatic collection and recording of data from water meters in a property management software system, creation of algorithms describing relationships in water meter data, creation of algorithms supporting optimal water use in a property and incorporating the developed solution into the software system. The created algorithms were based on the method of moving average of three consecutive readings which is clear for all users. This enables automatic verification of water use and its visualisation using graphs. The created solution was incorporated into one of the property management software systems used in Poland (IAN24), tested and implemented. The created functionality allows property managers e.g. to estimate future water use, which is important for calculating advance payments towards water bills. It also allows managers to automatically detect various types of anomalies, such as meter failures. In addition, a dynamic method of billing according to the proposed methodology may encourage households to reduce their water consumption and thus reduce the impact for the environment.","PeriodicalId":36893,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Administratio Locorum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44422964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study objective was to identify and assess the cultural landscape resources in two counties in the Lublin Province (Poland) – county of Radzyń Podlaski and county of Łęczna – and to examine the public opinion about the establishment of cultural parks within these two counties. The research procedure included an analysis of district-level planning and strategy documents, a SWOT analysis, a field inventory, and a questionnaire survey. This research was preceded by an analysis of the functioning of cultural parks in other regions in Poland. An additional goal of the study was to join the global discussion about cultural parks. The research has shown that the county of Radzyń Podlaski and county of Łęczna have great potential for creating cultural parks. However, it is necessary to improve the public awareness (particularly of local governments and property owners) about the cultural park as a form of protection and the development opportunities related to its establishment e.g. revitalisation, tourism and recreation. System-wide changes in the scope of establishment and functioning of cultural parks are also advisable.
{"title":"Assessment of the possibility of establishing cultural parks in selected rural and small town areas in the Lublin Province","authors":"S. Bernat, Katarzyna Jaraszek, Aleksandra Mękal","doi":"10.31648/aspal.7077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.7077","url":null,"abstract":"The study objective was to identify and assess the cultural landscape resources in two counties in the Lublin Province (Poland) – county of Radzyń Podlaski and county of Łęczna – and to examine the public opinion about the establishment of cultural parks within these two counties. The research procedure included an analysis of district-level planning and strategy documents, a SWOT analysis, a field inventory, and a questionnaire survey. This research was preceded by an analysis of the functioning of cultural parks in other regions in Poland. An additional goal of the study was to join the global discussion about cultural parks. The research has shown that the county of Radzyń Podlaski and county of Łęczna have great potential for creating cultural parks. However, it is necessary to improve the public awareness (particularly of local governments and property owners) about the cultural park as a form of protection and the development opportunities related to its establishment e.g. revitalisation, tourism and recreation. System-wide changes in the scope of establishment and functioning of cultural parks are also advisable.","PeriodicalId":36893,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Administratio Locorum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46590021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motives: The article examines the potential of the digital environment in the sustainable supply of fresh food to the big city. Urbanization is a difficult process to manage, and adapting it to the demands of sustainable development requires the search for the new opportunities and ways. In this context, it is highly probable to use the opportunities provided by the digital environment through the Internet, digital technologies and devices, or other digital means. The place and role of ensuring food security in cities and the sustainability of urbanization processes have been little studied. Aim: It is expedient to assess the role of the suburban zone and the zone of transportation of these products to the city in the provision of large cities with fresh food products in terms of sustainable development of urbanization zones. Results: Research and calculations conducted on the example of the Baku agglomeration (Azerbaijan) have provided an opportunity to comment on the impact of food security factors on the sustainability of urbanization processes in the digital environment. To determine the changes in the transportation zone of fresh milk to this agglomeration, we calculated the proposed “weighted average distance of transportation” indicator. It was revealed that the formation of the digital environment in the agricultural production business entities is faster in the areas located closer to the Baku agglomeration.
{"title":"Sustainability of urbanization processes in the digital environment: food security factors","authors":"Rasul Anvar Balayev, N. Mirzayev, Hafiz Bayramov","doi":"10.31648/aspal.6819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.6819","url":null,"abstract":"Motives: The article examines the potential of the digital environment in the sustainable supply of fresh food to the big city. Urbanization is a difficult process to manage, and adapting it to the demands of sustainable development requires the search for the new opportunities and ways. In this context, it is highly probable to use the opportunities provided by the digital environment through the Internet, digital technologies and devices, or other digital means. The place and role of ensuring food security in cities and the sustainability of urbanization processes have been little studied.\u0000Aim: It is expedient to assess the role of the suburban zone and the zone of transportation of these products to the city in the provision of large cities with fresh food products in terms of sustainable development of urbanization zones.\u0000Results: Research and calculations conducted on the example of the Baku agglomeration (Azerbaijan) have provided an opportunity to comment on the impact of food security factors on the sustainability of urbanization processes in the digital environment. To determine the changes in the transportation zone of fresh milk to this agglomeration, we calculated the proposed “weighted average distance of transportation” indicator. It was revealed that the formation of the digital environment in the agricultural production business entities is faster in the areas located closer to the Baku agglomeration.","PeriodicalId":36893,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Administratio Locorum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48646660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digitalization is an objective and inevitable process, which is impossible to halt. The development of the digital economy should allow the Russian economy to integrate into the global context and legal aspects of this process need to be analysed. This paper aims to to study the influence of digitalization on public administration (especially in economic sectors) in Russia, to outline new requirements to public administration in digital era as well as to analyze new challenges caused by implementation of technical decision within global process of digitalization. The program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” dictates new requirements for the system of public administration. But despite the fact that the implementation of the Program requires serious simplification in the interaction of market operators and the state, interdepartmental interaction, it does not fully respond to the challenges of digital transformation of the public administration system. It should lead to a radical change in the approaches to the organization of the work of public authorities through the digitalization, reducing the “bureaucratic burden” when issuing electronic documents. It deals with the formation of conditions ensuring the development of information technologies and effective interaction of a state and business, which covers legal regulation, information infrastructure, personnel and information security, etc. As a result the authors came to conclusion that now it is not a primary task to set out new electronic systems in new fields as much as to improve already existing systems and the system of public administration itself in order to duly adapt it to new digital environments that was established. It is necessary to establish the limits for implementation of various electronic systems to ensure the proper protection of fundamental rights (for example, the right to the protection of personal data, the right to privacy, etc.) as well as to set up some limits for automated individual decision-making.
{"title":"Transformation of the public administration system in the digital economy","authors":"M. Egorova, V. Grib, L. Chkhutiashvili, V. Slepak","doi":"10.31648/aspal.6792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.6792","url":null,"abstract":"Digitalization is an objective and inevitable process, which is impossible to halt. The development of the digital economy should allow the Russian economy to integrate into the global context and legal aspects of this process need to be analysed. This paper aims to to study the influence of digitalization on public administration (especially in economic sectors) in Russia, to outline new requirements to public administration in digital era as well as to analyze new challenges caused by implementation of technical decision within global process of digitalization. The program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” dictates new requirements for the system of public administration. But despite the fact that the implementation of the Program requires serious simplification in the interaction of market operators and the state, interdepartmental interaction, it does not fully respond to the challenges of digital transformation of the public administration system. It should lead to a radical change in the approaches to the organization of the work of public authorities through the digitalization, reducing the “bureaucratic burden” when issuing electronic documents. It deals with the formation of conditions ensuring the development of information technologies and effective interaction of a state and business, which covers legal regulation, information infrastructure, personnel and information security, etc. As a result the authors came to conclusion that now it is not a primary task to set out new electronic systems in new fields as much as to improve already existing systems and the system of public administration itself in order to duly adapt it to new digital environments that was established. It is necessary to establish the limits for implementation of various electronic systems to ensure the proper protection of fundamental rights (for example, the right to the protection of personal data, the right to privacy, etc.) as well as to set up some limits for automated individual decision-making.","PeriodicalId":36893,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Administratio Locorum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46965817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Of the many measures under Polish Rural Development Programme (RDP) 2014–2020, the aid instrument entitled “Support for investments in preventive measures aimed at reducing the effects of probable natural disasters, adverse climatic phenomena and catastrophes” is the focus of this publication. This mechanism is intended to support, inter alia, agricultural producers at risk of damage caused by natural disasters such as African swine fever (ASF). The aim of the article is to attempt to analyse whether, and to what extent, this form of support ensures the sustainability of an agricultural producer’s business by restricting the possibility of African swine fever spread. The author focuses on an analysis of normative solutions contained in the instrument to support investments aimed at preventing the destruction of agricultural productive potential, offered by RDP 2014–2020. The aid form concerned encourages agricultural producers to initiate preventive measures arising from the biosecurity programme aimed at restricting the spread of African swine fever. These are preventive in nature and enable making specific investments to prevent the destruction of agricultural productive potential due to the emergence of specific epizootic events.
{"title":"Support for Restricting the Possibility of African Swine Fever (ASF) Spread Under the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020","authors":"Marcin Kazimierczuk","doi":"10.31648/aspal.6705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.6705","url":null,"abstract":"Of the many measures under Polish Rural Development Programme (RDP) 2014–2020, the aid instrument entitled “Support for investments in preventive measures aimed at reducing the effects of probable natural disasters, adverse climatic phenomena and catastrophes” is the focus of this publication. This mechanism is intended to support, inter alia, agricultural producers at risk of damage caused by natural disasters such as African swine fever (ASF). The aim of the article is to attempt to analyse whether, and to what extent, this form of support ensures the sustainability of an agricultural producer’s business by restricting the possibility of African swine fever spread. The author focuses on an analysis of normative solutions contained in the instrument to support investments aimed at preventing the destruction of agricultural productive potential, offered by RDP 2014–2020. The aid form concerned encourages agricultural producers to initiate preventive measures arising from the biosecurity programme aimed at restricting the spread of African swine fever. These are preventive in nature and enable making specific investments to prevent the destruction of agricultural productive potential due to the emergence of specific epizootic events.","PeriodicalId":36893,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Administratio Locorum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43869127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Council (public) housing privatization, as the basic instrument for transforming housing systems, has significantly affected the tenure structure and created millions of new owners across Europe. In Poland, the concept of the dispersed privatization was adopted and implemented in the long term primarily through preferential sales of council dwellings from the municipal housing stock to sitting tenants. The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of the dispersed privatization of municipal dwellings in the spatial and ownership structure of the municipal housing stock of the city of Olsztyn in Poland. The results showed that poorly controlled processes of the dispersed privatization of municipal housing caused unfavorable structural effects in the surveyed housing stock. The stock has shrunk significantly, losing buildings in better locations and conditions and the undesired fragmentation of municipal ownership and its mixing with private ownership has increased. The results and proposals are important to other cities and countries facing the challenge of slow privatization of public housing.
{"title":"Dispersed privatization of council housing: Some structural effects in the municipal housing stock in Olsztyn, Poland","authors":"Andrzej Muczyński, S. Goraj","doi":"10.31648/aspal.7142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.7142","url":null,"abstract":"Council (public) housing privatization, as the basic instrument for transforming housing systems, has significantly affected the tenure structure and created millions of new owners across Europe. In Poland, the concept of the dispersed privatization was adopted and implemented in the long term primarily through preferential sales of council dwellings from the municipal housing stock to sitting tenants. The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of the dispersed privatization of municipal dwellings in the spatial and ownership structure of the municipal housing stock of the city of Olsztyn in Poland. The results showed that poorly controlled processes of the dispersed privatization of municipal housing caused unfavorable structural effects in the surveyed housing stock. The stock has shrunk significantly, losing buildings in better locations and conditions and the undesired fragmentation of municipal ownership and its mixing with private ownership has increased. The results and proposals are important to other cities and countries facing the challenge of slow privatization of public housing.","PeriodicalId":36893,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Administratio Locorum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48537631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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