The stratified British sheep production system is a three-tier production system that includes the hill, the upland, and the lowland subsystems. In the hills, pure-breed ewes are kept, and draft five-year ewes are brought down to the uplands where they can still have a couple of years of productive life. In the uplands, the hill ewes are mated with an upland sire. This first cross brings together hardiness, and mothering abilities to produce dams of the Prime Lamb. These are brought further down to the Lowlands where they are mated to a Terminal Sire to produce the Prime Lamb. The system takes advantage of maternal and individual heterosis and complementarity of breeds. The system marked the British sheep industry of the 20th century, however, the new challenges faced by the industry may end this unique production system. The objective of this revision is to construct a single document easily accessible to scholars explaining the Stratified British Sheep Production System.
{"title":"Historical Review of the Stratified British Sheep Production System","authors":"Fernando Mata","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_217","url":null,"abstract":"The stratified British sheep production system is a three-tier production system that includes the hill, the upland, and the lowland subsystems. In the hills, pure-breed ewes are kept, and draft five-year ewes are brought down to the uplands where they can still have a couple of years of productive life. In the uplands, the hill ewes are mated with an upland sire. This first cross brings together hardiness, and mothering abilities to produce dams of the Prime Lamb. These are brought further down to the Lowlands where they are mated to a Terminal Sire to produce the Prime Lamb. The system takes advantage of maternal and individual heterosis and complementarity of breeds. The system marked the British sheep industry of the 20th century, however, the new challenges faced by the industry may end this unique production system. The objective of this revision is to construct a single document easily accessible to scholars explaining the Stratified British Sheep Production System.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135442891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laila Dini Harisa, None Darmawan, Dicky Aldian, Masato Yayota
The increased animal production in recent decades has increased manure production, which has become a significant source of agricultural waste. Although the abundant nutrient content in manure has the potential to be used as an alternative fertilizer, its natural decomposition process will be harmful to the environment. Composting and using manure as organic fertilizer have an adverse effect on the environment, as manure emits CO2, CH4, and N2O, which are harmful to the environment. Converting this animal waste into biochar through pyrolysis might be a better way to apply it to the soil. We reviewed papers to determine the potential of agricultural waste biochar, focusing on animal waste biochar, to combat soil quality degradation and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Due to the scarcity of animal waste biochar information, some discussions are based on other agricultural waste types, mainly rice hull and corncob biochar. Applying biochar has been proven to be a suitable method for improving soil quality, forage productivity and reducing GHG emissions. More detailed research is needed to evaluate the potential of animal waste biochar in this regard.
{"title":"The Potential of Agricultural Waste Biochar in Enhancing Soil Quality, Forage Productivity and Mitigating Greenhouse Gases Emission","authors":"Laila Dini Harisa, None Darmawan, Dicky Aldian, Masato Yayota","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_271","url":null,"abstract":"The increased animal production in recent decades has increased manure production, which has become a significant source of agricultural waste. Although the abundant nutrient content in manure has the potential to be used as an alternative fertilizer, its natural decomposition process will be harmful to the environment. Composting and using manure as organic fertilizer have an adverse effect on the environment, as manure emits CO2, CH4, and N2O, which are harmful to the environment. Converting this animal waste into biochar through pyrolysis might be a better way to apply it to the soil. We reviewed papers to determine the potential of agricultural waste biochar, focusing on animal waste biochar, to combat soil quality degradation and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Due to the scarcity of animal waste biochar information, some discussions are based on other agricultural waste types, mainly rice hull and corncob biochar. Applying biochar has been proven to be a suitable method for improving soil quality, forage productivity and reducing GHG emissions. More detailed research is needed to evaluate the potential of animal waste biochar in this regard.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136306603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lilian A. Ouma, Erick K. Cheruiyot, Joshua O. Ogendo
Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] synthesize cyanogenic glycoside known as dhurrin. Fresh vegetative sorghum will rapidly liberate hydrogen cyanide from dhurrin upon disruption of cells in which they are stored in the plant tissue. Dhurrin production has been reported in Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers) and Columbus grass (Sorghum almum). It is synthesized from amino acid tyrosine by the sequential action of two cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP79A1 and CYP71E1). Dhurrin is believed to play a role in defense against pathogens, insect pests, herbivores and in regulation of metabolic processes. The metabolic processes highlighted in this review are those associated with plant growth and development and regulation of germination. It appears that dhurrin production in sorghum could be developmentally and environmentally regulated and controlled at the transcriptional level. This review focuses on dhurrin synthesis pathway, roles in sorghum, the main signaling molecule and research gaps.
{"title":"Biosynthesis and Role of Dhurrin in Forage Sorghum","authors":"Lilian A. Ouma, Erick K. Cheruiyot, Joshua O. Ogendo","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_259","url":null,"abstract":"Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] synthesize cyanogenic glycoside known as dhurrin. Fresh vegetative sorghum will rapidly liberate hydrogen cyanide from dhurrin upon disruption of cells in which they are stored in the plant tissue. Dhurrin production has been reported in Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers) and Columbus grass (Sorghum almum). It is synthesized from amino acid tyrosine by the sequential action of two cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP79A1 and CYP71E1). Dhurrin is believed to play a role in defense against pathogens, insect pests, herbivores and in regulation of metabolic processes. The metabolic processes highlighted in this review are those associated with plant growth and development and regulation of germination. It appears that dhurrin production in sorghum could be developmentally and environmentally regulated and controlled at the transcriptional level. This review focuses on dhurrin synthesis pathway, roles in sorghum, the main signaling molecule and research gaps.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136306847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nichapat Keawmanee, Gang Ma, Lancui Zhang, Masaya Kato
Chlorophyll and carotenoid are the main pigments that are responsible for coloration of citrus fruit. The changes in their contents are related to the development stage in citrus fruit. During fruit maturation, carotenoids are massively accumulated in the flavedo and juice sacs, while the chlorophyll contents decreased rapidly. In contrast, the increase of chlorophyll content and decrease of carotenoid contents are observed in the fruit during regreening process. In addition, plant hormones and environmental conditions play important roles in the regulation of color development and the changes of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in citrus fruit. In this review, we summarized the changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in the flavedo and juice sacs of citrus fruit during fruit maturation and regreening process. Current understanding on the molecular mechanisms that regulated the chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolisms in citrus fruit are discussed. Moreover, the effects of plant hormones and environmental conditions on chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation are also presented in this review.
{"title":"Regulation of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Metabolism in Citrus Fruit During Maturation and Regreening","authors":"Nichapat Keawmanee, Gang Ma, Lancui Zhang, Masaya Kato","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_203","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorophyll and carotenoid are the main pigments that are responsible for coloration of citrus fruit. The changes in their contents are related to the development stage in citrus fruit. During fruit maturation, carotenoids are massively accumulated in the flavedo and juice sacs, while the chlorophyll contents decreased rapidly. In contrast, the increase of chlorophyll content and decrease of carotenoid contents are observed in the fruit during regreening process. In addition, plant hormones and environmental conditions play important roles in the regulation of color development and the changes of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in citrus fruit. In this review, we summarized the changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in the flavedo and juice sacs of citrus fruit during fruit maturation and regreening process. Current understanding on the molecular mechanisms that regulated the chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolisms in citrus fruit are discussed. Moreover, the effects of plant hormones and environmental conditions on chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation are also presented in this review.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136116154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Employment of people with disabilities in the agricultural sector has an important role to play in solving labor shortages in the agricultural sector and in promoting employment of people with disabilities in the welfare sector. This review summarizes the development process and overall information on agricultural and welfare initiatives in Japan, and examines future possibilities and challenges by comparing them with social agricultural initiatives overseas. In the United States, agricultural support for people with disabilities is provided in collaboration with state governments and state universities such as AgrAbility. In the Netherlands, care farms are focusing on psychotherapy and exercise training for the disabled and elderly. In Italy, there are many examples of social agriculture initiatives in which socially vulnerable people participate in agricultural activities to improve their health and well-being. In Japan, the participation of people with disabilities in agriculture is attracting attention as a means of providing employment opportunities for people with disabilities and as bearers of agriculture. There are various forms of cooperation between agriculture and welfare, including “direct employment”, “welfare completion”, “inter-group cooperation”, and “intra-group cooperation”. When people with disabilities participate in agricultural activities through any of these types of partnerships, there are issues such as problems that arise when welfare facilities enter the agriculture, understanding of people with disabilities by those involved in agriculture, burdens on the agricultural side to create a working environment for people with disabilities, and lack of support systems such as government for agricultural-food welfare partnerships. Another issue is the expansion of partnership between agriculture and welfare. In order to expand the partnership, there is a lack of human resources and networks that are well versed in both agriculture and welfare.
{"title":"Potential People of Disability in Agriculture, as Social Farming in Japan, Compared with Other Countries","authors":"None Guirong, Shinya Oba","doi":"10.7831/ras.11.0_181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.11.0_181","url":null,"abstract":"Employment of people with disabilities in the agricultural sector has an important role to play in solving labor shortages in the agricultural sector and in promoting employment of people with disabilities in the welfare sector. This review summarizes the development process and overall information on agricultural and welfare initiatives in Japan, and examines future possibilities and challenges by comparing them with social agricultural initiatives overseas. In the United States, agricultural support for people with disabilities is provided in collaboration with state governments and state universities such as AgrAbility. In the Netherlands, care farms are focusing on psychotherapy and exercise training for the disabled and elderly. In Italy, there are many examples of social agriculture initiatives in which socially vulnerable people participate in agricultural activities to improve their health and well-being. In Japan, the participation of people with disabilities in agriculture is attracting attention as a means of providing employment opportunities for people with disabilities and as bearers of agriculture. There are various forms of cooperation between agriculture and welfare, including “direct employment”, “welfare completion”, “inter-group cooperation”, and “intra-group cooperation”. When people with disabilities participate in agricultural activities through any of these types of partnerships, there are issues such as problems that arise when welfare facilities enter the agriculture, understanding of people with disabilities by those involved in agriculture, burdens on the agricultural side to create a working environment for people with disabilities, and lack of support systems such as government for agricultural-food welfare partnerships. Another issue is the expansion of partnership between agriculture and welfare. In order to expand the partnership, there is a lack of human resources and networks that are well versed in both agriculture and welfare.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136116541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food insecurity throughout Sub-Saharan African countries is a common problem and needs a sustainable solution to improve crop yield production, rather than agricultural area expansion. Vegetables are important in sustaining the livelihood of many small-scale and subsistence farmers throughout Sub-Saharan African and contain vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids, none has cholesterol and most are low in fat and calories. Vegetables also high in fiber, which helps keep the digestive system healthy. Vegetable production in Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous agronomic constraints that will have to be overcome to feed the increasing population and to fight malnutrition. Major areas on the continent consequently experience nutrient limitation as a major yield gap component, especially in densely populated areas. Now a day one possible solution may come from insect farming, a growing industry with broad potential. Black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens L) feces (frass) may have great potential as a valuable organic bio-fertilizer by positively affecting soil fertility and ultimately vegetable yields. However, the understanding of this positive effect of frass is still limited in our community and very few researchers are trying to determine the effects of this bio-fertilizer on vegetable growth and soil fertility amendment and to explore the utilization of this waste product as a novel organic bio-fertilizer. As nitrogen and phosphorus uptake observed in plots treated with black soldier fly frass fertilizer compared to plots treated with the commercial organic and mineral fertilizers could be attributed to better supply and availability of nutrients from the newly introduced frass fertilize. Clearly black soldier fly frass fertilizer performed better than commercial and inorganic fertilizer. Therefore, further study and awareness creation should be conducted to promote the feasibility of black soldier fly frass bio-fertilizer in vegetable production and its role in soil fertility amendment.
{"title":"Role of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetiaillucens) Larvae Frass Bio-fertilizer on Vegetable Growth and Sustainable Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Gemechu Nedi Terfa","doi":"10.7831/RAS.9.0_92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.9.0_92","url":null,"abstract":"Food insecurity throughout Sub-Saharan African countries is a common problem and needs a sustainable solution to improve crop yield production, rather than agricultural area expansion. Vegetables are important in sustaining the livelihood of many small-scale and subsistence farmers throughout Sub-Saharan African and contain vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids, none has cholesterol and most are low in fat and calories. Vegetables also high in fiber, which helps keep the digestive system healthy. Vegetable production in Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous agronomic constraints that will have to be overcome to feed the increasing population and to fight malnutrition. Major areas on the continent consequently experience nutrient limitation as a major yield gap component, especially in densely populated areas. Now a day one possible solution may come from insect farming, a growing industry with broad potential. Black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens L) feces (frass) may have great potential as a valuable organic bio-fertilizer by positively affecting soil fertility and ultimately vegetable yields. However, the understanding of this positive effect of frass is still limited in our community and very few researchers are trying to determine the effects of this bio-fertilizer on vegetable growth and soil fertility amendment and to explore the utilization of this waste product as a novel organic bio-fertilizer. As nitrogen and phosphorus uptake observed in plots treated with black soldier fly frass fertilizer compared to plots treated with the commercial organic and mineral fertilizers could be attributed to better supply and availability of nutrients from the newly introduced frass fertilize. Clearly black soldier fly frass fertilizer performed better than commercial and inorganic fertilizer. Therefore, further study and awareness creation should be conducted to promote the feasibility of black soldier fly frass bio-fertilizer in vegetable production and its role in soil fertility amendment.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71254411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mounting evidence elucidates the impact of gut microbiota on the maintenance of host’s physical and psychological conditions. The gut microbiota can produce its effects through neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. Specific gut members, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, have shown unique abilities to affect the host’s mental health, and hence, they are called psychobiotics. Several studies, on both rodents and humans, have confirmed the role of Bifidobacterium in the regulation of anxiety, mood, cognition, and pain. Here, we summarize the currently available evidence that suggests the roles of bifidobacteria in gut microbiota–brain communication and highlight the prospects of this research field. The action of Bifidobacterium has been found to be strain specific. We discuss here the currently reported mechanisms of action of different Bifidobacterium strains. However, more strategic investigations are needed to fully understand the detailed mechanisms of action of Bifidobacterium as psychobiotic bacteria.
{"title":"Bifidobacteria and Psychobiotic Therapy: Current Evidence and Future Prospects","authors":"Hend Altaib, Y. Badr, Tohru Suzuki","doi":"10.7831/RAS.9.0_74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.9.0_74","url":null,"abstract":"Mounting evidence elucidates the impact of gut microbiota on the maintenance of host’s physical and psychological conditions. The gut microbiota can produce its effects through neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. Specific gut members, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, have shown unique abilities to affect the host’s mental health, and hence, they are called psychobiotics. Several studies, on both rodents and humans, have confirmed the role of Bifidobacterium in the regulation of anxiety, mood, cognition, and pain. Here, we summarize the currently available evidence that suggests the roles of bifidobacteria in gut microbiota–brain communication and highlight the prospects of this research field. The action of Bifidobacterium has been found to be strain specific. We discuss here the currently reported mechanisms of action of different Bifidobacterium strains. However, more strategic investigations are needed to fully understand the detailed mechanisms of action of Bifidobacterium as psychobiotic bacteria.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71254537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mehdizadeh, Waseem Mushtaq, S. Siddiqui, S. Ayadi, P. Kaur, S. Yeboah, Sargol Mazraedoost, D. Al-Taey, Koko Tampubolon
Environmental pollution is one of the most critical issues concerning the quality of the environment and threatens the human safety due to bioaccumulation. The extensive application of pesticides causes great public concern about the negative impacts on the environment and human health. Herbicides have been used for weed management and to prevent the yield loss of agricultural products. In recent years, the environment’s quality is extensively considered due to the enormous pesticide application in agroecosystems. There are some different pathways for the degradation of herbicides in the environment, including biodegradation, chemical degradation, photodegradation, uptake by target or non-target plants, adsorption to soil particles and leaching. Assessing the environmental risks of herbicides before mass production, commercialization, and distribution is very important. The presence of herbicide residues in the environment has become a fundamental problem in many countries. Bioassay and analytical methods could identify, detect, and quantify herbicide residues in the environment. In this review paper, the fate, detection methods, and effect of herbicides on non-target plants have been discussed.
{"title":"Herbicide Residues in Agroecosystems: Fate, Detection, and Effect on Non-Target Plants","authors":"M. Mehdizadeh, Waseem Mushtaq, S. Siddiqui, S. Ayadi, P. Kaur, S. Yeboah, Sargol Mazraedoost, D. Al-Taey, Koko Tampubolon","doi":"10.7831/ras.9.0_157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.9.0_157","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental pollution is one of the most critical issues concerning the quality of the environment and threatens the human safety due to bioaccumulation. The extensive application of pesticides causes great public concern about the negative impacts on the environment and human health. Herbicides have been used for weed management and to prevent the yield loss of agricultural products. In recent years, the environment’s quality is extensively considered due to the enormous pesticide application in agroecosystems. There are some different pathways for the degradation of herbicides in the environment, including biodegradation, chemical degradation, photodegradation, uptake by target or non-target plants, adsorption to soil particles and leaching. Assessing the environmental risks of herbicides before mass production, commercialization, and distribution is very important. The presence of herbicide residues in the environment has become a fundamental problem in many countries. Bioassay and analytical methods could identify, detect, and quantify herbicide residues in the environment. In this review paper, the fate, detection methods, and effect of herbicides on non-target plants have been discussed.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aqarab Husnain Gondal, Koko Tampubolon, Muhammad Danish Toor, Muqarab Ali
Water is an essential input for agricultural development and irrigated agriculture. However, groundwater reliance is rising due to lack of canal water and is often inferior quality, costly, scarce, and ultimately expensive for smallholders. Moreover, as hunger rises daily due to population growth, additional irrigation water systems are needed to extend the cropping patterns. Therefore, wastewater (WW) use in agriculture has been increased on a growing scale over the last decades due to its fertilizing capacity and decrease in canal water and freshwater availability. It enhances soil productivity by contributing organic matter contents and preserves water and nutrients for plants. Various traditional treatments such as primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments are being used, but more working is required due to health and environmental issues. Therefore, the end product of tertiary treatments could be mixed with different water sources (for dilution), phytoremediator plants in channels and use of microbes that eat waste food could be adopted because the maximum crop yield is primarily determined by water quality, as well as climatic conditions, water management practices, chemical and physical soil properties. Besides, we can minimize the all-potential risks associated with agricultural activities and production via strengthened strategies, systemic dialogues, and financial frameworks. The present review discusses WW irrigation are that it provides a safer water source to the farmers and has the beneficial elements of providing essential plant nutrients after treatment and environmental sustainability.
{"title":"Pragmatic and Fragile Effects of Wastewater on a Soil-Plant-Air Continuum and Its Remediation Measures: A Perspective","authors":"Aqarab Husnain Gondal, Koko Tampubolon, Muhammad Danish Toor, Muqarab Ali","doi":"10.7831/ras.9.0_249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.9.0_249","url":null,"abstract":"Water is an essential input for agricultural development and irrigated agriculture. However, groundwater reliance is rising due to lack of canal water and is often inferior quality, costly, scarce, and ultimately expensive for smallholders. Moreover, as hunger rises daily due to population growth, additional irrigation water systems are needed to extend the cropping patterns. Therefore, wastewater (WW) use in agriculture has been increased on a growing scale over the last decades due to its fertilizing capacity and decrease in canal water and freshwater availability. It enhances soil productivity by contributing organic matter contents and preserves water and nutrients for plants. Various traditional treatments such as primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments are being used, but more working is required due to health and environmental issues. Therefore, the end product of tertiary treatments could be mixed with different water sources (for dilution), phytoremediator plants in channels and use of microbes that eat waste food could be adopted because the maximum crop yield is primarily determined by water quality, as well as climatic conditions, water management practices, chemical and physical soil properties. Besides, we can minimize the all-potential risks associated with agricultural activities and production via strengthened strategies, systemic dialogues, and financial frameworks. The present review discusses WW irrigation are that it provides a safer water source to the farmers and has the beneficial elements of providing essential plant nutrients after treatment and environmental sustainability.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71254134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) is a cosmopolitan fungal lineage with production of a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites including mycotoxins, pigments and plant hormones. The FFSC includes many important plant pathogens. Fusarium fujikuroi, a member of the FFSC, causes rice bakane disease and has been recognized as the exclusive gibberellin (GA) producer for a long time. However, other species such as Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium sacchari and Fusarium konzum in the FFSC were also identified to produce GA in recent 20 years. GA biosynthesis is conferred by a gene cluster including 7 adjacent genes (GA gene cluster). Expression of the GA genes is activated under limited nitrogen conditions. GA lowor non-production in most FFSC species was revealed to attribute to a partial deletion of the GA gene cluster, malfunction or low expression of the GA genes although the cause has not been fully elucidated. It has been reported that transcriptional factors, signaling components, global regulators and histone modification are involved in regulation of the GA gene expression.
fujikuroi镰刀菌种复合体(Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, FFSC)是一个世界性的真菌谱系，具有广泛的次生代谢产物，包括真菌毒素、色素和植物激素。FFSC包括许多重要的植物病原体。镰刀菌素fujikuroi, FFSC成员,使大米bakane疾病和被公认为独家赤霉素(GA)生产了很长一段时间。然而，近20年来，在FFSC中也发现了增殖镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)、糖化镰刀菌(Fusarium sacchari)和konzum镰刀菌(Fusarium konzum)等其他菌种产生赤霉病。GA的生物合成是由一个包含7个相邻基因的基因簇(GA基因簇)决定的。在有限的氮条件下，GA基因的表达被激活。在大多数FFSC物种中，GA低产或不产归因于GA基因簇的部分缺失、功能障碍或GA基因的低表达，尽管原因尚未完全阐明。据报道，转录因子、信号组分、全局调节因子和组蛋白修饰参与了GA基因表达的调控。
{"title":"Genetic Background of Variable Gibberellin Production in the Fusarium Fujikuroi Species Complex","authors":"W. Bao, H. Suga","doi":"10.7831/ras.9.0_32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.9.0_32","url":null,"abstract":"The Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) is a cosmopolitan fungal lineage with production of a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites including mycotoxins, pigments and plant hormones. The FFSC includes many important plant pathogens. Fusarium fujikuroi, a member of the FFSC, causes rice bakane disease and has been recognized as the exclusive gibberellin (GA) producer for a long time. However, other species such as Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium sacchari and Fusarium konzum in the FFSC were also identified to produce GA in recent 20 years. GA biosynthesis is conferred by a gene cluster including 7 adjacent genes (GA gene cluster). Expression of the GA genes is activated under limited nitrogen conditions. GA lowor non-production in most FFSC species was revealed to attribute to a partial deletion of the GA gene cluster, malfunction or low expression of the GA genes although the cause has not been fully elucidated. It has been reported that transcriptional factors, signaling components, global regulators and histone modification are involved in regulation of the GA gene expression.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71254291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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