Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.33899/earth.2018.159257
Inas Al-Khafaf, Majid Al- Mutwali
The present work is a part of detailed study of biostratigraphy of Balambo Formation (Lower Upper Cretaceous) from Azmer anticline northeastern Iraq. Lithologically, the upper part of the studied section (Balambo Formation) consists of dark gray, reddish brown shale and marl intercalation with amonitic and marly limestone. Based on planktonic foraminifera, the studied section is divided into five main biozones and two subzones. It is correlated with collection of global regional and local previous biozones. These biozones led to conclude that the age of the upper part of Balambo Formation extends over the Latest Aptian to MiddleLate Cenomanian. Moreover, the identified biozones are from older (at bottom) to younger (at top): 5Rotalipora cushmani Taxon range Zone. 4Thalmanninella globotruncanoides Interval Zone. 3Biticinella breggiensis Interval Zon. Ticinella praeticinensis Interval Subzone. Pseudothalmanninella subticinensis Interval Subzone. 2Ticinella primula Interval Zone. 1Paraticinella eubejaouensis Taxon range Zone.
{"title":"Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Upper part of Balambo Formation (Lower-Upper Cretaceous) in Azmer Anticline, Northeastern Iraq","authors":"Inas Al-Khafaf, Majid Al- Mutwali","doi":"10.33899/earth.2018.159257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/earth.2018.159257","url":null,"abstract":"The present work is a part of detailed study of biostratigraphy of Balambo Formation (Lower Upper Cretaceous) from Azmer anticline northeastern Iraq. Lithologically, the upper part of the studied section (Balambo Formation) consists of dark gray, reddish brown shale and marl intercalation with amonitic and marly limestone. Based on planktonic foraminifera, the studied section is divided into five main biozones and two subzones. It is correlated with collection of global regional and local previous biozones. These biozones led to conclude that the age of the upper part of Balambo Formation extends over the Latest Aptian to MiddleLate Cenomanian. Moreover, the identified biozones are from older (at bottom) to younger (at top): 5Rotalipora cushmani Taxon range Zone. 4Thalmanninella globotruncanoides Interval Zone. 3Biticinella breggiensis Interval Zon. Ticinella praeticinensis Interval Subzone. Pseudothalmanninella subticinensis Interval Subzone. 2Ticinella primula Interval Zone. 1Paraticinella eubejaouensis Taxon range Zone.","PeriodicalId":371191,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116670808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.33899/earth.2018.159262
Majid M. Al-Mutwali, Nabil Y. Al-Banna, Mohammed W. Al-Abbasi
ABSTRACT The biostratigraphy of Balambo Formation has been investigated within a well-exposed section at the northeastern limb of Zozik anticline, near Barsarin Village, northeastern Iraq. The studied section consists mainly of marl, marly limestone and limestone. These rocks yielded moderately diversified planktonic foraminiferal fauna and radiolarian skeletons, in addition to some benthonic foraminifera and bioclast. The study is focusing on planktonic foraminiferal taxa, which are classified to ten species belonging to three genera. the stratigraphic distribution of the recorded species permits the recognition of five well defined biozones. These are in descending order: . Globigerinelloides algeriana Taxon range Zone. (part) . Globigerinelloides ferreolensis Interval Zone. . Globigerinelloides blowi Interval Zone. . Hedbergella sigali Interval Zone. . Globuligerina hoterivica Interval Zone. The planktonic foraminiferal biozones are correlated with other zonal schemes. They are considered to be extending from Late Valanginian to Late Aptian age.
{"title":"Biostratigraphy of Upper Valanginian - Upper Aptian Balambo Formation Near Barsarin Village in Rawanduz Area, Northeastern Iraq","authors":"Majid M. Al-Mutwali, Nabil Y. Al-Banna, Mohammed W. Al-Abbasi","doi":"10.33899/earth.2018.159262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/earth.2018.159262","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The biostratigraphy of Balambo Formation has been investigated within a well-exposed section at the northeastern limb of Zozik anticline, near Barsarin Village, northeastern Iraq. The studied section consists mainly of marl, marly limestone and limestone. These rocks yielded moderately diversified planktonic foraminiferal fauna and radiolarian skeletons, in addition to some benthonic foraminifera and bioclast. The study is focusing on planktonic foraminiferal taxa, which are classified to ten species belonging to three genera. the stratigraphic distribution of the recorded species permits the recognition of five well defined biozones. These are in descending order: . Globigerinelloides algeriana Taxon range Zone. (part) . Globigerinelloides ferreolensis Interval Zone. . Globigerinelloides blowi Interval Zone. . Hedbergella sigali Interval Zone. . Globuligerina hoterivica Interval Zone. The planktonic foraminiferal biozones are correlated with other zonal schemes. They are considered to be extending from Late Valanginian to Late Aptian age.","PeriodicalId":371191,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132799522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.33899/earth.2018.159260
Ali Al-Nuaiemy, Bashar A. Al-Juraisy, Mahmood Al-Mafraji
{"title":"The Use of the Seismic Refraction Tomography Survey Method and the Multi-Channel Analysis Technique of Surface Waves in the Geotechnical Assessment of the Al-Amal Apartments Site in Kirkuk, Northern Iraq Ali","authors":"Ali Al-Nuaiemy, Bashar A. Al-Juraisy, Mahmood Al-Mafraji","doi":"10.33899/earth.2018.159260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/earth.2018.159260","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371191,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127535845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.33899/earth.2018.159259
Sanad Al-Khashab, Jawaher M. Al-Halawachi
Five ostracode species have been described from Baluti Formation (Upper Triassic) of North Iraq, these are Fabanella A , Hungarella moorei (Jones)-Anderson, 1964, Ogmoconcha cf. blakei (Sohn, 1968), Ogmoconcha bristolensis (Anderson, 1964), Cytherella acuta Urlichs, 1972.
{"title":"Ostracoda Species from Upper Triassic of Baluti Formation (Amadiya Section) in Northern Iraq","authors":"Sanad Al-Khashab, Jawaher M. Al-Halawachi","doi":"10.33899/earth.2018.159259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/earth.2018.159259","url":null,"abstract":"Five ostracode species have been described from Baluti Formation (Upper Triassic) of North Iraq, these are Fabanella A , Hungarella moorei (Jones)-Anderson, 1964, Ogmoconcha cf. blakei (Sohn, 1968), Ogmoconcha bristolensis (Anderson, 1964), Cytherella acuta Urlichs, 1972.","PeriodicalId":371191,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133995267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.33899/earth.2018.159261
Mahmood Z. Abdolqader, A. Tokmachy, F. A. Al-Sulaiman
The study area is represented by the slopes, which are found along the Bazian – Chami Rezan road in the Sulaimaniyah Governorate, northeastern Iraq. The slopes were exposed to rock failure mostly rock toppling that led sometimes to the closure of the road. The present study aims to conduct a detailed study of three sites of failure(stations) to be representative of the type of failure (secondary rock toppling) prevailing over the study area to determine the factors affecting the failure. The rock blocks located in the face of the slope that surrounded by discontinuities are stable in the area according to the rules of the rock toppling. The toppling occurs due to the intervention of other factors such as weathering and erosion which led to the remove of the supporting parts at the slope toe in addition to erosion and dissolution of the lower parts of the limestone until the exit of centers of gravity vector outside the base of rock mass. Thus, secondary rock toppling occurs either because of the undercutting such as in the station (1) or because of the weathering and erosion of the basal parts of the same limestone blocks such as in the stations (2 and 3).
{"title":"Toppling Failure Qualify of Slopes on Bazian - ChamiRezanRoad, Northeastern Iraq","authors":"Mahmood Z. Abdolqader, A. Tokmachy, F. A. Al-Sulaiman","doi":"10.33899/earth.2018.159261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/earth.2018.159261","url":null,"abstract":"The study area is represented by the slopes, which are found along the Bazian – Chami Rezan road in the Sulaimaniyah Governorate, northeastern Iraq. The slopes were exposed to rock failure mostly rock toppling that led sometimes to the closure of the road. The present study aims to conduct a detailed study of three sites of failure(stations) to be representative of the type of failure (secondary rock toppling) prevailing over the study area to determine the factors affecting the failure. The rock blocks located in the face of the slope that surrounded by discontinuities are stable in the area according to the rules of the rock toppling. The toppling occurs due to the intervention of other factors such as weathering and erosion which led to the remove of the supporting parts at the slope toe in addition to erosion and dissolution of the lower parts of the limestone until the exit of centers of gravity vector outside the base of rock mass. Thus, secondary rock toppling occurs either because of the undercutting such as in the station (1) or because of the weathering and erosion of the basal parts of the same limestone blocks such as in the stations (2 and 3).","PeriodicalId":371191,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131128729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.33899/earth.2018.159265
Kotayba T. Al-Youzbakey, Salim Mahmood Al-Dabbagh
Francolite (one of apatite group) found in marine formation sedimentary rocks. It is called carbonate-fluorapatite; owing to the substitution of CO3 for PO4 in its unit cell; Ca10(PO4CO3)6F2. Francolite unit cell composed of 4 Ca occupy the sites on ternary axis which are represent the Ca(I) sites, 6 Ca occupy the sites on hexad axis which are represent the Ca(II) sites. 6 P are joined with 24 oxygen to form 6 phosphate tetrahedrons and 2 sites occupied by F in the intermediate channel of the francolite crystal. There is no differences will noticed along the three a-axis due to the slight effect of the substitution in the 4 Ca(I), this is may be due to the homogenous effects along the three a-axis in these sites. On the other hand, the substitution of planner carbonates for the tetrahedron phosphates cause decreasing in a-axis and slight increasing in the c-axis. These changes are reflected on the x-ray diffraction patterns; the angular distance (Δ2θ distance) between the two faces 410 and 004 will decrease, shifting in some peak positions and increasing in the width of reflecting peaks. The present study deals with the idea of the substitution of (CO3 2+F ) for (PO4 3) and suggests the Ca(I) sites are candidate to the substitution for large cations e.g. Sr 2+, Ba 2+ and K + and the Ca(II) sites for smaller cations e.g.
在海相地层沉积岩中发现的磷灰石(磷灰石群之一)。它被称为碳酸盐-氟磷灰石;由于其单体胞内的PO4被CO3取代;Ca10 (PO4CO3) 6 f2。由4个Ca组成的Francolite单细胞占据三元轴上的位点，代表Ca(I)位点，6个Ca占据六轴上的位点，代表Ca(II)位点。6个P与24个氧结合，形成6个磷酸四面体，并在萤石晶体的中间通道中有2个位置被F占据。由于在4ca (I)中取代的轻微影响，沿着三个a轴将没有注意到差异，这可能是由于这些位点沿着三个a轴的均匀效应。另一方面，计划碳酸盐取代四面体磷酸盐导致a轴下降，c轴略有增加。这些变化反映在x射线衍射图上;410和004两个面之间的角距离(Δ2θ距离)将减小，在某些峰位置移位，反射峰的宽度增加。本研究处理了(co32 +F)取代(po43)的想法，并提出Ca(I)位点是取代大型阳离子(如Sr 2+， Ba 2+和K +)的候选位点，以及Ca(II)位点替代较小的阳离子(如Ca(II))的候选位点。
{"title":"The Chemical Formula of Francolite in the Phosphorite of Akashat Formation from X-Ray Diffraction Analysis","authors":"Kotayba T. Al-Youzbakey, Salim Mahmood Al-Dabbagh","doi":"10.33899/earth.2018.159265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/earth.2018.159265","url":null,"abstract":"Francolite (one of apatite group) found in marine formation sedimentary rocks. It is called carbonate-fluorapatite; owing to the substitution of CO3 for PO4 in its unit cell; Ca10(PO4CO3)6F2. Francolite unit cell composed of 4 Ca occupy the sites on ternary axis which are represent the Ca(I) sites, 6 Ca occupy the sites on hexad axis which are represent the Ca(II) sites. 6 P are joined with 24 oxygen to form 6 phosphate tetrahedrons and 2 sites occupied by F in the intermediate channel of the francolite crystal. There is no differences will noticed along the three a-axis due to the slight effect of the substitution in the 4 Ca(I), this is may be due to the homogenous effects along the three a-axis in these sites. On the other hand, the substitution of planner carbonates for the tetrahedron phosphates cause decreasing in a-axis and slight increasing in the c-axis. These changes are reflected on the x-ray diffraction patterns; the angular distance (Δ2θ distance) between the two faces 410 and 004 will decrease, shifting in some peak positions and increasing in the width of reflecting peaks. The present study deals with the idea of the substitution of (CO3 2+F ) for (PO4 3) and suggests the Ca(I) sites are candidate to the substitution for large cations e.g. Sr 2+, Ba 2+ and K + and the Ca(II) sites for smaller cations e.g.","PeriodicalId":371191,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124238071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.33899/earth.2018.159264
Sabah H. Ali
Nowadays, the long-term climatic data supplied by the famous internet sites, plays an important role in analyzing and mapping of various climatic features (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation ... etc.). Precipitation is one of the important elements in agriculture. It is a major field in climatological studies. Studying precipitation is important to identify precipitation characteristics; temporal and spatial variability. In the present study, extract for each (0.5*0.5) degree grid cell of the monthly precipitation data for the year 2016 except the summer months (June July August) using the GPCC Visualizer website is applied for Iraq country. Kriging interpolation method within the environment of ArcGIS10.3 program, the average monthly and seasonal precipitation maps are drawn. The study revealed the possibility to use the more popular website sources of historical climate datasets to compensate the lack of climate data available from the meteorological stations in Iraq, which is often difficult to obtain recent data.
{"title":"Using of GIS Software for Mapping the Climatic Data Obtained from Internet Network: Iraq Case Study","authors":"Sabah H. Ali","doi":"10.33899/earth.2018.159264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/earth.2018.159264","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, the long-term climatic data supplied by the famous internet sites, plays an important role in analyzing and mapping of various climatic features (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation ... etc.). Precipitation is one of the important elements in agriculture. It is a major field in climatological studies. Studying precipitation is important to identify precipitation characteristics; temporal and spatial variability. In the present study, extract for each (0.5*0.5) degree grid cell of the monthly precipitation data for the year 2016 except the summer months (June July August) using the GPCC Visualizer website is applied for Iraq country. Kriging interpolation method within the environment of ArcGIS10.3 program, the average monthly and seasonal precipitation maps are drawn. The study revealed the possibility to use the more popular website sources of historical climate datasets to compensate the lack of climate data available from the meteorological stations in Iraq, which is often difficult to obtain recent data.","PeriodicalId":371191,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127552759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.33899/earth.2018.159258
Yasser H. Kddo
A new Classopollis species are described from Upper TriassicLower Jurassic Butmah Formation in borehole Tel-Hajar-1northern Iraq. These are Classopollis scabratus, Classopollis polygonus, Classopollis microgranulatus, Classopollis zonatus and Classopollis crescentus; these taxa reveal distinctive morphologic features which lead to regard them as a new species.
{"title":"New Classopollis Species From Triassic-Jurassic Boundary In Northern Iraq","authors":"Yasser H. Kddo","doi":"10.33899/earth.2018.159258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/earth.2018.159258","url":null,"abstract":"A new Classopollis species are described from Upper TriassicLower Jurassic Butmah Formation in borehole Tel-Hajar-1northern Iraq. These are Classopollis scabratus, Classopollis polygonus, Classopollis microgranulatus, Classopollis zonatus and Classopollis crescentus; these taxa reveal distinctive morphologic features which lead to regard them as a new species.","PeriodicalId":371191,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131838377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.33899/earth.2018.159267
Sarah K. Mohammed, M. Al-kubaisi, A. Bety
The study area (Pera Magroon) is located within Kurdistan Region, Sulaimaniyah Governorate, north and northwest of Sulaimaniyah city northeastern Iraq. Arc GIS, hydro tool is used to extract the drainage network in the area under study by using digital elevation models (DEM). The study area is covered by dendritic and parallel drainage patterns and divided into twenty sub-basins. Three geomorphic indices, Mountain-front sinuosity (Smf), Stream-gradient index (SL) and Valley floor width-valley height ratio (Vƒ) were calculated for subbasins. Through averaging these three indices, we obtained index of active tectonics (IAT). The values of the index were divided into classes to define the degree of active tectonics. Therefore, relative tectonic activity is calculated and their values are classified and analyzed in three groups. The sub-basins were identified as very high, high and moderate levels.
{"title":"Geomorphic Indices of Tectonic Activity Through the Analysis of the Drainage Systems in Pera Magroon Anticline, Northeastern Iraq","authors":"Sarah K. Mohammed, M. Al-kubaisi, A. Bety","doi":"10.33899/earth.2018.159267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/earth.2018.159267","url":null,"abstract":"The study area (Pera Magroon) is located within Kurdistan Region, Sulaimaniyah Governorate, north and northwest of Sulaimaniyah city northeastern Iraq. Arc GIS, hydro tool is used to extract the drainage network in the area under study by using digital elevation models (DEM). The study area is covered by dendritic and parallel drainage patterns and divided into twenty sub-basins. Three geomorphic indices, Mountain-front sinuosity (Smf), Stream-gradient index (SL) and Valley floor width-valley height ratio (Vƒ) were calculated for subbasins. Through averaging these three indices, we obtained index of active tectonics (IAT). The values of the index were divided into classes to define the degree of active tectonics. Therefore, relative tectonic activity is calculated and their values are classified and analyzed in three groups. The sub-basins were identified as very high, high and moderate levels.","PeriodicalId":371191,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131185666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.33899/earth.2018.159266
Kamal Haji Karim Haji Karim
A part of the Govanda Formation is studied in five outcrops from northeastern Iraq near the Iraqi-Iranian borders. It consists of polygenic conglomerates, detrital limestones (conglomeratic limestone), and highly fossiliferous limestones of reeffore-reef facies with occasional interbedding of terrigenous sediments. Tectonically, the formation is important for its location in the very active Sanandij-Sirjan (Suture) Zone and for its deposition in Middle Miocene, which was assigned previously as an age of continental-continental colliding of Zagros Fold-Thrust belt. Additionally, it is overlaying different rocks units of pre-Miocene, especially resting on the Qulqula Radiolarian Formation in an angular unconformity relationship. The high-energy and tectonically active shallow and normalmarine environment is inferred from many facies such as coral framestone, pelecypod floatstone facies, coral and lithoclast rudstone, coral bufflestone, stromatolite bindstone, foraminifera and red algal bioclastic packstone–wackstone, reworked foraminiferal-lithoclast grainstoneKamal H. Karim et al., 70 packstone, lithoclast grainstone and terrigenous lime sandstone. The environment of the formation was high energy, shallow and normalmarine sea, which consists of fore-reef, reef and back-reef. The tectonic and paleogeographic relations of the formation are discussed in terms of facies and boundary condition. It is confirmed that the Sanandij-Sirjan Zone was subjected to an extension not compression (continentalcontinental colliding), as cited in some studies. The richness of the basin and fauna indicates that it was connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.
在伊拉克东北部靠近伊拉克-伊朗边界的五个露头中研究了戈旺达组的一部分。它由多源砾岩、碎屑灰岩(砾岩灰岩)和礁礁相的高度化石灰岩组成，偶有陆源沉积物互层。构造上，该地层位于非常活跃的Sanandij-Sirjan(缝合线)带，沉积于中中新世，这一时期被认为是Zagros褶皱冲断带的陆-陆碰撞时代，具有重要意义。此外，它还覆盖在前中新世的不同岩石单元上，特别是在古拉古拉放射虫组上形成角不整合关系。从珊瑚框架岩、浮岩相、珊瑚与岩屑砂岩、珊瑚磨砂岩、叠层石结合岩、有孔虫与红藻生物碎屑岩-碎屑岩、改造有孔虫-岩屑颗粒岩(kamal H. Karim et al. 70)、岩屑颗粒岩、陆源灰岩砂岩等多种相中推断出高能量、构造活跃的浅海正常环境。地层环境为高能、浅海、正常海相，由礁前、礁后和礁后组成。从相和边界条件方面讨论了该组的构造和古地理关系。一些研究证实，Sanandij-Sirjan地区受伸展作用而非挤压作用(大陆碰撞作用)。盆地和动物群的丰富性表明它与印度洋和地中海相连。
{"title":"Stratigraphy and Facies Analysis of the Govanda Formation from Western Zagros, Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq","authors":"Kamal Haji Karim Haji Karim","doi":"10.33899/earth.2018.159266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/earth.2018.159266","url":null,"abstract":"A part of the Govanda Formation is studied in five outcrops from northeastern Iraq near the Iraqi-Iranian borders. It consists of polygenic conglomerates, detrital limestones (conglomeratic limestone), and highly fossiliferous limestones of reeffore-reef facies with occasional interbedding of terrigenous sediments. Tectonically, the formation is important for its location in the very active Sanandij-Sirjan (Suture) Zone and for its deposition in Middle Miocene, which was assigned previously as an age of continental-continental colliding of Zagros Fold-Thrust belt. Additionally, it is overlaying different rocks units of pre-Miocene, especially resting on the Qulqula Radiolarian Formation in an angular unconformity relationship. The high-energy and tectonically active shallow and normalmarine environment is inferred from many facies such as coral framestone, pelecypod floatstone facies, coral and lithoclast rudstone, coral bufflestone, stromatolite bindstone, foraminifera and red algal bioclastic packstone–wackstone, reworked foraminiferal-lithoclast grainstoneKamal H. Karim et al., 70 packstone, lithoclast grainstone and terrigenous lime sandstone. The environment of the formation was high energy, shallow and normalmarine sea, which consists of fore-reef, reef and back-reef. The tectonic and paleogeographic relations of the formation are discussed in terms of facies and boundary condition. It is confirmed that the Sanandij-Sirjan Zone was subjected to an extension not compression (continentalcontinental colliding), as cited in some studies. The richness of the basin and fauna indicates that it was connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.","PeriodicalId":371191,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"10 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124240661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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