{"title":"Alternative Techniques of Irrigation Water Management for Improving Crop Water Productivity","authors":"Ligalem Agegn Asres","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_36","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rizki Arisandi, Sri Nugroho Marsoem, Johanes Pramana Gentur Sutapa, G. Lukmandaru
{"title":"The Methods for Measuring the Area of Heartwood and Sapwood","authors":"Rizki Arisandi, Sri Nugroho Marsoem, Johanes Pramana Gentur Sutapa, G. Lukmandaru","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_76","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The yolk sac is a pouch that envelopes the yolk. In birds and reptiles, it is a large extraembryonic membrane throughout the embryonic period. It supports all stages of embryonic development by supplying the embryo with nutrients stored in the yolk. The yolk is absorbed by the embryo before it hatches, so that in birds, for example, it cannot be observed unless the egg is artificially cracked. In many mammalian species, the yolk sac is a temporary structure, which in humans, for example, regresses by about 15 weeks of gestation. For these reasons, the yolk sac may be considered a mere nutrient-filled sac in birds and an empty, vestigial sac in mammals and has been received less attention than other organs such as the placenta and liver. However, the yolk sac plays a crucial role in development as an extraembryonic organ that absorbs, metabolizes and distributes nutrients essential for embryonic development, contributes to early hematopoiesis and secretes proteins and growth factors necessary for embryonic growth. In this review, we summarize the studies to date and provide perspective on the function of the yolk sac, mainly focusing on avian and mammalian species.
{"title":"The Yolk Sac’s Essential Role in Embryonic Development","authors":"Mitsuhiro Shibata, Nanako Makihara, Atsushi Iwasawa","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_243","url":null,"abstract":"The yolk sac is a pouch that envelopes the yolk. In birds and reptiles, it is a large extraembryonic membrane throughout the embryonic period. It supports all stages of embryonic development by supplying the embryo with nutrients stored in the yolk. The yolk is absorbed by the embryo before it hatches, so that in birds, for example, it cannot be observed unless the egg is artificially cracked. In many mammalian species, the yolk sac is a temporary structure, which in humans, for example, regresses by about 15 weeks of gestation. For these reasons, the yolk sac may be considered a mere nutrient-filled sac in birds and an empty, vestigial sac in mammals and has been received less attention than other organs such as the placenta and liver. However, the yolk sac plays a crucial role in development as an extraembryonic organ that absorbs, metabolizes and distributes nutrients essential for embryonic development, contributes to early hematopoiesis and secretes proteins and growth factors necessary for embryonic growth. In this review, we summarize the studies to date and provide perspective on the function of the yolk sac, mainly focusing on avian and mammalian species.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136306600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sachini P. Ariyachandra, Iustus S. Alwis, Eranga M. Wimalasiri
Growing industrialization and urbanization are seriously polluting the environment with hazardous heavy metals. Heavy metal pollution has caused major consequences on human health and the environment on a global level. Economically effective and environmentally friendly methodologies and technologies are utilized globally to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils and wastewater. Phytoremediation is one of the potential technologies for the in-site treatment of heavy metal-contaminated soil and water. Over 163 plant species with the ability of metal concentration and tolerance have been discovered in the world as possible phytoremediators. Among the plant species used for phytoremediation, Cyprus rotundus is a safe and inexpensive phytoremediation agent that has a high capacity to accumulate heavy metals in its plant parts. This review provides a general overview of the phytoremediation potential of Cyperus rotundus through reviewing relevant originally published research articles. For the study, a literature survey was conducted by using articles from top academic research databases including ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Google Scholar, and PubMed. A total number of 71 originally published articles related to phytoremediation and heavy metal phytoremediation of Cyperus rotundus were selected for the review. According to previous studies, Cyperus rotundus is capable of extracting and accumulating As, Cd, Pb, Rb, Sn, and Zn in its roots and shoots when the soil is highly polluted with the aforementioned heavy metals. Moreover, Cypreus rotundus indicate a considerable value of bioconcentration factors and translocation factors to different heavy metals, whereas it emphasizes the possible remediation of heavy metals through this plant species. Consequently, Cyperus rotundus could be identified as a possible hyperaccumulator and Phytostabilizer for most heavy metals for upcoming phytoremediation studies.
{"title":"Phytoremediation Potential of Heavy Metals by <i>Cyperus rotundus</i>","authors":"Sachini P. Ariyachandra, Iustus S. Alwis, Eranga M. Wimalasiri","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_20","url":null,"abstract":"Growing industrialization and urbanization are seriously polluting the environment with hazardous heavy metals. Heavy metal pollution has caused major consequences on human health and the environment on a global level. Economically effective and environmentally friendly methodologies and technologies are utilized globally to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils and wastewater. Phytoremediation is one of the potential technologies for the in-site treatment of heavy metal-contaminated soil and water. Over 163 plant species with the ability of metal concentration and tolerance have been discovered in the world as possible phytoremediators. Among the plant species used for phytoremediation, Cyprus rotundus is a safe and inexpensive phytoremediation agent that has a high capacity to accumulate heavy metals in its plant parts. This review provides a general overview of the phytoremediation potential of Cyperus rotundus through reviewing relevant originally published research articles. For the study, a literature survey was conducted by using articles from top academic research databases including ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Google Scholar, and PubMed. A total number of 71 originally published articles related to phytoremediation and heavy metal phytoremediation of Cyperus rotundus were selected for the review. According to previous studies, Cyperus rotundus is capable of extracting and accumulating As, Cd, Pb, Rb, Sn, and Zn in its roots and shoots when the soil is highly polluted with the aforementioned heavy metals. Moreover, Cypreus rotundus indicate a considerable value of bioconcentration factors and translocation factors to different heavy metals, whereas it emphasizes the possible remediation of heavy metals through this plant species. Consequently, Cyperus rotundus could be identified as a possible hyperaccumulator and Phytostabilizer for most heavy metals for upcoming phytoremediation studies.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135126895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lee Chung Lau, Ellysha Ajien, Iqbal Taqiuddin Hanafi, Mei Ying Margaret Lee, Zakiuddin Januri, Geraldine Sue Ching Chan, J. Kinti
{"title":"Potential of Biogas Utilization for Renewable Energy Mix Contribution and Rural Electrification in Sarawak","authors":"Lee Chung Lau, Ellysha Ajien, Iqbal Taqiuddin Hanafi, Mei Ying Margaret Lee, Zakiuddin Januri, Geraldine Sue Ching Chan, J. Kinti","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_54","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Technological Advances in Soil Penetration Resistance Measurement and Prediction Algorithms","authors":"Mustafa Ahmed Jalal Al-Sammarraie, H. Kırılmaz","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_93","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aqarab Husnain Gondal, Franklin Ore Areche, María Soledad Porras-Roque, Abel Alberto Muñiz Paucarmayta, Marco Herber Muñiz Paucarmayta, Guillermo Gomer Cotrina Cabello, Jorge Washington Rodriguez-Deza
Radiofrequency radiation effects the living things including humans and plants, have recently gained considerable attention. An important factor in the expansion of radiofrequency radiations is the globalization of telecommunications networks. Mobile phone towers in Pakistan have multiplied by a large number in the last few years. Increases in mobile tower construction and tower sharing pose a threat to local flora and fauna in both urban and rural locations. Few scientists searched; how mobile phone emitted radiations affect the yield of few crops. Research on how mobile radiofrequency radiations affect molecular structure, plant cell biology, ecology and biochemical composition is compiled in the current article. Furthermore, the present study sheds light on how electromagnetic radiation from 2G and 3G cells phone affects the germination process of important staple crops. New research reveals how radiofrequency radiation affects plant ecosystems’ morphological and physiological properties. This review also emphasizes the importance of further collective and field-based empirical studies to determine the effect of mobile phone radiations on numerous plant species, which is necessary for developing effective preventative and mitigating measures.
{"title":"Fragile Effects of Mobile Phone Emitted Radiations on Agricultural Growth and Ecological Systems","authors":"Aqarab Husnain Gondal, Franklin Ore Areche, María Soledad Porras-Roque, Abel Alberto Muñiz Paucarmayta, Marco Herber Muñiz Paucarmayta, Guillermo Gomer Cotrina Cabello, Jorge Washington Rodriguez-Deza","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_137","url":null,"abstract":"Radiofrequency radiation effects the living things including humans and plants, have recently gained considerable attention. An important factor in the expansion of radiofrequency radiations is the globalization of telecommunications networks. Mobile phone towers in Pakistan have multiplied by a large number in the last few years. Increases in mobile tower construction and tower sharing pose a threat to local flora and fauna in both urban and rural locations. Few scientists searched; how mobile phone emitted radiations affect the yield of few crops. Research on how mobile radiofrequency radiations affect molecular structure, plant cell biology, ecology and biochemical composition is compiled in the current article. Furthermore, the present study sheds light on how electromagnetic radiation from 2G and 3G cells phone affects the germination process of important staple crops. New research reveals how radiofrequency radiation affects plant ecosystems’ morphological and physiological properties. This review also emphasizes the importance of further collective and field-based empirical studies to determine the effect of mobile phone radiations on numerous plant species, which is necessary for developing effective preventative and mitigating measures.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136297684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Israa L. AL-Jaryan, Tahreer M. AL-Thuwaini, Hashim H. AL-Jebory
Varieties of proteins are induced in livestock when exposed to environmental stress, among them are heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs are proteins that provide antioxidant protection in cells as well as thermotolerance. They function as chaperones, helping to fold, unfold, and refold stress-denatured proteins. Further, HSPs represent one of the most important physiological parameters for thermotolerance in livestock. This review aims to highlight the importance of heat shock protein 70 in livestock performance under heat stress. HSP types and functions are reviewed briefly with a focus on HSP70. Furthermore, this review examines the relationship between HSP70 and thermal adaptation to heat stress. Also discussed is the correlation of a high concentration of HSP70 with improved performance in livestock. HSP70 can improve animal performance by serving as a crucial factor in the adaptation process for livestock. Identifying and utilizing thermotolerant genotypes is imperative for improving livestock productivity and reproduction. For this reason, highlighting the importance of HSP70 for increasing livestock performance is valuable, and further molecular studies are necessary to determine their effectiveness.
{"title":"Heat Shock Protein 70 and Its Role in Alleviating Heat Stress and Improving Livestock Performance","authors":"Israa L. AL-Jaryan, Tahreer M. AL-Thuwaini, Hashim H. AL-Jebory","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_234","url":null,"abstract":"Varieties of proteins are induced in livestock when exposed to environmental stress, among them are heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs are proteins that provide antioxidant protection in cells as well as thermotolerance. They function as chaperones, helping to fold, unfold, and refold stress-denatured proteins. Further, HSPs represent one of the most important physiological parameters for thermotolerance in livestock. This review aims to highlight the importance of heat shock protein 70 in livestock performance under heat stress. HSP types and functions are reviewed briefly with a focus on HSP70. Furthermore, this review examines the relationship between HSP70 and thermal adaptation to heat stress. Also discussed is the correlation of a high concentration of HSP70 with improved performance in livestock. HSP70 can improve animal performance by serving as a crucial factor in the adaptation process for livestock. Identifying and utilizing thermotolerant genotypes is imperative for improving livestock productivity and reproduction. For this reason, highlighting the importance of HSP70 for increasing livestock performance is valuable, and further molecular studies are necessary to determine their effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135442727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Israa L. AL-Jaryan, Tahreer M. AL-Thuwaini, Layth H. Merzah, Ahmed H. Alkhammas
Reproductive efficiency is a crucial factor in the economic viability of small ruminant exploitation. In spite of this, few producers utilize the available reproductive technologies related to hormonal interaction, which are vital for the economic sustainability of their operations. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate the potential effects of reproductive alterations and hormone interactions during pregnancy and lactation and to determine advanced technologies for sheep reproduction. In the modern era, breeding techniques, nutrition, reproduction, and management techniques are used to produce more and better quality livestock. A combination of estrous synchronization and genetic improvements for small ruminants is needed to increase reproduction efficiency, productivity, and quality. A proper match between sheep breeds and nutritional and production environments will allow animals to express their genetic potential for enhanced production. In sheep, little information is available regarding the reproductive physiology during pregnancy and lactation. The availability of such information would enhance sheep production and reduce economic losses through improved dam performance and lamb survival. Understanding ewe reproductive physiology during pregnancy and lactation is essential for flock managers to determine their reproductive potential. Using advanced reproductive technologies could enhance the productivity of sheep, which are the most abundant ruminant livestock species.
{"title":"Reproductive Physiology and Advanced Technologies in Sheep Reproduction","authors":"Israa L. AL-Jaryan, Tahreer M. AL-Thuwaini, Layth H. Merzah, Ahmed H. Alkhammas","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_171","url":null,"abstract":"Reproductive efficiency is a crucial factor in the economic viability of small ruminant exploitation. In spite of this, few producers utilize the available reproductive technologies related to hormonal interaction, which are vital for the economic sustainability of their operations. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate the potential effects of reproductive alterations and hormone interactions during pregnancy and lactation and to determine advanced technologies for sheep reproduction. In the modern era, breeding techniques, nutrition, reproduction, and management techniques are used to produce more and better quality livestock. A combination of estrous synchronization and genetic improvements for small ruminants is needed to increase reproduction efficiency, productivity, and quality. A proper match between sheep breeds and nutritional and production environments will allow animals to express their genetic potential for enhanced production. In sheep, little information is available regarding the reproductive physiology during pregnancy and lactation. The availability of such information would enhance sheep production and reduce economic losses through improved dam performance and lamb survival. Understanding ewe reproductive physiology during pregnancy and lactation is essential for flock managers to determine their reproductive potential. Using advanced reproductive technologies could enhance the productivity of sheep, which are the most abundant ruminant livestock species.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135686598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relevance of this study is due to the fact that for the effective functioning of the enterprise in the current conditions of a dynamic and rapidly changing business environment in the long term, the requirement to develop new approaches to planning the enterprise's activities is highlighted. The purpose of the article is to analyse and identify trends in the development of agriculture. Basic research methods: analysis, regression analysis, method of forecasting, valuation method. Using the example of the cotton subcomplex, the price structure of raw cotton in the agro-industrial complex system is considered with the use of a paired regression analysis of price-forming factors. Based on the analysis, the reflection of the specific features of the agricultural sector in strategic planning is systematised. The problems of systematisation of the specific features of strategic planning in agricultural production have been investigated, a flowchart of a methodology for assessing the vertical content correspondence of strategies of different levels and problem areas of strategic planning has been drawn up, and a targeted scale was compiled for assessing the coefficient of the possibility of self-sufficiency growth in strategic planning. The features of agro-industrial production have been identified, which significantly impact the strategic planning process. The authors concluded that in order to solve the problematic trends in agricultural development, it is necessary to modernize agricultural production and the strategic planning process for agricultural development, which will reflect its development in the long term. The findings of this study can be used by specialised professionals for further study of the specifics of strategic planning in agricultural production, creating and adjusting of state target programs for the development of the agriculture industry.
{"title":"Features of Strategic Planning in Agricultural Production in Kazakhstan","authors":"Borash Myrzaliyev, Bagila Mustafayeva, Gulzada Shinet, Saule Kaltayeva, Aigul Mutaliyeva","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_1","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of this study is due to the fact that for the effective functioning of the enterprise in the current conditions of a dynamic and rapidly changing business environment in the long term, the requirement to develop new approaches to planning the enterprise's activities is highlighted. The purpose of the article is to analyse and identify trends in the development of agriculture. Basic research methods: analysis, regression analysis, method of forecasting, valuation method. Using the example of the cotton subcomplex, the price structure of raw cotton in the agro-industrial complex system is considered with the use of a paired regression analysis of price-forming factors. Based on the analysis, the reflection of the specific features of the agricultural sector in strategic planning is systematised. The problems of systematisation of the specific features of strategic planning in agricultural production have been investigated, a flowchart of a methodology for assessing the vertical content correspondence of strategies of different levels and problem areas of strategic planning has been drawn up, and a targeted scale was compiled for assessing the coefficient of the possibility of self-sufficiency growth in strategic planning. The features of agro-industrial production have been identified, which significantly impact the strategic planning process. The authors concluded that in order to solve the problematic trends in agricultural development, it is necessary to modernize agricultural production and the strategic planning process for agricultural development, which will reflect its development in the long term. The findings of this study can be used by specialised professionals for further study of the specifics of strategic planning in agricultural production, creating and adjusting of state target programs for the development of the agriculture industry.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135419946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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