Sesbania species grow mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world as multipurpose legume crops. These are very important part of sustainable agriculture and also for diverse industrial or other uses. But their production has compromised due to lack of interest among farmers and presence of constraints, rendering it appropriate to use as a food crop. Improvement has lagged in Sesbania species because of the unavailability of the gene pool, along with self-incompatibility in closely related species. Lacunae in improvement of its species could overcome with the help of biotechnological tools that could transfer genes in distantly related species, too. Mostly, an efficient and reproducible regeneration system is a prerequisite for efficient transgenic plant production. However, progress has made towards in vitro regeneration in various Sesbania species such as S. bispinosa, S. grandiflora, S. sesban using hypocotyl explants and using cotyledonary node explants in S. drumondii and S. rostrata. Considerable success has also been obtained in plant regeneration via somatic embryos in S. sesban and via protoplasts in S. bispinosa. But, till date only in S. drumondii one report on generation of transgenic plants is available, where T0 plants have been obtained using cotyledonary node explants. In this regard, the current paper highlights the in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation protocols developed so far in Sesbania species along with future directives towards improvement of this important genus.
田菁是一种多用途豆科作物，主要生长在热带和亚热带地区。这些是可持续农业的重要组成部分，也是各种工业或其他用途的重要组成部分。但由于农民缺乏兴趣和存在限制，它们的生产受到影响，使其适合用作粮食作物。由于基因库的缺乏，以及近亲物种的自交不亲和，田葵物种的改良滞后。在生物技术工具的帮助下，物种改良中的缺陷也可以克服，生物技术工具也可以将基因转移到远亲物种中。在大多数情况下，高效和可再生的再生系统是高效转基因植物生产的先决条件。然而，利用下胚轴外植体和利用子叶结外植体在多品种田葵(S. bispinosa, S. grandiflora, S. sesban)和S. drumondii和S. rostrata的离体再生方面取得了进展。在山楂的体细胞胚再生和山楂的原生质体再生方面也取得了相当大的成功。但是，迄今为止，只有一篇关于drumondii转基因植株产生的报道，其中使用子叶节外植体获得了60株植株。在这方面，本文重点介绍了迄今为止在田菁属中开发的体外再生和遗传转化方案，以及未来对这一重要属的改进指示。
{"title":"Scenario of in Vitro Regeneration and Transformation Studies in Multipurpose Sesbania Species","authors":"Nikhil Mehta, P. Rao, R. Saini","doi":"10.7831/ras.9.0_168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.9.0_168","url":null,"abstract":"Sesbania species grow mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world as multipurpose legume crops. These are very important part of sustainable agriculture and also for diverse industrial or other uses. But their production has compromised due to lack of interest among farmers and presence of constraints, rendering it appropriate to use as a food crop. Improvement has lagged in Sesbania species because of the unavailability of the gene pool, along with self-incompatibility in closely related species. Lacunae in improvement of its species could overcome with the help of biotechnological tools that could transfer genes in distantly related species, too. Mostly, an efficient and reproducible regeneration system is a prerequisite for efficient transgenic plant production. However, progress has made towards in vitro regeneration in various Sesbania species such as S. bispinosa, S. grandiflora, S. sesban using hypocotyl explants and using cotyledonary node explants in S. drumondii and S. rostrata. Considerable success has also been obtained in plant regeneration via somatic embryos in S. sesban and via protoplasts in S. bispinosa. But, till date only in S. drumondii one report on generation of transgenic plants is available, where T0 plants have been obtained using cotyledonary node explants. In this regard, the current paper highlights the in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation protocols developed so far in Sesbania species along with future directives towards improvement of this important genus.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71254003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of synthetic chemicals has increased drastically due to industrialization and urbanization. However, the long-term and indiscriminate use of these chemicals has a negative impact on environment and human health; thus, public concerns about the hazardous effects of such synthetic chemicals are increasing day by day. To solve these problems, the exploitation of potential alternatives has become a major challenge, and the admiration of beneficial microbes is increasing due to their safe and environment-friendly nature. Microbes can mitigate the hazardous effects of synthetic chemicals by reducing their use and toxicity. Lysinibacillus species are gram-positive, spore-forming, motile bacteria. This genus was previously designated as Bacillus spp. under the family Bacillaceae of the phylum Firmicutes. For a long period of time, Lysinibacillus is well-known for its insecticidal activity against various insects, including mosquitoes, which are the vector of several human diseases. In addition, some Lysinibacillus species have a potential for heavy metal remediation. In recent years, Lysinibacillus spp. are attracting the researchers’ attention as plant growth-promoting and disease control agents, which would be used as alternatives to agrochemicals. This study gives an overview of the entomopathogenic, bioremediation, plant growth-promoting, and biological disease control abilities of the genus Lysinibacillus.
{"title":"Lysinibacillus Species: Their Potential as Effective Bioremediation, Biostimulant, and Biocontrol Agents","authors":"N. Ahsan, M. Shimizu","doi":"10.7831/RAS.9.0_103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.9.0_103","url":null,"abstract":"The use of synthetic chemicals has increased drastically due to industrialization and urbanization. However, the long-term and indiscriminate use of these chemicals has a negative impact on environment and human health; thus, public concerns about the hazardous effects of such synthetic chemicals are increasing day by day. To solve these problems, the exploitation of potential alternatives has become a major challenge, and the admiration of beneficial microbes is increasing due to their safe and environment-friendly nature. Microbes can mitigate the hazardous effects of synthetic chemicals by reducing their use and toxicity. Lysinibacillus species are gram-positive, spore-forming, motile bacteria. This genus was previously designated as Bacillus spp. under the family Bacillaceae of the phylum Firmicutes. For a long period of time, Lysinibacillus is well-known for its insecticidal activity against various insects, including mosquitoes, which are the vector of several human diseases. In addition, some Lysinibacillus species have a potential for heavy metal remediation. In recent years, Lysinibacillus spp. are attracting the researchers’ attention as plant growth-promoting and disease control agents, which would be used as alternatives to agrochemicals. This study gives an overview of the entomopathogenic, bioremediation, plant growth-promoting, and biological disease control abilities of the genus Lysinibacillus.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71254063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The status of chocolate as functional food is still questionable for some other people as chocolate can also give some adverse effect due to its high fat and sugar content. To overcome this issue, some attempts have made by food scientist to produce chocolate with high potential health benefits and minimum adverse effects such as by fat reduction, sugar replacement and probiotic supplementation. Some of sugar replacer are providentially identified as prebiotic substances. This review, therefore, deeply discuss the potential use of probiotics and sugar replacer in chocolate. The health benefit as well as the effect on the consumer acceptance are also covered as chocolate reformulation may result in the alteration on the chocolate characteristic. Moreover, the regulation in chocolate manufacturing and functional food from different regulatory boards are covered in this review as the guidelines to answer challenges and opportunities in developing functional chocolate. This review also clearly shows a possible direction of designing probiotic chocolate in the future that has not been fully explored until to date.
{"title":"Revisiting the Development of Probiotic-based Functional Chocolates","authors":"Dimas Rahadian Aji Muhammad, Endang Sutriswati Rahayu, Dwi Larasatie Nur Fibri","doi":"10.7831/ras.9.0_233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.9.0_233","url":null,"abstract":"The status of chocolate as functional food is still questionable for some other people as chocolate can also give some adverse effect due to its high fat and sugar content. To overcome this issue, some attempts have made by food scientist to produce chocolate with high potential health benefits and minimum adverse effects such as by fat reduction, sugar replacement and probiotic supplementation. Some of sugar replacer are providentially identified as prebiotic substances. This review, therefore, deeply discuss the potential use of probiotics and sugar replacer in chocolate. The health benefit as well as the effect on the consumer acceptance are also covered as chocolate reformulation may result in the alteration on the chocolate characteristic. Moreover, the regulation in chocolate manufacturing and functional food from different regulatory boards are covered in this review as the guidelines to answer challenges and opportunities in developing functional chocolate. This review also clearly shows a possible direction of designing probiotic chocolate in the future that has not been fully explored until to date.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71254077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper talks about the constraints of ginger farming and its future perspective in Fiji. Ginger is recognized as a significant product in Fiji due to the potential the crop has for food, income benefit, and providing work to the farmers. However, the industry is facing many drawbacks. The main ginger farming constraints in Fiji viz. access to quality planting material, access to water, loss of expertise, soil-borne pathogens like Pythium soft rot and nematodes infestation, pest infestation whereby the presence of scale insect intercepts with the requiring quarantine interventions, unsatisfactory result of pre-planting hot water dip treatment, land and differentiation in rural Fiji (Land tenure) and exporting fresh ginger to high market prices explains how the local ginger produced are not attaining high niche markets.
{"title":"Ginger Production Constraints and Future Perspectives in Fiji","authors":"Kajal Kamal Sharma, H. Sachan, D. Krishna","doi":"10.7831/ras.9.0_260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.9.0_260","url":null,"abstract":"This paper talks about the constraints of ginger farming and its future perspective in Fiji. Ginger is recognized as a significant product in Fiji due to the potential the crop has for food, income benefit, and providing work to the farmers. However, the industry is facing many drawbacks. The main ginger farming constraints in Fiji viz. access to quality planting material, access to water, loss of expertise, soil-borne pathogens like Pythium soft rot and nematodes infestation, pest infestation whereby the presence of scale insect intercepts with the requiring quarantine interventions, unsatisfactory result of pre-planting hot water dip treatment, land and differentiation in rural Fiji (Land tenure) and exporting fresh ginger to high market prices explains how the local ginger produced are not attaining high niche markets.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71254222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subject of livelihood dynamics in montane mainland Southeast Asia has been widely discussed by many researchers. Globalization that takes place through changes in the political system has most impacts on the diversity of livelihoods of rural communities. However, there are few studies of diversity in the field, and most focus on sectoral shifts and financial activities. We conducted an overview of the historical dynamics of rural livelihoods and its diversification, and used various indices to measure diversification. To reveal the complex diversity of rural livelihoods it is necessary to understand the general situation and patterns of livelihood diversification. This article highlights the diverse livelihood dynamics from two viewpoints of livelihood diversification; distress and progressive diversification, and case studies that can support these dynamics to illustrate the process of livelihood diversification and discuss the direction of the pattern of diversification to provide information for future research. This study suggested intensified focus on livelihood diversification to promote sustainable development in this region.
{"title":"A Review on Livelihood Diversification: Dynamics, Measurements and Case Studies in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia","authors":"Cahyo Wisnu Rubiyanto, I. Hirota","doi":"10.7831/RAS.9.0_128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.9.0_128","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of livelihood dynamics in montane mainland Southeast Asia has been widely discussed by many researchers. Globalization that takes place through changes in the political system has most impacts on the diversity of livelihoods of rural communities. However, there are few studies of diversity in the field, and most focus on sectoral shifts and financial activities. We conducted an overview of the historical dynamics of rural livelihoods and its diversification, and used various indices to measure diversification. To reveal the complex diversity of rural livelihoods it is necessary to understand the general situation and patterns of livelihood diversification. This article highlights the diverse livelihood dynamics from two viewpoints of livelihood diversification; distress and progressive diversification, and case studies that can support these dynamics to illustrate the process of livelihood diversification and discuss the direction of the pattern of diversification to provide information for future research. This study suggested intensified focus on livelihood diversification to promote sustainable development in this region.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the demand for local products increases, there has been a call to promote sago starch (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) at the regional level in Indonesia. In this study, we examine the current status of the sago supply chain and its role in promoting rural development. Our study reveals the weak bargaining position sago farmers have due to inefficiencies in the sago supply chain and lack of market information. Furthermore, we also point out the direction in which future actions should be taken as guidelines in order to achieve a high level of efficiency along the sago supply chain. In particular, we highlight farm production management, logistical systems, agronomy, and knowledge and information as key dimensions of sago supply chain in the context of rural development.
{"title":"The Role of the Sago Supply Chain for Rural Development in Indonesia: A Review and Perspective","authors":"Marlisa Ayu Trisia, M. Tachikawa, H. Ehara","doi":"10.7831/ras.9.0_143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.9.0_143","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for local products increases, there has been a call to promote sago starch (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) at the regional level in Indonesia. In this study, we examine the current status of the sago supply chain and its role in promoting rural development. Our study reveals the weak bargaining position sago farmers have due to inefficiencies in the sago supply chain and lack of market information. Furthermore, we also point out the direction in which future actions should be taken as guidelines in order to achieve a high level of efficiency along the sago supply chain. In particular, we highlight farm production management, logistical systems, agronomy, and knowledge and information as key dimensions of sago supply chain in the context of rural development.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fumonisin is a worldwide mycotoxin that has devastating implications for human and animal health and food security. The principal source of fumonisin contamination is the members of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). A cluster (FUM gene cluster) of 16 co-expressed genes (FUM) responsible for fumonisin biosynthesis has been identified and characterized in Fusarium verticillioides. The FUM gene cluster has been detected from other members of the FFSC. In this review, the fumonisin production ability and the status of the FUM gene cluster in 3 clades (African, American, and Asian) of the FFSC have been presented. The comprehensive studies revealed that intraspecific variation is caused by several types of mutations in the FUM gene cluster. In addition, we summarized the regulatory genes involving fumonisin biosynthesis. A comparative study of fumonisin production ability and regulatory mechanism of fumonisin biosynthesis provides valuable insight for control of the mycotoxin contamination.
{"title":"Genetic Background of Variable Fumonisin Production in the Fusarium Fujikuroi Species Complex","authors":"S. Sultana, H. Suga","doi":"10.7831/RAS.9.0_43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.9.0_43","url":null,"abstract":"Fumonisin is a worldwide mycotoxin that has devastating implications for human and animal health and food security. The principal source of fumonisin contamination is the members of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). A cluster (FUM gene cluster) of 16 co-expressed genes (FUM) responsible for fumonisin biosynthesis has been identified and characterized in Fusarium verticillioides. The FUM gene cluster has been detected from other members of the FFSC. In this review, the fumonisin production ability and the status of the FUM gene cluster in 3 clades (African, American, and Asian) of the FFSC have been presented. The comprehensive studies revealed that intraspecific variation is caused by several types of mutations in the FUM gene cluster. In addition, we summarized the regulatory genes involving fumonisin biosynthesis. A comparative study of fumonisin production ability and regulatory mechanism of fumonisin biosynthesis provides valuable insight for control of the mycotoxin contamination.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71254342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Citrus ‘Harumi’ is a mandarin-type cultivar and shows a wide range of fruit size, which affects fruit quality such as sugar and acid contents. In citrus, fruit size also affects the degree of physiological disorder which become a big problem during storage. Thus, making fruit with equal and appropriate size is very important. Fruit thinning is one of the most important techniques to adjust fruit size by controlling the fruit number. Basically, fruit thinning has been conducted using a criterion based on leaf and fruit ratio (L/F) or fruit number per canopy volume. In this review, several thinning criteria for ‘Harumi’ and other citrus varieties are compared, and the pros and cons are discussed. In some citrus varieties, storage is necessary to adjust shipping time. During the storage, some physiological disorders occurred in peel, flesh and whole fruit. The occurrence of physiological disorders was influenced by citrus variety, fruit size and environmental conditions during storage. In ‘Harumi’ which is classified to easy-peeling variety, small fruit showed serious weight loss and peel wrinkle, while rind puffing and dehydration of flesh were big problems in large fruit during storage. Polyethylene (PE) bag wrapping has been used to decrease the fruit weight loss and to prevent the occurrence of some physiological disorders in tightskin citrus varieties. However, the influences of PE wrapping on easy-peeling citrus is unclear. In this study, the researches on storage conditions, feature, and cause of physiological disorders during storage are also reviewed, and the effects of PE wrapping are discussed to improve storage condition in ‘Harumi’.
{"title":"Fruit Thinning and Physiological Disorders in Citrus Variety ‘Harumi’","authors":"F. Takishita, F. Nishikawa, H. Matsumoto, M. Kato","doi":"10.7831/RAS.9.0_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.9.0_20","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus ‘Harumi’ is a mandarin-type cultivar and shows a wide range of fruit size, which affects fruit quality such as sugar and acid contents. In citrus, fruit size also affects the degree of physiological disorder which become a big problem during storage. Thus, making fruit with equal and appropriate size is very important. Fruit thinning is one of the most important techniques to adjust fruit size by controlling the fruit number. Basically, fruit thinning has been conducted using a criterion based on leaf and fruit ratio (L/F) or fruit number per canopy volume. In this review, several thinning criteria for ‘Harumi’ and other citrus varieties are compared, and the pros and cons are discussed. In some citrus varieties, storage is necessary to adjust shipping time. During the storage, some physiological disorders occurred in peel, flesh and whole fruit. The occurrence of physiological disorders was influenced by citrus variety, fruit size and environmental conditions during storage. In ‘Harumi’ which is classified to easy-peeling variety, small fruit showed serious weight loss and peel wrinkle, while rind puffing and dehydration of flesh were big problems in large fruit during storage. Polyethylene (PE) bag wrapping has been used to decrease the fruit weight loss and to prevent the occurrence of some physiological disorders in tightskin citrus varieties. However, the influences of PE wrapping on easy-peeling citrus is unclear. In this study, the researches on storage conditions, feature, and cause of physiological disorders during storage are also reviewed, and the effects of PE wrapping are discussed to improve storage condition in ‘Harumi’.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"56 64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71254513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Farmers’ Disaster Mitigation Strategies in Indonesia","authors":"Z. Rozaki, O. Wijaya, N. Rahmawati, L. Rahayu","doi":"10.7831/ras.9.0_178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.9.0_178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metabolism, which is a flow of metabolites, is orchestrated by gene expression, and it is in turn regulated by metabolites. Some of the metabolites are known to act as signaling molecules that regulate metabolism and also developmental processes in plants. Here we summarize findings about metabolites-directed gene regulation, focusing on primary metabolites including sugars and organic acids. Abundant soluble sugars such as sucrose and glucose are known to induce genes involved in starch storage, synthesis and degradation. These sugars also activate anthocyanin biosynthesis and suppress photosynthetic genes, both of which promote photoprotection responses. Several kinases, like hexokinase, sucrose non-fermenting1-related kinase 1 and target of rapamycin kinase have been identified, which are the major regulators of transcriptional regulation by these sugars. Although less studied than sugars, metabolites constituting the TCA cycle are good candidates of signaling molecules, because they are located in the primary metabolism adjacent to the respiratory electron transport system and thus are reflected by both primary metabolism and redox status of the electron transport system. Some organic acids as citrate, malate and 2-oxoglutarate have also been known to be implicated in the regulation of gene expression. Deficiency or over accumulation of some primary metabolites not only modulate gene expression of the local metabolic enzymes to supplement distorted metabolism but produce signals to balance between bigger metabolic blocks like carbon and nitrogen metabolisms. Status of primary metabolites can also produce signals of overall energy levels of plants. Relationship of sugar signaling to reactive oxygen species signaling is also suggested.
{"title":"Primary Metabolism and Transcriptional Regulation in Higher Plants","authors":"Natsuki Hayami, Yoshiharu Y. Yamamoto","doi":"10.7831/RAS.9.0_117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7831/RAS.9.0_117","url":null,"abstract":"Metabolism, which is a flow of metabolites, is orchestrated by gene expression, and it is in turn regulated by metabolites. Some of the metabolites are known to act as signaling molecules that regulate metabolism and also developmental processes in plants. Here we summarize findings about metabolites-directed gene regulation, focusing on primary metabolites including sugars and organic acids. Abundant soluble sugars such as sucrose and glucose are known to induce genes involved in starch storage, synthesis and degradation. These sugars also activate anthocyanin biosynthesis and suppress photosynthetic genes, both of which promote photoprotection responses. Several kinases, like hexokinase, sucrose non-fermenting1-related kinase 1 and target of rapamycin kinase have been identified, which are the major regulators of transcriptional regulation by these sugars. Although less studied than sugars, metabolites constituting the TCA cycle are good candidates of signaling molecules, because they are located in the primary metabolism adjacent to the respiratory electron transport system and thus are reflected by both primary metabolism and redox status of the electron transport system. Some organic acids as citrate, malate and 2-oxoglutarate have also been known to be implicated in the regulation of gene expression. Deficiency or over accumulation of some primary metabolites not only modulate gene expression of the local metabolic enzymes to supplement distorted metabolism but produce signals to balance between bigger metabolic blocks like carbon and nitrogen metabolisms. Status of primary metabolites can also produce signals of overall energy levels of plants. Relationship of sugar signaling to reactive oxygen species signaling is also suggested.","PeriodicalId":37168,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71253921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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