D. Hapsari, T. Onishi, F. Imaizumi, K. Noda, M. Senge
The suspended sediment load in river water is an important index for the soil erosion rate in the watersheds of designated rivers. Amongst the various methods for estimating the suspended sediment load, the most frequently used one is the sediment rating curve. The sediment rating curve can aid in the understanding of the relationship between the behaviour of the suspended sediment transport and the discharge flow for estimating soil erosion. However, the rating curve tends to underestimate the actual values of both the suspended sediment load and the suspended sediment concentration during high discharge and to overestimate them during low discharge. The aim of the present paper is to confirm how to use the sediment rating curve to estimate soil erosion under its limitations and benefits. The accuracy of sediment rating curve is affected by various factors, including seasons, discharge stages, catchment area, and sampling frequency. In many cases, it cannot be concluded easily that sediment rating curve is the best method to estimate suspended sediment load. At the same time, there is no other method that is simple and commonly used for the estimation of suspended sediment load, as the sediment rating curve. Efforts on the improvement of the sediment rating curve, such as data separation among the seasons and the increasing of sampling frequency, are needed for the better estimation as well as the accuracy of suspended sediment load.
{"title":"The Use of Sediment Rating Curve under its Limitations to Estimate the Suspended Load","authors":"D. Hapsari, T. Onishi, F. Imaizumi, K. Noda, M. Senge","doi":"10.7831/ras.7.0_88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.7.0_88","url":null,"abstract":"The suspended sediment load in river water is an important index for the soil erosion rate in the watersheds of designated rivers. Amongst the various methods for estimating the suspended sediment load, the most frequently used one is the sediment rating curve. The sediment rating curve can aid in the understanding of the relationship between the behaviour of the suspended sediment transport and the discharge flow for estimating soil erosion. However, the rating curve tends to underestimate the actual values of both the suspended sediment load and the suspended sediment concentration during high discharge and to overestimate them during low discharge. The aim of the present paper is to confirm how to use the sediment rating curve to estimate soil erosion under its limitations and benefits. The accuracy of sediment rating curve is affected by various factors, including seasons, discharge stages, catchment area, and sampling frequency. In many cases, it cannot be concluded easily that sediment rating curve is the best method to estimate suspended sediment load. At the same time, there is no other method that is simple and commonly used for the estimation of suspended sediment load, as the sediment rating curve. Efforts on the improvement of the sediment rating curve, such as data separation among the seasons and the increasing of sampling frequency, are needed for the better estimation as well as the accuracy of suspended sediment load.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7831/ras.7.0_88","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2002, our research muse has been owl monkey (Aotus), a native to Neo-tropical region. Due to their evolutionary choice of nocturnal life, owl monkeys do possess many secrets which diurnal living species like humans still cannot fathom. As of now, nothing is known about the circadian variation of melatonin in owl monkeys. Simply stated, two established facts are, (1) melatonin promotes sleep in diurnal primates including humans. (2) Melatonin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, serum and plasma of diurnal primates like rhesus monkey, chacma baboon, common marmoset and humans peak during night hours. If this is so, how owl monkeys maintain their night alertness and daytime sleep routine and what role melatonin plays in the circadian zeitgebers of owl monkeys still remains a puzzle to be solved.
{"title":"Owl monkey and melatonin puzzle","authors":"S. Kantha, J. Suzuki","doi":"10.7831/RAS.7.0_84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.7.0_84","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2002, our research muse has been owl monkey (Aotus), a native to Neo-tropical region. Due to their evolutionary choice of nocturnal life, owl monkeys do possess many secrets which diurnal living species like humans still cannot fathom. As of now, nothing is known about the circadian variation of melatonin in owl monkeys. Simply stated, two established facts are, (1) melatonin promotes sleep in diurnal primates including humans. (2) Melatonin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, serum and plasma of diurnal primates like rhesus monkey, chacma baboon, common marmoset and humans peak during night hours. If this is so, how owl monkeys maintain their night alertness and daytime sleep routine and what role melatonin plays in the circadian zeitgebers of owl monkeys still remains a puzzle to be solved.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7831/RAS.7.0_84","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Systemic Delivery of Small Interfering RNA Therapeutics: Obstacles and Advances","authors":"Akash Chandela, Y. Ueno","doi":"10.7831/RAS.7.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.7.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7831/RAS.7.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Potato (Solanum tuberosum), is the most consumed vegetable in Bangladesh throughout the year round. Due to the suitable environment, potato production is increased day by day and in 2019 Bangladesh became the seventh largest potato producing country in the world. Now the amount of production is more than the demand and hence from recent few years Bangladesh starts to exports potato and its associated food products to the different countries in the world. Unemployment problem is very common in the developing countries like Bangladesh but potato gives an opportunity to solve the problem and also help to eradicate the situation of hunger. Though bumper harvest of potato is very common in Bangladesh but the growers are sometimes devoid of to get the fair price due to the extreme margin by the middlemen. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the present situation of potato production, storage, marketing system, and export. The major findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, poor transportation system, inadequate storage facilities, lack of capital, lack of knowledge of farmers about market price, illiteracy, and syndicate system of middlemen are some key factors for inefficient marketing system of potato in Bangladesh. Secondly, giving the increased important in potato is not the ultimate solution, instantly improve the marketing mechanism of potato is required for Bangladesh. Finally, it is exigent that government needs to take the obligatory steps for the sustainable production and marketing system of potato in Bangladesh.
{"title":"PRODUCTION, MARKETING SYSTEM, STORAGE AND FUTURE ASPECT OF POTATO IN BANGLADESH","authors":"Utsarika Singha, S. Maezawa","doi":"10.7831/RAS.7.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.7.29","url":null,"abstract":"Potato (Solanum tuberosum), is the most consumed vegetable in Bangladesh throughout the year round. Due to the suitable environment, potato production is increased day by day and in 2019 Bangladesh became the seventh largest potato producing country in the world. Now the amount of production is more than the demand and hence from recent few years Bangladesh starts to exports potato and its associated food products to the different countries in the world. Unemployment problem is very common in the developing countries like Bangladesh but potato gives an opportunity to solve the problem and also help to eradicate the situation of hunger. Though bumper harvest of potato is very common in Bangladesh but the growers are sometimes devoid of to get the fair price due to the extreme margin by the middlemen. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the present situation of potato production, storage, marketing system, and export. The major findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, poor transportation system, inadequate storage facilities, lack of capital, lack of knowledge of farmers about market price, illiteracy, and syndicate system of middlemen are some key factors for inefficient marketing system of potato in Bangladesh. Secondly, giving the increased important in potato is not the ultimate solution, instantly improve the marketing mechanism of potato is required for Bangladesh. Finally, it is exigent that government needs to take the obligatory steps for the sustainable production and marketing system of potato in Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7831/RAS.7.29","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fakfan Luangapai, Methavee Peanparkdee, S. Iwamoto
Chitosan is an N-deacetylate derivative of chitin, which can be found in crustaceans, insects, and fungi. In several studies, chitosan is pursued to be applied as an optional biopolymeric material in food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. Owing to its high commercially potential properties, including good film forming ability, physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity and non-toxicity, chitosan has been widely used as an active material for formation of edible films. Chitosan based films can be manu-factured for packaging, especially for edible food packaging. This is in accordance with green-consumption, which involves preference to materials derived from natural sources rather than synthetic substances. This manuscript provides an overview of the extensive research on chitosan properties, applications, and further aspect of chitosan based approach in food industries.
{"title":"Biopolymer films for food industries: properties, applications, and future aspects based on chitosan","authors":"Fakfan Luangapai, Methavee Peanparkdee, S. Iwamoto","doi":"10.7831/RAS.7.0_59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.7.0_59","url":null,"abstract":"Chitosan is an N-deacetylate derivative of chitin, which can be found in crustaceans, insects, and fungi. In several studies, chitosan is pursued to be applied as an optional biopolymeric material in food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. Owing to its high commercially potential properties, including good film forming ability, physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity and non-toxicity, chitosan has been widely used as an active material for formation of edible films. Chitosan based films can be manu-factured for packaging, especially for edible food packaging. This is in accordance with green-consumption, which involves preference to materials derived from natural sources rather than synthetic substances. This manuscript provides an overview of the extensive research on chitosan properties, applications, and further aspect of chitosan based approach in food industries.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7831/RAS.7.0_59","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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