Although determined municipal public policies focus on the unemployment rate, to understand its determinants, one must assess how the main employment sectors in the country work, and how they affected by unemployment. In view of these facts, it is possible to raise the following research question: what is the influence of the main employment sectors on the unemployment present in Brazilian municipalities? Thus, this research will aim to analyze the effects of unemployment in the main employment sectors in Brazil. The study used data from 5.631 Brazilian municipalities, performing quantitative descriptive analysis procedures, in addition to the development of a linear regression model and a Tobit regression model. The Services sector appears with a positive highlight in relation to the others. Mineral Extractivism, on the other hand, presented a worrying unemployment estimate, being the sector that suffers the greatest impact in relation to unemployment. Among the economic sectors that also presented worrying coefficients are the Transformation industry (0.80) and Business (0.77). The results presented in the research can serve as a basis for decision-making, not only for public sector managers, but also for managers in the private sector.
{"title":"Effects of Unemployment on Economic Sectors: A Proposal for Behavior Analysis with Brazilian Municipalities","authors":"Leandro Souza da Silva, A. Araújo","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v15n9p107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p107","url":null,"abstract":"Although determined municipal public policies focus on the unemployment rate, to understand its determinants, one must assess how the main employment sectors in the country work, and how they affected by unemployment. In view of these facts, it is possible to raise the following research question: what is the influence of the main employment sectors on the unemployment present in Brazilian municipalities? Thus, this research will aim to analyze the effects of unemployment in the main employment sectors in Brazil. The study used data from 5.631 Brazilian municipalities, performing quantitative descriptive analysis procedures, in addition to the development of a linear regression model and a Tobit regression model. The Services sector appears with a positive highlight in relation to the others. Mineral Extractivism, on the other hand, presented a worrying unemployment estimate, being the sector that suffers the greatest impact in relation to unemployment. Among the economic sectors that also presented worrying coefficients are the Transformation industry (0.80) and Business (0.77). The results presented in the research can serve as a basis for decision-making, not only for public sector managers, but also for managers in the private sector.","PeriodicalId":37166,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87524702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The following research aims to contribute to the empirical literature on the efficiency of public investment in Morocco. We use the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to jointly capture the long-run relationship and the short-run dynamics between public investment and economic growth. Other variables such as the capital stock and the size of the employed labor force are also included in the model. The results indicate the absence of any correlation between public investment and economic growth in the short term. However, the impact of public investment on economic growth becomes negative in the long term.
{"title":"Public Investment and Economic Growth in Morocco: An Econometric Analysis Using the ARDL Model","authors":"Hamid Nounou, Mohamed Karim, Mohamed Moul Dar, Fatima Zahra Zerrab","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v15n9p126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p126","url":null,"abstract":"The following research aims to contribute to the empirical literature on the efficiency of public investment in Morocco. We use the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to jointly capture the long-run relationship and the short-run dynamics between public investment and economic growth. Other variables such as the capital stock and the size of the employed labor force are also included in the model. The results indicate the absence of any correlation between public investment and economic growth in the short term. However, the impact of public investment on economic growth becomes negative in the long term.","PeriodicalId":37166,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83833485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oyibo Paul Vivien, Djeban Koffi Mouroufie Emmanuel, Anzian Kouamé Marcel, Fossou Ebi Georges
Increasing domestic revenue mobilization remains a challenge for many governments, generally in low-income countries and in Côte d'Ivoire in particular. This work aims to assess the effects of financial development on the mobilization of tax revenues in Côte d'Ivoire during the period 1985-2020. The Granger Causality techniques were applied to data, revealing that there is a one-way relationship between financial development and tax revenue and between export and tax revenue. The results of the estimation of the two-step cointegration model of Engle-Granger (1987) show a cointegration relationship between taxes and their variables in the long term as in the short term. The improvement of financial development and the good quality of national institutions lead to better mobilization of tax revenues. However, the contributory capacity of exports to national wealth positively and significantly influences the mobilization of income in the short term, in the long term, exports become harmful but not significant. The results reflect the non-negligible role of the quality of national institutions in the relationship between the financial sphere and the real sphere.
{"title":"Financial Development and Its Impact on Tax Revenue in Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"Oyibo Paul Vivien, Djeban Koffi Mouroufie Emmanuel, Anzian Kouamé Marcel, Fossou Ebi Georges","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v15n9p118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p118","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing domestic revenue mobilization remains a challenge for many governments, generally in low-income countries and in Côte d'Ivoire in particular. This work aims to assess the effects of financial development on the mobilization of tax revenues in Côte d'Ivoire during the period 1985-2020. The Granger Causality techniques were applied to data, revealing that there is a one-way relationship between financial development and tax revenue and between export and tax revenue. The results of the estimation of the two-step cointegration model of Engle-Granger (1987) show a cointegration relationship between taxes and their variables in the long term as in the short term. The improvement of financial development and the good quality of national institutions lead to better mobilization of tax revenues. However, the contributory capacity of exports to national wealth positively and significantly influences the mobilization of income in the short term, in the long term, exports become harmful but not significant. The results reflect the non-negligible role of the quality of national institutions in the relationship between the financial sphere and the real sphere.","PeriodicalId":37166,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75178266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the role of institutional quality as an important factor in facilitating Chinese foreign direct investment (OFDI) into African and Asian countries. We analyze the different market- and resource-seeking incentives of Chinese firms and measure the impact of institutions on their investment decisions. Our data set covers 72 countries over eight years, which we analyze using the Generalized Method of Moments. Our results show that institutional quality, particularly in terms of government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and the rule of law, plays a significant role in both attracting and deterring market-seeking investments while having a less pronounced effect on resource-seeking investments. Our findings are important for understanding the dynamics of Chinese OFDI in Africa and Asia and its implications for long-term economic growth.
{"title":"Assessing the Influence of Institutional Quality on Chinese OFDI Location Selection: An Analysis of African and Asian Countries","authors":"Zakariae Elattar, Ming-que Ye","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v15n9p93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p93","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the role of institutional quality as an important factor in facilitating Chinese foreign direct investment (OFDI) into African and Asian countries. We analyze the different market- and resource-seeking incentives of Chinese firms and measure the impact of institutions on their investment decisions. Our data set covers 72 countries over eight years, which we analyze using the Generalized Method of Moments. Our results show that institutional quality, particularly in terms of government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and the rule of law, plays a significant role in both attracting and deterring market-seeking investments while having a less pronounced effect on resource-seeking investments. Our findings are important for understanding the dynamics of Chinese OFDI in Africa and Asia and its implications for long-term economic growth.","PeriodicalId":37166,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies","volume":"264 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82532406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prospective shocks that force the immediate liquidation of securities to raise liquidity determine the ex-ante excess returns on currencies – a liquidation premium to compensate the investor for their liquidation risk even if they have forward cover. This liquidation premium behaves non-linearly, as postulated by the liquidity-risk augmented uncovered interest rate parity theory. The success of uncovered interest parity is, thus, conditional on the severity of the shock and the levels of interest rates. We examine the empirical validity of these non-linearity propositions using data on five major currencies, and document that the failure of uncovered interest parity is more pronounced when liquidity shocks are more severe and interest rate levels are higher.
{"title":"Liquidation Risk: Evidence on Non-Linearities in Uncovered Interest Parity","authors":"Vikramendra Kumar","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v15n9p77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p77","url":null,"abstract":"Prospective shocks that force the immediate liquidation of securities to raise liquidity determine the ex-ante excess returns on currencies – a liquidation premium to compensate the investor for their liquidation risk even if they have forward cover. This liquidation premium behaves non-linearly, as postulated by the liquidity-risk augmented uncovered interest rate parity theory. The success of uncovered interest parity is, thus, conditional on the severity of the shock and the levels of interest rates. We examine the empirical validity of these non-linearity propositions using data on five major currencies, and document that the failure of uncovered interest parity is more pronounced when liquidity shocks are more severe and interest rate levels are higher.","PeriodicalId":37166,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87033501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The exchange rate reacts on political protests. Market agents affected by unrest increase exchange rate volatility. This may be converted into currency devaluation if monetary authorities decide to join protesters rather than supporting the exchange rate. Based on the event study methodology, three hypotheses were tested on 1,220 event windows of 77 political protests, in 54 economies, in 2017-2022, on three points: (1) the types of political protests with the highest abnormal exchange rate volatility and currency returns; (2) the influence of protests on daily currency devaluation; (3) the effects of unrest on intraday exchange rate volatility. The findings show that the highest exchange rate volatility was in the groups of events with short duration, with a small number of participants, which were non-violent, motivated by electoral fraud, without outcomes, and in partly free countries. The highest currency devaluation was in the groups of unrest with the greatest number of protesters, lasting more than a month, and in free countries. Only rare cases prove a high statistically significant influence of protests on exchange rate volatility and currency devaluation. As the case-by-case approach is preferable, the case of Belarus, and the country’s 14 largest political protests in 2020, was studied. This showed that four-month street unrests affected the abnormal intraday volatility of USD/BYN. After two weeks of protests, market volatility would have led to devaluation, if the National Bank hadn’t intervened, and in two months of unrest, exchange rate volatility started falling.
{"title":"The Exchange Rate Volatility During Political Protests: Event Study and the Case of Belarus","authors":"K. Rudy","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v15n9p37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p37","url":null,"abstract":"The exchange rate reacts on political protests. Market agents affected by unrest increase exchange rate volatility. This may be converted into currency devaluation if monetary authorities decide to join protesters rather than supporting the exchange rate. Based on the event study methodology, three hypotheses were tested on 1,220 event windows of 77 political protests, in 54 economies, in 2017-2022, on three points: (1) the types of political protests with the highest abnormal exchange rate volatility and currency returns; (2) the influence of protests on daily currency devaluation; (3) the effects of unrest on intraday exchange rate volatility. The findings show that the highest exchange rate volatility was in the groups of events with short duration, with a small number of participants, which were non-violent, motivated by electoral fraud, without outcomes, and in partly free countries. The highest currency devaluation was in the groups of unrest with the greatest number of protesters, lasting more than a month, and in free countries. Only rare cases prove a high statistically significant influence of protests on exchange rate volatility and currency devaluation. As the case-by-case approach is preferable, the case of Belarus, and the country’s 14 largest political protests in 2020, was studied. This showed that four-month street unrests affected the abnormal intraday volatility of USD/BYN. After two weeks of protests, market volatility would have led to devaluation, if the National Bank hadn’t intervened, and in two months of unrest, exchange rate volatility started falling.","PeriodicalId":37166,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78939103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Real Options theory (“ROT”) states firms should be approached as a combination of real assets and real options. Domestic equity research analysts do not seem to evaluate companies applying ROT. After reviewing 344 (from a total estimated 368) equity research reports or analyses on Brazilian listed power generation companies produced between December 31, 2020, and April 30, 2021, we find only discounted cash flow (“DCF”) techniques are applied. No single mention to ROT is made. To estimate the magnitude of potential misvaluations, we use the Black-Scholes method to price the growth plans made publicly available by each of those 15 companies in that period and compare the outcome with the analysts’ forecasted equity value upside per company. Our results suggest local analysts have ignored a sizeable intrinsic value to those companies by failing to apply ROT. Potential explanations range from behavioral biases to low power sector representativeness at IBOVESPA.
{"title":"Real Options in the Brazilian Power Generation Sector: Are Domestic Equity Research Analysts Blind-Sighted or Is It Just a Temporary Glitch?","authors":"Marcio Santiago Gonçalves, Jéfferson A. Colombo","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v15n9p53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p53","url":null,"abstract":"The Real Options theory (“ROT”) states firms should be approached as a combination of real assets and real options. Domestic equity research analysts do not seem to evaluate companies applying ROT. After reviewing 344 (from a total estimated 368) equity research reports or analyses on Brazilian listed power generation companies produced between December 31, 2020, and April 30, 2021, we find only discounted cash flow (“DCF”) techniques are applied. No single mention to ROT is made. To estimate the magnitude of potential misvaluations, we use the Black-Scholes method to price the growth plans made publicly available by each of those 15 companies in that period and compare the outcome with the analysts’ forecasted equity value upside per company. Our results suggest local analysts have ignored a sizeable intrinsic value to those companies by failing to apply ROT. Potential explanations range from behavioral biases to low power sector representativeness at IBOVESPA.","PeriodicalId":37166,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80422537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guilherme Campos Gonçalves, Celso Vila Nova de Souza Júnior, A. Cabello
This paper analyzed the effect of sociodemographic variables on the probability of indebtedness of public servants, focusing on the contracting of payroll loans by NEDF servants in the period from 2013 to 2019. Our main contributions to the literature were the use of hard-to-access database, consisting of information obtained from official systems of the Brazilian federal government and the addition of a new variable, alimony deduction, not previously considered by the literature. Our main conclusions are that older individuals, with a greater number of dependents, with higher real income and who pay alimony are more likely to have taken out a loan. Females, on the other hand, are less likely to have taken out a loan. Marital status can also affect this probability, with committed individuals with a higher chance of contracting a loan compared to single individuals.
{"title":"Payroll Loans and Debt Among Public Servants in Brazil","authors":"Guilherme Campos Gonçalves, Celso Vila Nova de Souza Júnior, A. Cabello","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v15n9p30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p30","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzed the effect of sociodemographic variables on the probability of indebtedness of public servants, focusing on the contracting of payroll loans by NEDF servants in the period from 2013 to 2019. Our main contributions to the literature were the use of hard-to-access database, consisting of information obtained from official systems of the Brazilian federal government and the addition of a new variable, alimony deduction, not previously considered by the literature. Our main conclusions are that older individuals, with a greater number of dependents, with higher real income and who pay alimony are more likely to have taken out a loan. Females, on the other hand, are less likely to have taken out a loan. Marital status can also affect this probability, with committed individuals with a higher chance of contracting a loan compared to single individuals.","PeriodicalId":37166,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies","volume":"30 10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89099678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study is to examine, using a dynamic panel data framework, the effects of financial inclusion on the performance of the banking sector, as measured by the return on assets, for eleven Arab countries during the period 2012-2019. In addition to financial inclusion and technologies indicators, our analysis incorporates banking and macroeconomic variables. The study reveals that bank-specific variables have a greater impact on the profitability of banks than macroeconomic variables. The results show that there is a positive and significant impact of the bank’s assets, the bank solvency, the credit growth, the economic growth rate, and the inflation rate on the profitability of the banking sector. However, the return on assets is unaffected by fluctuations in nonperforming loans and the interbank lending rate. Regarding indicators of financial inclusion and technologies, the study finds no evidence of significant effects of automated teller machines (ATM) distribution and bank branch density on return on assets.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Return on Assets (ROA) in the Banking Sector of Selected Arab Countries: Is There a Role for Financial Inclusion and Technology Indicators?","authors":"Rami Obeid","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v15n9p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p1","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to examine, using a dynamic panel data framework, the effects of financial inclusion on the performance of the banking sector, as measured by the return on assets, for eleven Arab countries during the period 2012-2019. In addition to financial inclusion and technologies indicators, our analysis incorporates banking and macroeconomic variables. The study reveals that bank-specific variables have a greater impact on the profitability of banks than macroeconomic variables. The results show that there is a positive and significant impact of the bank’s assets, the bank solvency, the credit growth, the economic growth rate, and the inflation rate on the profitability of the banking sector. However, the return on assets is unaffected by fluctuations in nonperforming loans and the interbank lending rate. Regarding indicators of financial inclusion and technologies, the study finds no evidence of significant effects of automated teller machines (ATM) distribution and bank branch density on return on assets.","PeriodicalId":37166,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86663129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the realm of development economics, foreign aid and economic development are interconnected concepts, both in theory and practice. Education, a fundamental human right, plays a pivotal role in shaping human capital and driving economic progress. With this in mind, the primary objective of this study is to explore the relationships between education aid and the various levels of schooling, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary, in developing countries. The effect of the primary, secondary, and tertiary level education aid of fifty developing countries with 19 years of panel data was investigated to determine the relationship with Primary Completion Rate, Secondary School Net Enrolment Rate, and Tertiary Gross Enrolment Rate, respectively. The study used the system GMM (One-step GMM and Two-step GMM). The findings suggest that a statistically significant relationship exists between education aid and various levels of education, and education aid effectively enhances the education outcome in developing countries. The findings also underline the importance of establishing sound economic foundations, addressing corruption, maintaining optimal Pupil-Teacher Ratio, and emphasizing female teachers. These factors collectively contribute to fostering an enabling environment for enhancing education outcomes in developing countries.
{"title":"Foreign Aid Effectiveness in the Education Sector: A Dynamic Panel Analysis","authors":"Bindeswar Prasad Lekhak","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v15n9p10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p10","url":null,"abstract":"In the realm of development economics, foreign aid and economic development are interconnected concepts, both in theory and practice. Education, a fundamental human right, plays a pivotal role in shaping human capital and driving economic progress. With this in mind, the primary objective of this study is to explore the relationships between education aid and the various levels of schooling, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary, in developing countries. The effect of the primary, secondary, and tertiary level education aid of fifty developing countries with 19 years of panel data was investigated to determine the relationship with Primary Completion Rate, Secondary School Net Enrolment Rate, and Tertiary Gross Enrolment Rate, respectively. The study used the system GMM (One-step GMM and Two-step GMM). The findings suggest that a statistically significant relationship exists between education aid and various levels of education, and education aid effectively enhances the education outcome in developing countries. The findings also underline the importance of establishing sound economic foundations, addressing corruption, maintaining optimal Pupil-Teacher Ratio, and emphasizing female teachers. These factors collectively contribute to fostering an enabling environment for enhancing education outcomes in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":37166,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84575983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：