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ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PEDAGOGY AND ASSESSMENT 英语作为通用语:对教学和评估的影响
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-03-31 DOI: 10.15639/TEFLINJOURNAL.V28I1/57-70
F. Fang
The English language functions as a global language that facilitates communication among people of different lingua-cultures. This background leads to the question of whether the traditional language assessment still fulfils the needs of the majority of language learners who will use English for various purposes with people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This article illustrates the development and spread of the English language by focusing on two key paradigms: World Englishes (WE) and English as a lingua franca (ELF). This article argues that a native-oriented means of English pedagogy and assessment does not fit the current functions of the language and cannot meet the various and complex needs of the majority of English language learners. It therefore emphasizes the importance of an ELF-informed approach, such as the ‘post-method’ approach to English language teaching and more flexible language assessment focusing on students’ performance of tasks. The article concludes that English language teaching and assessment need to be more informed by ELF than by the entrenched, anachronistic native-oriented ideology.
英语作为一种全球语言,促进了不同语言文化的人们之间的交流。这种背景导致了一个问题,即传统的语言评估是否仍然满足大多数语言学习者的需求,这些学习者将使用英语与来自不同语言和文化背景的人进行各种目的。本文通过关注两个关键范例:世界英语(WE)和英语作为通用语(ELF)来说明英语的发展和传播。本文认为,以母语为导向的英语教学和评价方法不符合当前语言的功能,也不能满足大多数英语学习者多样化和复杂的需求。因此,它强调了一种基于elf的方法的重要性,例如英语教学的“后方法”方法和更灵活的语言评估,重点关注学生的任务表现。这篇文章的结论是,英语教学和评估需要更多地了解ELF,而不是根深蒂固的、不合时宜的以母语为导向的意识形态。
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引用次数: 21
STRESS AND RESILIENCE AMONG EFL TEACHERS: AN INTERVIEW STUDY OF AN INDONESIAN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL TEACHER 英语教师的压力与心理弹性:对一位印尼初中教师的访谈研究
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-03-31 DOI: 10.15639/teflinjournal.v28i1/22-37
M. Rizqi, Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak Tenggara
While stress remains a classic problem in teaching, the concept of resilience is central to help teachers find the joy of their teaching and make them stay longer at the job. This study involved one EFL teacher who had more than a five years’ teaching experience, and was regarded as capable, not only of maintaining her positive commitment, but also of demonstrating exceptional achievement during her career thus far. An in-depth semistructured interview was conducted with these two key aims: (1) to identify sources of stress that she dealt with; and (2) to introduce aspects that helped her become resilient within that stressful circumstance. The results indicated that curriculum changes had largely contributed to the participant’s stress. The key features that aided her to tackle day-to-day problems as a teacher include supportive institution and conducive social relationships. Additionally, the teacher appeared to have a strong positive emotion as influenced by people around her, e.g. her students. These findings could contribute to better understanding of how the negative effects of stress can be reduced by promoting key features of resilience, particularly in the Indonesian teaching context. As a conclusion, several key findings were highlighted followed by a recommendation for further research.
虽然压力仍然是教学中的一个经典问题,但弹性的概念是帮助教师找到教学乐趣并使他们在工作中呆得更长时间的核心。本研究的对象是一位具有五年以上教学经验的英语教师,她不仅能够保持积极的承诺,而且在她的职业生涯中表现出卓越的成就。我们进行了一次深入的半结构化访谈,目的有两个:(1)确定她所处理的压力来源;(2)介绍帮助她在压力环境中恢复过来的方面。结果表明,课程的变化在很大程度上导致了参与者的压力。作为一名教师,帮助她解决日常问题的关键特征包括支持性机构和有益的社会关系。此外,由于受到周围人(例如学生)的影响,老师似乎有一种强烈的积极情绪。这些发现有助于更好地理解如何通过促进适应力的关键特征来减少压力的负面影响,特别是在印度尼西亚的教学环境中。最后,重点介绍了几项重要发现,然后提出进一步研究的建议。
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引用次数: 26
PROMOTING LANGUAGE LEARNERS’ CROSS-CULTURAL AWARENESS THROUGH COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF ASIAN FOLKTALES 通过对亚洲民间故事的比较分析,提高语言学习者的跨文化意识
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-10-04 DOI: 10.15639/TEFLINJOURNAL.V27I2/166-181
S. Lwin
With the global spread, the English language has become a lingua franca and a component of basic education in many Asian countries, making Asia one of the regions in the world with the largest number of English speakers. However, due to the rich cultural diversities of Asian societies, using English as a lingua franca in Asia implies that speakers need to develop not only communicative competence but intercultural communicative competence, so as to ensure successful communication among people from different Asian societies. Given that successful intercultural communication requires the speakers’ appreciation of their cultural diversities, while celebrating certain similarities, promoting learners’ cross-cultural awareness has become one of the important objectives of English language teaching in Asia. In this paper, I will draw on some sample analyses of Asian folktales which have been translated into English to (i) identify and explore the features of narrative structures and contents which can be seen as transcultural and others which can be highlighted as culture-specific, and (ii) discuss how such comparative analyses of narrative structures and contents in Asian folktales can be used to promote the cross-cultural awareness of English language learners in Asia. Implications for the socio-cultural-based English language teaching are offered.
随着全球传播,英语已成为亚洲许多国家的通用语和基础教育的组成部分,使亚洲成为世界上讲英语人数最多的地区之一。然而,由于亚洲社会具有丰富的文化多样性,在亚洲使用英语作为通用语意味着说话者不仅需要发展交际能力,还需要发展跨文化交际能力,以确保来自不同亚洲社会的人们之间的成功交流。鉴于成功的跨文化交际需要说话者在欣赏其文化多样性的同时也要庆祝某些相似之处,因此提高学习者的跨文化意识已成为亚洲英语教学的重要目标之一。在本文中,我将通过对一些已被翻译成英语的亚洲民间故事的样本分析来(I)识别和探索可被视为跨文化的叙事结构和内容的特征,以及其他可被突出为文化特异性的叙事结构和内容的特征;(ii)讨论如何通过对亚洲民间故事叙事结构和内容的比较分析来促进亚洲英语学习者的跨文化意识。对基于社会文化的英语教学提出了启示。
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引用次数: 11
Mobile Learning to Improve Writing in ESL Teaching. 移动学习提高ESL写作教学。
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-10-04 DOI: 10.15639/TEFLINJOURNAL.V27I1/182-202
Heidy Selene Robles Noriega
This article reports on the results of a study concerning the type of texts and their features produced by a student after using mobile technology as a support to improve the development of the students’ writing skills in a second language. The Functional Systemic Linguistic (FSL), Genre Pedagogical Approach (GPA), and mobile learning concepts were employed as theoretical framework. The participant of the research was a freshman student that belongs to an English narrative course in a private university of the Caribbean region, Universidad Del Norte in Barranquilla, Colombia. This case study analyzed the student’s writing during a period of eight-week course, which was then complemented with an interview conducted by the researcher. The results reveal that genre approach can be implemented with mobile technology to increase students’ writing ability.
本文报道了一项研究的结果,关于学生使用移动技术作为支持,以提高学生的第二语言写作技能的发展后,所产生的文本的类型和特征。以功能系统语言学(FSL)、体裁教学法(GPA)和移动学习概念为理论框架。该研究的参与者是一名加勒比海地区私立大学——哥伦比亚巴兰基亚北部大学英语叙事课程的大一学生。本案例研究分析了学生在八周课程期间的写作,然后辅以研究人员进行的访谈。结果表明,体裁教学法可以在移动技术的帮助下提高学生的写作能力。
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引用次数: 25
Character Education in Content Courses: Self-Scoring as a Means for Developing Honesty in Students. 内容课程中的品格教育:自我评分是培养学生诚信的手段。
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-10-04 DOI: 10.15639/TEFLINJOURNAL.V27I2/153-165
P. Djiwandono
As character education is gaining currency, some institutions have started to incorporate character education into its instructional practices. However, this is not an easy task. Limited hours of contact and teachers’ insufficient know-how of teaching and evaluating students’ characters have hampered the efforts. This paper reports a small effort to shape students’ honesty through self-scoring techniques. An intact class of 19 students who were taking a content course were instructed to self-score their own works in two different tests. Their scores were then compared to the lecturer’s scoring. It was found that the students tend to be honest when the test was not weighted substantively, but increasingly over-rated themselves on a high-stake test. The paper then discusses the potential and possible weaknesses of self-scoring technique as a means of cultivating honesty.
随着品格教育的普及,一些机构开始将品格教育纳入其教学实践。然而,这并不是一件容易的事。接触时间有限,教师在教学和评价学生性格方面的知识不足,阻碍了这一努力。本文报道了通过自我评分技术来塑造学生诚实的一个小努力。一个完整的19名学生参加了内容课程,他们被要求在两个不同的测试中为自己的作品打分。然后将他们的分数与讲师的分数进行比较。研究发现,当考试的权重不太大时,学生往往会表现得很诚实,但在高风险的考试中,他们会越来越高估自己。然后讨论了自我评分技术作为一种培养诚实的手段的潜力和可能存在的弱点。
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引用次数: 11
DEBUNKING THE MYTHS OF NON-NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKER TEACHERS: AN INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR MASAKI 揭穿非英语母语教师的神话:对masaki教授的采访
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-10-04 DOI: 10.15639/TEFLINJOURNAL.V27I2/126-131
Flora Debora Floris
Masaki Oda is a Professor of Applied Linguistics at Tamagawa University in Tokyo, Japan, specializing in Sociopolitical Aspects of Language Use. Prof. Oda got his PhD program from Georgetown University, where he also taught Japanese for several years. He returned to Japan in 1990 and began teaching EFL and training EFL teachers at Tamagawa University. He was the 2003 – 2004 Chair of the NNEST Caucus and is now the Director of Center for English as a Lingua Franca (CELF) at Tamagawa University and the AsiaTEFL Vice President. This interview highlights Professor Oda’s experiences and opinions regarding NEST (Native English Speaker Teacher) and NNEST (Non-Native English Speaker Teacher). He attempts to raise awareness among the professionals that there should be no divide between NEST and NNEST in the ELT profession.
尾田正树是日本东京玉川大学应用语言学教授,专门研究语言使用的社会政治方面。尾田教授在乔治敦大学获得博士学位,并在那里教了几年日语。他于1990年回到日本,开始在玉川大学教授英语和培训英语教师。他曾担任2003 - 2004年NNEST核心小组主席,现任玉川大学英语作为通用语中心主任和亚洲英语联盟副主席。这次访谈重点介绍了尾田教授在英语母语教师(NEST)和非英语母语教师(NNEST)方面的经验和观点。他试图提高专业人士的意识,即在英语教学行业中不应该有NEST和NNEST之分。
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引用次数: 0
PRACTITIONER OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING AS PART OF NOVICE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY 合作学习实践者作为新教师职业认同的一部分
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-07-04 DOI: 10.15639/10.15639/TEFLINJOURNAL.V27I2/132-152
P. Astuti
This paper identifies challenges that English as a foreign language (EFL) novice teachers in Indonesia may face in developing a professional identity, which, in this paper, refers to becoming a practitioner of cooperative learning. Cooperative learning is a mandated teaching method both in the 2006 and 2013 Indonesian curriculum, and is under the umbrella of Communicative Language Teaching approach that has been adopted by English instruction in Indonesia since 1980s. This approach stresses interaction between language learners and the use of the target language in this interaction. Drawing on four related theories of development of selves (Wenger’s Concepts of Community of Practice, Lave and Wenger’s Concepts of Situat- ed Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation, Gee’s Sociocultural Views of Identity, and Holland, Lachicotte, Skinner, and Cain’s Concepts of Identi- ty and Agency in Cultural Worlds), four challenges to the development of the target professional identity are identified: (1) the unavailability of community of cooperative learning practitioners, (2) hegemony vs. identity development, (3) agency in the midst of tensions, and (4) institutional identity vs. professional identity. These interconnected and overlapping challenges suggest novice EFL teachers to possess agency to attain the target identity and suggest teacher education programs to equip their student teachers with knowledge and skills of teacher identity development and agency.
本文确定了印尼英语作为外语(EFL)的新手教师在发展专业认同方面可能面临的挑战,在本文中,这指的是成为合作学习的实践者。合作学习是2006年和2013年印度尼西亚课程中规定的一种教学方法,是自20世纪80年代以来印度尼西亚英语教学所采用的交际语言教学法的一部分。这种方法强调语言学习者之间的互动以及在这种互动中目的语的使用。根据四种相关的自我发展理论(温格的实践共同体概念,拉夫和温格的情境学习概念:合法的外围参与,吉的社会文化认同观,以及荷兰,拉奇科特,斯金纳和凯恩的文化世界中的认同和代理概念),确定了目标职业认同发展的四个挑战:(1)合作学习实践者社区的不可获得性;(2)霸权与认同发展;(3)紧张关系中的能动性;(4)制度认同与职业认同。这些相互关联、相互重叠的挑战建议初学英语教师具备实现目标认同的能动性,并建议教师教育计划使他们的实习教师具备教师认同发展和能动性的知识和技能。
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引用次数: 11
Exploring Motivational Strategies of Successful Teachers. 成功教师的动机策略探讨。
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-14 DOI: 10.15639/TEFLINJOURNAL.V27I1/1-22
S. Astuti
This multiple case study investigated how teachers implemented motivational teaching strategies and the impact of these strategies on students’ motivation in an Indonesian high school context. The participants were four teachers and four groups of their students. The data were collected from teachers by conducting semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and stimulated recall, and from the students through focus group interviews. The findings of the research indicated that each teacher had unique strategies to motivate their students, and these strategies had a profound impact on students’ motivation. The students reported that the strategies influencing their motivation could be categorized into five main groups: teachers’ classroom behaviors, supportive classroom atmosphere, selection of learning resources and activities, the usefulness of English, and the way feedback was given. These findings suggest that teachers of English in an Indonesian high school context can influence their students’ motivation by understanding the effect of motivational teaching strategies on students' learning and behaviors.
本研究调查了印尼高中教师如何实施动机教学策略,以及这些策略对学生动机的影响。参与者是四位老师和四组学生。数据通过半结构化访谈、课堂观察和刺激回忆的方式从教师和焦点小组访谈的方式从学生中收集。研究结果表明,每位教师都有独特的激励学生的策略,这些策略对学生的动机产生了深远的影响。学生们报告说,影响他们学习动机的策略可以分为五大类:教师的课堂行为、支持性的课堂氛围、学习资源和活动的选择、英语的有用性和反馈的方式。这些研究结果表明,印尼高中英语教师可以通过理解动机教学策略对学生学习和行为的影响来影响学生的动机。
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引用次数: 37
RE-CONCEPTUALIZING EFL PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: ENHANCING COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY FOR THAI TEACHERS 重新定义英语专业发展:加强泰国教师的交际教学法
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-14 DOI: 10.15639/TEFLINJOURNAL.V27I1/23-45
Lottie L. Baker
The spread of globalization means an accompanying growth in the importance of English as a lingua franca. Efforts to increase English proficiency are especially pronounced in Southeast Asia with the opening of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015. A common strategy to enhance English learning in Asian countries is to begin instruction at the primary level, but policymakers face the challenge of preparing teachers of young learners with the necessary content and pedagogical knowledge to provide high quality English education. This article reports on a professional development effort aimed to help Thai primary teachers of English integrate communicative language teaching approaches. After describing the Thai English education context and key project components, the author uses participant and trainer response data to identify factors that contribute to perceived quality of the project. From these findings, the author makes recommendations to re-conceptualize best practices in teacher professional development for Thai English teachers. Findings and recommendations are applicable both to Thailand and to other nations with EFL contexts.
全球化的蔓延意味着英语作为通用语的重要性也随之提高。随着2015年东盟经济共同体的成立,提高英语水平的努力在东南亚尤为明显。在亚洲国家,提高英语学习的一个共同策略是从小学阶段开始教学,但政策制定者面临的挑战是为年轻学习者的教师提供必要的内容和教学知识,以提供高质量的英语教育。本文报告了一项旨在帮助泰国小学英语教师整合交际教学法的专业发展努力。在描述了泰国英语教育背景和关键项目组成部分之后,作者使用参与者和培训师的反馈数据来确定影响项目感知质量的因素。根据这些发现,作者提出了重新定义泰国英语教师专业发展最佳实践的建议。研究结果和建议既适用于泰国,也适用于其他有英语背景的国家。
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引用次数: 10
TAIWANESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TO NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS ENGLISH TEACHERS 台湾大学生对非母语英语教师的态度
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-14 DOI: 10.15639/TEFLINJOURNAL.V27I1/46-62
Feng‐Ru Chang
Numerous studies have been conducted to explore issues surrounding non-native speakers (NNS) English teachers and native speaker (NS) teachers which concern, among others, the comparison between the two, the self-perceptions of NNS English teachers and the effectiveness of their teaching, and the students’ opinions on and attitudes towards them. Most of these studies have been conducted in ESL contexts in which the teachers are NNS English teachers, while most NNS English teachers actually work in EFL contexts. It is important that we understand issues on NNS English teachers in EFL contexts. Hence, this article aims to investigate university students’ attitudes towards their NNS English teachers in Taiwan. The data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The findings indicated that Taiwanese students’ attitudes towards their NNS English teachers are positive and favorable and NNS English teachers are generally perceived as capable of delivering efficient instruction though some shortcomings of NNS English teachers were pointed out by participants. Discus- sion on these shortcomings and implications on Taiwan educational system and the qualifications of NNS English teachers is provided.
关于非母语英语教师和母语英语教师的比较、非母语英语教师的自我认知和教学效果、学生对非母语英语教师的看法和态度等问题,已有大量的研究进行了探讨。这些研究大多是在非母语环境中进行的,其中教师是NNS英语教师,而大多数NNS英语教师实际上是在EFL环境中工作的。了解英语语境下网络新闻英语教师的问题是非常重要的。因此,本研究旨在调查台湾大学生对其NNS英语教师的态度。数据通过问卷调查和访谈收集。调查结果显示,台湾学生对英语教师的态度是正面和正面的,尽管参与者指出了英语教师的一些不足之处,但他们普遍认为英语教师能够提供有效的教学。本文就这些不足之处及对台湾教育制度的启示及新中校英语教师的素质进行探讨。
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引用次数: 10
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Teflin Journal
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