Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1109/APL57308.2023.10182110
Chua Kein Huat, Hau Lee Cheun, Albert Kow Kek Hing, Lim Kim Ten, Steven Chia, Hoo Dick Sang
Improper design and installation of lightning protection systems can result in severe consequences for buildings and their occupants. This paper presents some common mistakes in lightning protection design and installation, including the absence of a lightning protection system for metal tanks, inadequate surge protection for field devices, improper cable management, and inadequate earthing methods. Remedial actions have been proposed to mitigate these mistakes, including the installation of a lightning protection system for metal tanks, the installation of a surge protection device (SPD) on the field devices, proper cable management and segregation of signal cables, the adequate separation distance between the electrical earth (E) chamber and the extra low-voltage earth (ELVE) chamber, and proper record of resistance value between the E and ELVE chambers. Finally, the paper emphasizes the importance of hiring qualified professionals to design and install lightning protection systems to ensure proper design and installation.
{"title":"Common Mistakes in Lightning Protection Design and Installation","authors":"Chua Kein Huat, Hau Lee Cheun, Albert Kow Kek Hing, Lim Kim Ten, Steven Chia, Hoo Dick Sang","doi":"10.1109/APL57308.2023.10182110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APL57308.2023.10182110","url":null,"abstract":"Improper design and installation of lightning protection systems can result in severe consequences for buildings and their occupants. This paper presents some common mistakes in lightning protection design and installation, including the absence of a lightning protection system for metal tanks, inadequate surge protection for field devices, improper cable management, and inadequate earthing methods. Remedial actions have been proposed to mitigate these mistakes, including the installation of a lightning protection system for metal tanks, the installation of a surge protection device (SPD) on the field devices, proper cable management and segregation of signal cables, the adequate separation distance between the electrical earth (E) chamber and the extra low-voltage earth (ELVE) chamber, and proper record of resistance value between the E and ELVE chambers. Finally, the paper emphasizes the importance of hiring qualified professionals to design and install lightning protection systems to ensure proper design and installation.","PeriodicalId":371726,"journal":{"name":"2023 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123749554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181905
Yan Gao, Ming-li Chen, Shaoyang Wang, Zilong Qin, Zongxu Qiu, Ge Zhang, Ran Cai, Jun Zhang, Yaping Du
A downward negative flash with nine return strokes struck to the 356-m Shenzhen Tower was analyzed. The high-speed camera captured upward connecting leader (UCL) channels in the first and two subsequent strokes of F1612. The observation results show that none of the downward negative leader channels completely propagated to the tower tip before the occurrence of return stroke (RS), so that the UCL was supposed to be initiated from the tower tip and the attachment process occurred in each RS of this flash. The possible altitude range of the attachment point in each subsequent RS was different. It was found that the larger value of downward dart leader speed might cause the higher altitude of the attachment point. These results could help researchers gain a better understanding of the lightning attachment process, especially occurred in the subsequent return stroke.
{"title":"Attachment Process of A Downward Negative Flash with Multiple Return Strokes Struck to a 356-m-Tall Tower in Southern China","authors":"Yan Gao, Ming-li Chen, Shaoyang Wang, Zilong Qin, Zongxu Qiu, Ge Zhang, Ran Cai, Jun Zhang, Yaping Du","doi":"10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181905","url":null,"abstract":"A downward negative flash with nine return strokes struck to the 356-m Shenzhen Tower was analyzed. The high-speed camera captured upward connecting leader (UCL) channels in the first and two subsequent strokes of F1612. The observation results show that none of the downward negative leader channels completely propagated to the tower tip before the occurrence of return stroke (RS), so that the UCL was supposed to be initiated from the tower tip and the attachment process occurred in each RS of this flash. The possible altitude range of the attachment point in each subsequent RS was different. It was found that the larger value of downward dart leader speed might cause the higher altitude of the attachment point. These results could help researchers gain a better understanding of the lightning attachment process, especially occurred in the subsequent return stroke.","PeriodicalId":371726,"journal":{"name":"2023 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122931401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181321
N. A. Mohd Nasir, M. S. Mohd Nasir, M. S. A. Rahman, M. Ab-Kadir, N. Azis, M. Osman, U. Amirulddin
This study evaluates several tower earthing designs for improving 500 kV transmission line’s lightning performance and ensure its continuous operation. The study includes the assessment of the soil profile and a comparison of the findings obtained using the default and new earthing arrangement, both of which are intended to improve the tower footing resistance (TFR-during steady-state) and tower footing impedance (TFI-during lightning). Assessment of the TFR and TFI has been performed before and after the earthing design improvement. In addition, the impacts of these TFR and TFI, which are also defined as low and high-frequency earthing, respectively, relying on a specification of TFR and soil resistivity (SR) ranges at different locations have also been taken into consideration. The study was performed with the help of the SESCAD tool of Current Distribution Electromagnetic Field Grounding and Soil Structure Analysis program (CDEGS), as well as the PSCAD/EMTDC software, which was used for low and high frequency earthing, accordingly. Upon the completion of the investigation, the findings revealed that the modification to the earthing arrangement had a beneficial effect on lowering the TFR by 84.29 % and 88.34 % for Towers T41 and T42, respectively. While for TFI, the results revealed a significant decrease below the TFR during high frequency operation, which was attributed to soil ionization process that occur due to lightning. This was proved by the fact that the values were significantly below the TFR. All these enhancements are now being explored and evaluated across all of Malaysia’s 500 kV networks, where lightning is regarded to be the primary risk factor for power outages.
{"title":"Impact of Lightning on Tower Footing Design of 500 kV Transmission Line","authors":"N. A. Mohd Nasir, M. S. Mohd Nasir, M. S. A. Rahman, M. Ab-Kadir, N. Azis, M. Osman, U. Amirulddin","doi":"10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181321","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates several tower earthing designs for improving 500 kV transmission line’s lightning performance and ensure its continuous operation. The study includes the assessment of the soil profile and a comparison of the findings obtained using the default and new earthing arrangement, both of which are intended to improve the tower footing resistance (TFR-during steady-state) and tower footing impedance (TFI-during lightning). Assessment of the TFR and TFI has been performed before and after the earthing design improvement. In addition, the impacts of these TFR and TFI, which are also defined as low and high-frequency earthing, respectively, relying on a specification of TFR and soil resistivity (SR) ranges at different locations have also been taken into consideration. The study was performed with the help of the SESCAD tool of Current Distribution Electromagnetic Field Grounding and Soil Structure Analysis program (CDEGS), as well as the PSCAD/EMTDC software, which was used for low and high frequency earthing, accordingly. Upon the completion of the investigation, the findings revealed that the modification to the earthing arrangement had a beneficial effect on lowering the TFR by 84.29 % and 88.34 % for Towers T41 and T42, respectively. While for TFI, the results revealed a significant decrease below the TFR during high frequency operation, which was attributed to soil ionization process that occur due to lightning. This was proved by the fact that the values were significantly below the TFR. All these enhancements are now being explored and evaluated across all of Malaysia’s 500 kV networks, where lightning is regarded to be the primary risk factor for power outages.","PeriodicalId":371726,"journal":{"name":"2023 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133942258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181519
Y. V. Thien, N. Azis, N. A. Mohamad, X. J. Tan, Z. Yaakub
This research paper presents the experimental results of the lightning pre-breakdown and breakdown voltages of Palm Oil (PO) and Mineral Oil (MO) in the presence of $Al_{2}O_{3}$ under positive voltage polarity. The experiments were conducted using a needle-plane electrode configuration as a non-uniform field. The positive lightning breakdown voltages of two types of refined, bleached, and deodorized PO with various concentrations of nanofluids were determined. The lightning pre-breakdown was monitored through light signal recordings. The light signal emission increased with the applied voltage for all samples. The presence of $Al_{2}O_{3}$ in both PO and MO increases the positive lightning breakdown voltages.
{"title":"Positive Pre-breakdown Streamer Propagation and Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil based Al2O3","authors":"Y. V. Thien, N. Azis, N. A. Mohamad, X. J. Tan, Z. Yaakub","doi":"10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181519","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper presents the experimental results of the lightning pre-breakdown and breakdown voltages of Palm Oil (PO) and Mineral Oil (MO) in the presence of $Al_{2}O_{3}$ under positive voltage polarity. The experiments were conducted using a needle-plane electrode configuration as a non-uniform field. The positive lightning breakdown voltages of two types of refined, bleached, and deodorized PO with various concentrations of nanofluids were determined. The lightning pre-breakdown was monitored through light signal recordings. The light signal emission increased with the applied voltage for all samples. The presence of $Al_{2}O_{3}$ in both PO and MO increases the positive lightning breakdown voltages.","PeriodicalId":371726,"journal":{"name":"2023 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131999563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have documented a super positive lightning flash with DALMA (Discone Antenna Lightning Mapping Array), FALMA (Fast Antenna Lightning Mapping Array), InLMA (Interferometer-type of Lightning Mapping Array) as well as LAPOS (Lightning Attachment Process Observation System) and a high speed video camera. Using the documented data, we found this positive flash started with a downward negative leader from an upper negative charge region. The initial negative leader progressed into the lower positive charge region at an average speed of 1.0$times 10^{6}$ m/s and then was followed by many discharge activities in this region. These discharge activities consequently pumped positive charge to the negative leader initiation region and then produced a downward positive leader with a speed of 1.6× 106 m/s. This positive leader, accompanied by two steps, produced a positive return stroke with its peak current reaching to 268 kA. After the return stroke, a lot of discharge activities occurred between the upper negative charge and the lower positive charge regions. We estimated that the total electrical charge neutralized by this flash was over 1000 C. We also measured the speeds for the two step pulse discharges and the return stroke and found their speeds are 0.8$times10^{8} m/s, 0.82$× 108 m/s, and 1.15×108 m/s, respectively.
{"title":"A Strong Positive CG Flash That Was Simultaneously Recorded by Multiple Observation Systems","authors":"Junchen Yang, Daohong Wang, Haitao Huang, Ting Wu, N. Takagi, Kazuo Yamamoto","doi":"10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181423","url":null,"abstract":"We have documented a super positive lightning flash with DALMA (Discone Antenna Lightning Mapping Array), FALMA (Fast Antenna Lightning Mapping Array), InLMA (Interferometer-type of Lightning Mapping Array) as well as LAPOS (Lightning Attachment Process Observation System) and a high speed video camera. Using the documented data, we found this positive flash started with a downward negative leader from an upper negative charge region. The initial negative leader progressed into the lower positive charge region at an average speed of 1.0$times 10^{6}$ m/s and then was followed by many discharge activities in this region. These discharge activities consequently pumped positive charge to the negative leader initiation region and then produced a downward positive leader with a speed of 1.6× 106 m/s. This positive leader, accompanied by two steps, produced a positive return stroke with its peak current reaching to 268 kA. After the return stroke, a lot of discharge activities occurred between the upper negative charge and the lower positive charge regions. We estimated that the total electrical charge neutralized by this flash was over 1000 C. We also measured the speeds for the two step pulse discharges and the return stroke and found their speeds are 0.8$times10^{8} m/s, 0.82$× 108 m/s, and 1.15×108 m/s, respectively.","PeriodicalId":371726,"journal":{"name":"2023 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133087343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181783
T. Lei, Weidong Shi, Yang Zhang, Xia Zhao, Zixin Guo
This paper presents a statistical analysis of the macroscopic characteristics of lightning in the Lhasa area of Tibet, using the information collected by the ADTD lightning detection system at 50 km around Lhasa. A total of 1739 lightning returns were observed in 2012, of which 87.83% were negative. 71.4% of the negative lightning had only one return stroke, and 96.6% of the positive lightning had only one return stroke. Lightning activity in this region became frequent after the beginning of mid to late June, peaked in mid-July and then gradually decreased. During a day, lightning occurs mainly at night, with the number of flashes peaking around 21:00. The lightning current intensity of negative lightning is mainly distributed in the range of 10~20kA. The lightning current intensity of positive lightning is mainly distributed in the range of 30~40kA. High intensity lightning (greater than 50kA) occurs mainly in the range of 16:00~17:00.
{"title":"Characterization of lightning in the Lhasa region of Tibet","authors":"T. Lei, Weidong Shi, Yang Zhang, Xia Zhao, Zixin Guo","doi":"10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181783","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a statistical analysis of the macroscopic characteristics of lightning in the Lhasa area of Tibet, using the information collected by the ADTD lightning detection system at 50 km around Lhasa. A total of 1739 lightning returns were observed in 2012, of which 87.83% were negative. 71.4% of the negative lightning had only one return stroke, and 96.6% of the positive lightning had only one return stroke. Lightning activity in this region became frequent after the beginning of mid to late June, peaked in mid-July and then gradually decreased. During a day, lightning occurs mainly at night, with the number of flashes peaking around 21:00. The lightning current intensity of negative lightning is mainly distributed in the range of 10~20kA. The lightning current intensity of positive lightning is mainly distributed in the range of 30~40kA. High intensity lightning (greater than 50kA) occurs mainly in the range of 16:00~17:00.","PeriodicalId":371726,"journal":{"name":"2023 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115528252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1109/APL57308.2023.10182083
Susumu Matsuura, K. Kanatani
In Hokuriku area of Japan, lightning occurs frequently not only in summer but also in winter. Winter lightning strikes have very large electric charge as compared with summer lightning strikes. For Example, surge arresters are sometimes damaged by direct lightning strikes, especially in winter. In order to prevent outages of distribution lines due to lightning, it is important to investigate lightning damages of distribution lines and consider lightning protection measures against them. In this paper, we present characteristics of damages of distribution lines due to lightning in Hokuriku area.
{"title":"Characteristics of Damages of Distribution Lines Due to Lightning in Hokuriku Area of Japan","authors":"Susumu Matsuura, K. Kanatani","doi":"10.1109/APL57308.2023.10182083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APL57308.2023.10182083","url":null,"abstract":"In Hokuriku area of Japan, lightning occurs frequently not only in summer but also in winter. Winter lightning strikes have very large electric charge as compared with summer lightning strikes. For Example, surge arresters are sometimes damaged by direct lightning strikes, especially in winter. In order to prevent outages of distribution lines due to lightning, it is important to investigate lightning damages of distribution lines and consider lightning protection measures against them. In this paper, we present characteristics of damages of distribution lines due to lightning in Hokuriku area.","PeriodicalId":371726,"journal":{"name":"2023 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116872285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181419
Ibrahim Hetita, A. S. Zalhaf, D. Mansour, Yang Han, P. Yang, Congling Wang
In recent years, the utilization of solar energy systems for electricity generation has increased. This is attributed to the fact that they are environmentally friendly and sustainable sources of energy, unlike the limited supply of fossil fuels. Among the various forms of solar energy, photovoltaic (PV) cells are a significant means of generating electricity directly from the sun. However, since PV arrays are typically installed in outdoor areas, they are vulnerable to lightning strikes resulting in transient overvoltage, which can lead to equipment failure and potential safety hazards. Therefore, it is crucial to implement an efficient protection system to prevent lightning strikes and assess the transient performance of PV systems during such occurrences. This paper presents experimental observations and analysis of the transient overvoltage response of PV panels under lightning impulse conditions. The experiments are conducted using an impulse generator that allowed for the controlled application of lightning impulse to a small-scale PV panel. The transient overvoltage response is recorded using high-speed data acquisition systems. The experimental results showed that the transient overvoltage response of the PV panels was affected by several factors, including changing the measuring point location, the impulse voltage value, the earthing resistance value, and the earthed leg. Furthermore, an analysis of the experimental data was conducted to identify the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed transient overvoltage behavior. The experimental observations and analysis presented in this paper provide valuable insights into the transient overvoltage response of PV panels under lightning impulse conditions. The results can be used to develop appropriate protective measures to minimize the risk of equipment failure and ensure the safe and reliable operation of PV systems.
{"title":"Transient Overvoltage Response of Photovoltaic Panels to Lightning Impulse: Experimental Observations and Analysis","authors":"Ibrahim Hetita, A. S. Zalhaf, D. Mansour, Yang Han, P. Yang, Congling Wang","doi":"10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181419","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the utilization of solar energy systems for electricity generation has increased. This is attributed to the fact that they are environmentally friendly and sustainable sources of energy, unlike the limited supply of fossil fuels. Among the various forms of solar energy, photovoltaic (PV) cells are a significant means of generating electricity directly from the sun. However, since PV arrays are typically installed in outdoor areas, they are vulnerable to lightning strikes resulting in transient overvoltage, which can lead to equipment failure and potential safety hazards. Therefore, it is crucial to implement an efficient protection system to prevent lightning strikes and assess the transient performance of PV systems during such occurrences. This paper presents experimental observations and analysis of the transient overvoltage response of PV panels under lightning impulse conditions. The experiments are conducted using an impulse generator that allowed for the controlled application of lightning impulse to a small-scale PV panel. The transient overvoltage response is recorded using high-speed data acquisition systems. The experimental results showed that the transient overvoltage response of the PV panels was affected by several factors, including changing the measuring point location, the impulse voltage value, the earthing resistance value, and the earthed leg. Furthermore, an analysis of the experimental data was conducted to identify the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed transient overvoltage behavior. The experimental observations and analysis presented in this paper provide valuable insights into the transient overvoltage response of PV panels under lightning impulse conditions. The results can be used to develop appropriate protective measures to minimize the risk of equipment failure and ensure the safe and reliable operation of PV systems.","PeriodicalId":371726,"journal":{"name":"2023 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123360231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181883
Lu Wen, C. Shaw, Spencer Teng
Damage from lightning and transient over voltages cost railways millions per year. Exposure to the forces of lightning is unavoidable in the rail environment. To protect (and mitigate damage to) critical network equipment, an approach whereby surge protection devices (SPDs) cascade across electrical and electronic components that work in conjunction to provide greater protection and coverage is recommended. This paper will introduce an enhanced protection scheme through a Cascaded Surge Protection (CSP) system, which includes discussion on surge protection device specifications, recommendations for SPD selection and information on wayside signalling applications. The primary goal of the ‘cascaded protection scheme’ is to reduce the voltage experienced at the equipment to be protected during a transient event, by reducing the voltage at each SPD stage. Robust electronic equipment, like motors and switches, can sustain energy behind a first stage of protection whereas more sensitive electronics, like signalling and measuring devices, should be placed behind a second or even third stage of surge protection.
{"title":"Cascade Protection Scheme for Wayside Signaling Surge Protection","authors":"Lu Wen, C. Shaw, Spencer Teng","doi":"10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181883","url":null,"abstract":"Damage from lightning and transient over voltages cost railways millions per year. Exposure to the forces of lightning is unavoidable in the rail environment. To protect (and mitigate damage to) critical network equipment, an approach whereby surge protection devices (SPDs) cascade across electrical and electronic components that work in conjunction to provide greater protection and coverage is recommended. This paper will introduce an enhanced protection scheme through a Cascaded Surge Protection (CSP) system, which includes discussion on surge protection device specifications, recommendations for SPD selection and information on wayside signalling applications. The primary goal of the ‘cascaded protection scheme’ is to reduce the voltage experienced at the equipment to be protected during a transient event, by reducing the voltage at each SPD stage. Robust electronic equipment, like motors and switches, can sustain energy behind a first stage of protection whereas more sensitive electronics, like signalling and measuring devices, should be placed behind a second or even third stage of surge protection.","PeriodicalId":371726,"journal":{"name":"2023 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124843160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181900
Siti Nurhidayu Binti Bani Hashim, N. H. Ali, Md Moshiur Rahman, D. Johari, F. A. Haris, M. Z. A. Kadir
This paper investigates the magnetostatic properties of Earth’s Potential Rise (EPR) distribution caused by a direct lightning strike on the ground, taking into account the specific characteristics of different parts of the human body. The study includes various soil parameters and considers different distances between objects and striking points. To simulate these conditions, a designed model was used in conjunction with finite element software (ANSYS). The simulation results show that lightning striking the soil can significantly increase the current potential around the attachment point, extending to distant parts of the earth due to soil conductivity. To evaluate the potential impact on the human body, the study analyzed the values of the Electromagnetic Field (EMF) and EPR distributions, which can cause injuries or fatalities. Understanding these effects is crucial for developing effective grounding and lightning protection systems. Public safety measures should also be disseminated to reduce the risks posed to humanity. The results of the analysis demonstrate that different soil factors influence the human body in distinct ways. This information can be used to develop more effective safety measures and improve the protection of human life from lightning strikes.
{"title":"Analysis of the Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Distribution on the Human Body due to Earth’s Potential Rise (EPR) of Different Types of Soil","authors":"Siti Nurhidayu Binti Bani Hashim, N. H. Ali, Md Moshiur Rahman, D. Johari, F. A. Haris, M. Z. A. Kadir","doi":"10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181900","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the magnetostatic properties of Earth’s Potential Rise (EPR) distribution caused by a direct lightning strike on the ground, taking into account the specific characteristics of different parts of the human body. The study includes various soil parameters and considers different distances between objects and striking points. To simulate these conditions, a designed model was used in conjunction with finite element software (ANSYS). The simulation results show that lightning striking the soil can significantly increase the current potential around the attachment point, extending to distant parts of the earth due to soil conductivity. To evaluate the potential impact on the human body, the study analyzed the values of the Electromagnetic Field (EMF) and EPR distributions, which can cause injuries or fatalities. Understanding these effects is crucial for developing effective grounding and lightning protection systems. Public safety measures should also be disseminated to reduce the risks posed to humanity. The results of the analysis demonstrate that different soil factors influence the human body in distinct ways. This information can be used to develop more effective safety measures and improve the protection of human life from lightning strikes.","PeriodicalId":371726,"journal":{"name":"2023 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128587999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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