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The technology of need: technology of sustainability? 需求技术:可持续性技术?
Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-04-27 DOI: 10.1080/25729861.2022.2041789
Alexis Mercado, K. Cordova, H. Vessuri
Hyper competitiveness accelerates the pace of innovation and generates an impressive increase in the number of products that are introduced in the market daily (Harvey and Griffith 2007). Nevertheless, most of these products are not designed to satisfy basic needs and their distribution among the population is uneven, increasing social exclusion. The technological systems (Hughes 1987) in which innovations take place have, in many cases, evident features of unsustainability. This is because there is an increased use of raw materials and energy to manufacture consumer goods (tangible or intangible) especially those oriented to satisfy the consumption aspirations of a little fraction of humankind. This is supported by an important rise in the capabilities of knowledge production, posing a paradox: on the one side, more efficient technologies are developed allowing the increase of industry and services efficiency which can result in a reduction of the environmental impact. On the other side, it increases the possibility of nature appropriation and transformation, mainly by the intensive exploitation of resources, both traditional (e.g. iron, bauxite, copper, coal, petroleum, limestone, etc.) and new ones (e.g. rare earth, coltan, Lithium salts), and the growing generation of new waste polluting. Therefore, outputs are often unsustainable. This leads to questioning the current sociotechnical structure and the need of exploring alternatives that, inevitably, must induce a rethinking of the notions of technology, production, and consumption. During the sixties and seventies of the past century, there was a debate about development models and the technological systems supporting them. Several studies warned against the negative impacts of technological development and industrial growth, urging for their reorientation (Carson 1962; Meadows et al. 1972; Dickson 1980; Schumacher 1978). Nevertheless, an economic-productive model, based on continuous growth, in
超级竞争力加速了创新的步伐,并在市场上每天推出的产品数量上产生了令人印象深刻的增长(Harvey和Griffith 2007)。然而,这些产品大多不是为满足基本需求而设计的,它们在人口中的分配是不平衡的,增加了社会排斥。在许多情况下,产生创新的技术系统(Hughes 1987)具有明显的不可持续性特征。这是因为制造消费品(有形或无形)的原材料和能源的使用增加了,特别是那些面向满足一小部分人的消费愿望的产品。这得到了知识生产能力显著提高的支持,这构成了一个悖论:一方面,更有效的技术被开发出来,从而提高了工业和服务业的效率,从而减少了对环境的影响。另一方面,它增加了自然占有和改造的可能性,主要是通过对传统资源(如铁、铝土矿、铜、煤、石油、石灰石等)和新资源(如稀土、钶钽铁矿、锂盐)的集约化开采,以及新的废物污染的日益产生。因此,产出往往是不可持续的。这导致了对当前社会技术结构的质疑,以及探索替代方案的需求,不可避免地,必须引起对技术、生产和消费概念的重新思考。在上个世纪的六七十年代,有一场关于发展模式和支持它们的技术系统的辩论。几项研究对技术发展和工业增长的负面影响提出警告,敦促它们重新定位(Carson 1962;Meadows et al. 1972;迪克森1980;舒马赫1978)。然而,以持续增长为基础的经济生产模式
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引用次数: 0
Care during exceptional times: results of the CUIDAR study on the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile 特殊时期的护理:智利COVID-19大流行的CUIDAR研究结果
Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1080/25729861.2022.2038858
Sebastián Rojas-Navarro, Francisco Moller-Domínguez, Samanta Alarcón-Arcos, María-Alejandra Energici, Nicolás Schöngut-Grollmus
ABSTRACT This article presents some results of “CUIDAR; study on times, forms, and spaces of care at home during the pandemic,” a research project that explored how the pandemic and the subsequent policies implemented by the Chilean government transformed and disrupted the spatialities, temporalities, and practices of care within the households. To do so, we designed a web survey that draws inspiration from care theories emerging from the field of Science and Technology Studies or STS. Such an approach allowed thinking about care as a more-than-human affair that goes beyond a particular moral stance and corresponds more with a doing anchored in the entanglements of human and non-human actors. Data gathered revealed the appearance of new actors while stressing that care is much too relevant and complex to only rest upon specific household members – namely women – who are left to their own devices since policies implemented seem to be unable to support them in the tasks of caring for themselves and others.
本文介绍了“导航雷达;“流行病期间家庭护理的时间、形式和空间研究”,这是一个研究项目,探讨了流行病和智利政府随后实施的政策如何改变和破坏家庭内护理的空间性、时间性和实践。为此,我们设计了一项网络调查,从科学技术研究(STS)领域出现的护理理论中汲取灵感。这种方法允许将护理视为一种超越人类的事务,超越了特定的道德立场,更多地与人类和非人类行动者之间的纠缠相对应。所收集的数据显示出现了新的行动者,同时强调,照顾工作太重要和太复杂,不能只依靠具体的家庭成员- -即妇女- -她们只能靠自己的手段,因为所执行的政策似乎无法支持她们照顾自己和他人。
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引用次数: 2
Territories of data: ontological divergences in the growth of data infrastructure 数据领域:数据基础设施增长中的本体论分歧
Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-04-11 DOI: 10.1080/25729861.2022.2035936
Sebastián Lehuedé
ABSTRACT The construction of astronomical observatories in the Atacama Desert has prompted different actors in Chile to envision initiatives for promoting the expansion of data infrastructure. While such projects are usually seen as synonymous with development, Lickan Antay Indigenous activists affected by the construction of an observatory consider this situation the beginning of a new chapter in their history of territorial struggle. Building upon political ontology, this article argues that the growth of data infrastructures can underpin ontological divergences concerning the territory, i.e. what territory is and its relation with other entities. To do so, it compares two divergent ontologies of territory emerging in the Chilean context. While the Natural Laboratories policy and the Datagonia project transform the territory into a source of economic resources affording opportunities for developing data infrastructure (assetized ontology of territory), Lickan Antay activists conceive of territory as a unitary whole made up by human and other-than-human interdependencies (relational ontology of territory). Based on a discursive-material analysis of interviews and documents, this article delves into the ontological dimension of data colonialism and proposes an infrastructural regime that does not reproduce terricide and is aligned with the flourishing of multiple worlds.
在阿塔卡马沙漠建设天文台促使智利的不同参与者设想促进数据基础设施扩展的举措。虽然这些项目通常被视为发展的同义词,但受天文台建设影响的利肯安塔伊土著活动家认为,这种情况是他们领土斗争历史新篇章的开始。在政治本体论的基础上,本文认为数据基础设施的增长可以支持关于领土的本体论分歧,即领土是什么以及它与其他实体的关系。为了做到这一点,它比较了智利背景下出现的两种不同的领土本体。虽然自然实验室政策和Datagonia项目将领土转变为经济资源的来源,为发展数据基础设施(领土的资产化本体)提供了机会,但Lickan Antay活动家认为领土是由人类和非人类相互依赖关系组成的统一整体(领土的关系本体)。基于对访谈和文件的话语材料分析,本文深入探讨了数据殖民主义的本体论维度,并提出了一种不会再现杀戮的基础设施制度,并与多元世界的繁荣保持一致。
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引用次数: 8
Coordinated campaigns on Twitter during the coronavirus health crisis in Mexico 在墨西哥冠状病毒健康危机期间,在推特上协调运动
Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-04-08 DOI: 10.1080/25729861.2022.2035935
C. Piña-García, A. Espinoza
ABSTRACT Social media is fast becoming a key instrument to manipulate or influence social perception. Digital platforms are having a serious effect on the manipulation of public opinion through the spread of political propaganda and message amplification via coordinated campaigns. As one of the most used social platforms among politicians and democratic governments, Twitter plays a critical role in how information flows through trending topics. The main purpose of this study is to explore how coordinated campaigns, in this case astroturfing, were used to influence and manipulate public opinion during the coronavirus health crisis in Mexico. Our research provides new insights into the early detection of astroturfing and artificial amplification, in order to expose the efforts to manipulate online discourse in Mexico. In the pages that follow, it will be argued that Mexico is currently experiencing online manipulation through malicious strategies that may threaten its democracy. The following hashtags were used to explore and compare our approach in Mexico: #GatellOrgulloMexicano (Gatell Mexican Pride) and #AMLOPresidenteDeLaSalud (AMLO President of Health). This study intends to build awareness and to improve the public’s understanding coordinated behavior on Twitter.
社交媒体正迅速成为操纵或影响社会认知的关键工具。数字平台通过传播政治宣传和通过协调运动放大信息,对公众舆论的操纵产生了严重影响。作为政治家和民主政府最常用的社交平台之一,Twitter在信息如何通过热门话题流动方面发挥着关键作用。本研究的主要目的是探索在墨西哥冠状病毒健康危机期间,如何利用协调一致的运动(在本例中为人造草坪)来影响和操纵公众舆论。我们的研究为早期发现人造草皮和人为放大提供了新的见解,以揭露墨西哥操纵在线话语的努力。在接下来的几页中,我们将讨论墨西哥目前正在经历通过恶意策略进行的网络操纵,这可能会威胁到其民主。以下标签被用来探讨和比较我们在墨西哥的做法:#GatellOrgulloMexicano (gatellmexican Pride)和#AMLOPresidenteDeLaSalud (AMLO卫生部长)。本研究旨在建立意识,并提高公众对Twitter上协调行为的理解。
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引用次数: 10
Collaborating as peers or targeted by science diplomacy? The participation of Latin American researchers in the European Framework Programme for Research and Innovation 作为同行合作还是成为科学外交的目标?拉丁美洲研究人员参加欧洲研究和创新框架方案
Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.1080/25729861.2021.2003282
Consuelo Uribe-Mallarino
ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss whether Latin American researchers participate in the European Research and Innovation Framework Programme (FP) by joining European colleagues as peers, or by being targeted as part of a science diplomacy initiative. We analyse the participation of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico (LAC) in the 7th (2007–2013) and 8th (2014–2020) programs, based on CORDIS data and the Open Aire repository. We determine the scope of these countries’ participation and the variables that intervene. Results show that funding received by LAC organizations decreased significantly from the 7th to the 8th FP due to an increase in projects with no EU monetary contribution. Co-authoring with European partners or by domestic authors in publications issued from these projects by LAC researchers represented an average 12% of all publications in both FPs, and it was marginal in some projects and decisive in others, depending on the topic of research. We conclude that the participation of these countries due to EU science diplomacy actions was important in the 7th FP and less so in H2020 and that this involvement has become less dependent on their being targeted as a region, or by Spain’s brokerage as coordinator.
在本文中,我们讨论了拉丁美洲科学家参与欧洲研究与创新框架计划(FP)是通过加入欧洲同行,还是作为科学外交计划的一部分而成为目标。基于CORDIS数据和Open Aire数据库,我们分析了阿根廷、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚和墨西哥(LAC)在第七届(2007-2013年)和第八届(2014-2020年)项目中的参与情况。我们确定这些国家参与的范围和干预的变量。结果表明,由于没有欧盟货币贡献的项目增加,从第七计划到第八计划,拉丁美洲和加勒比地区组织收到的资金大幅减少。拉丁美洲和加勒比地区研究人员在这些项目中发表的出版物中与欧洲合作伙伴或由国内作者共同撰写的出版物平均占两个FPs中所有出版物的12%,这在一些项目中是次要的,而在其他项目中则是决定性的,具体取决于研究主题。我们得出的结论是,由于欧盟科学外交行动,这些国家的参与在第7个FP中很重要,而在H2020中则不那么重要,而且这种参与越来越不依赖于它们作为一个地区的目标,或者由西班牙的中介机构作为协调员。
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引用次数: 2
Technology and minority language: an Android-based dictionary development for the Lampung language maintenance in Indonesia 技术与少数民族语言:基于android的印尼楠榜语维护词典开发
Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.1080/25729861.2021.2015088
F. Ariyani, G. E. Putrawan, Afif Rahman Riyanda, As. Rakhmad Idris, Lisa Misliani, R. Perdana
ABSTRACT Although a considerable amount of research on the Lampung language has been done, little attention has been paid to the use of technology-based Lampung language maintenance. Therefore, academic and practical efforts should be made to contribute to the local language maintenance and one of the possible solutions is through technology. The aim of the present study was to develop an Android-based bilingual dictionary application for smartphones for language maintenance. This study adopted developmental research with three phases (analysis, product design and development, and product try-out and evaluation). The data was collected through instruments including literature reviews, interviews, expert judgments, and questionnaires followed by descriptive analyses. The results indicate that the development of an Android-based Lampung language dictionary application for smartphones has successfully contributed to Lampung language maintenance and preservation. The Android-based application is positively perceived as a form of minority language maintenance and preservation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) era. The study’s implications and recommendations are also discussed for future research.
虽然对楠榜语进行了大量的研究,但基于技术的楠榜语维护却很少受到关注。因此,应该在学术和实践上做出努力,为当地语言的维护做出贡献,其中一个可能的解决方案是通过技术。本研究的目的是开发一款基于android的智能手机双语词典应用程序,用于语言维护。本研究采用发展性研究,分为分析、产品设计与开发、产品试用与评估三个阶段。通过文献综述、访谈、专家判断和问卷调查等工具收集数据,然后进行描述性分析。结果表明,基于android的楠榜语智能手机词典应用程序的开发成功地为楠榜语的维护和保存做出了贡献。在第四次工业革命(4IR)时代,基于android的应用程序被积极地视为少数民族语言维护和保存的一种形式。本研究的意义和建议也对未来的研究进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 4
Social mobilizations and relations of power surrounding the entry of genetic engineered organisms 围绕基因工程生物进入的社会动员和权力关系
Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.1080/25729861.2021.2003010
Marlene Gómez Becerra
ABSTRACT This paper aims to review three books that inform us about the diverse relations of power and power asymmetries in the entry of genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Canada. From a political economy and an agrarian and peasant studies perspective, the authors show that not only the set of rules of national institutions, global corporations, and the global market establish the basis that favor the entry of GEOs. Instead, the conjugation of power asymmetries performed by different actors in power, historical processes, and gender and race inequalities are the ones that trace the path for a realignment of the agrarian system supported by science and based on the stigmatization of social movements.
本文旨在回顾三本书,这些书向我们介绍了阿根廷、巴西、墨西哥和加拿大等国转基因生物(geo)进入时的不同权力关系和权力不对称。从政治经济学和农业和农民研究的角度来看,作者表明,不仅是国家机构、全球公司和全球市场的一套规则建立了有利于geo进入的基础。相反,在权力、历史进程、性别和种族不平等中,不同行动者所表现出的权力不对称的结合,是在科学的支持下,在社会运动的污名化的基础上,追踪农业制度重新调整的道路。
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引用次数: 1
Health and school performance during home isolation at Institución Educativa Privada Prescott in Puno, Perú 在普诺的Institución普雷斯科特私立教育中心,Perú,家庭隔离期间的健康和学业表现
Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.1080/25729861.2021.2003004
Lee Fergusson, Javier Ortiz Cabrejos, Anna Bonshek
ABSTRACT Approximately 2000 indigenous students at Institución Educativa Privada Prescott in Puno, located in the Andes high on the Altiplano of Lake Titicaca, have been instructed in Transcendental Meditation. In this study, we examine the impact of home isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic on physical, cognitive, and emotional health, and school performance for a group of 54 meditating students, and contrast these results to a comparison group of 53 meditating students who reported their health and learning prior to the pandemic. The study is the first to consider the association of home isolation on students practicing meditation in a group: (A) at the same time of day and in the same place as part of their daily school routine and (B) during online sessions at the same time of day but in a different place. Findings indicate both approaches to group meditation before and during the pandemic produced favourable results for health and school performance.
普诺的Institución Privada Prescott教育中心位于安第斯山脉的的的喀喀湖高原上,大约2000名土著学生在这里接受了超觉冥想的指导。在这项研究中,我们研究了COVID-19大流行期间家庭隔离对54名冥想学生的身体、认知和情绪健康以及学校表现的影响,并将这些结果与53名冥想学生的对照组进行了对比,这些学生在大流行之前报告了他们的健康和学习情况。这项研究首次考虑了家庭隔离对学生群体冥想练习的影响:(a)在一天的同一时间,在同一地点,作为他们日常学习的一部分;(B)在一天的同一时间,在不同的地方,在在线课程中。调查结果表明,在大流行之前和期间进行集体冥想的两种方法都对健康和学习成绩产生了有利的结果。
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引用次数: 0
A transitional editorial about editorial transition 一篇关于编辑转型的过渡社论
Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/25729861.2021.2012959
Leandro Rodriguez Medina, Vivette García Deister
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引用次数: 0
Planetary Mine: Territories of Extraction under Late Capitalism 行星矿山:晚期资本主义下的开采领域
Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/25729861.2021.1968636
N. Stanton
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society
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