Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2021.1962082
D. Gill
ABSTRACT Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has set the direction for inter-state relations through the establishment of the rules-based order. This very order can be generally believed to draw from the institutions, conventions, and norms centred on the United Nations. However, the brewing power competition between the US and China banks on either preserving or revising this order. Interestingly, the US, its allies, and its strategic partners regard themselves as the protectors of these rules, while China is often seen as a revisionist bent on altering the status-quo. However, there have been issues even among certain major democracies regarding their own adherence and interpretation of these very rules. This paper seeks to highlight the vulnerabilities of the rules-based order, which considerably compromise its legitimacy and enforcement by major democracies. Two isolated but pressing cases have been presented to demonstrate how three particular democracies: India, the US, and the United Kingdom seem to have varied interpretations of certain aspects of the rules-based order. This inconsistency will have significant implications on their roles as responsible stakeholders of the established order, which, in turn, may provide revisionist states an opportunity for exploitation.
{"title":"Why consistency matters in preserving the rules-based order","authors":"D. Gill","doi":"10.1080/18366503.2021.1962082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1962082","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has set the direction for inter-state relations through the establishment of the rules-based order. This very order can be generally believed to draw from the institutions, conventions, and norms centred on the United Nations. However, the brewing power competition between the US and China banks on either preserving or revising this order. Interestingly, the US, its allies, and its strategic partners regard themselves as the protectors of these rules, while China is often seen as a revisionist bent on altering the status-quo. However, there have been issues even among certain major democracies regarding their own adherence and interpretation of these very rules. This paper seeks to highlight the vulnerabilities of the rules-based order, which considerably compromise its legitimacy and enforcement by major democracies. Two isolated but pressing cases have been presented to demonstrate how three particular democracies: India, the US, and the United Kingdom seem to have varied interpretations of certain aspects of the rules-based order. This inconsistency will have significant implications on their roles as responsible stakeholders of the established order, which, in turn, may provide revisionist states an opportunity for exploitation.","PeriodicalId":37179,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs","volume":"90 1","pages":"261 - 269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84314410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2021.1962080
S. Permal
ABSTRACT Just as the multifaceted cascading effect of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has impinged significantly on individual daily life, its impact on globalisation has been no less profound. From its roots in China, the pandemic has swiftly created a chain reaction around the world as the greater interdependence of the global community has taken its toll. This article takes the position that the COVID-19 pandemic is trending towards a de-globalisation of the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has raised serious rethinking on many aspects of social culture such as health care and human-to-human interactions. But global governance has been severely impacted, and this is profound in great power competition, geo-economics, and maritime governance. This essay is structured in three parts. The first explores the impacts of COVID-19 on globalisation, the second looks at how the ‘de-coupling' of the United States – China nexus has ramifications on existing international systems, the reorientation of the world economy and supply chains, and de-globalisation of maritime governance, and the third discusses why these impacts have implications for global openness. De-globalisation has its consequences and is a matter of concern because the impact changes the world into an inward-looking and highly nationalistic and a non-inclusive.
{"title":"Cascading effect of COVID-19: de-globalisation and its impact on global governance","authors":"S. Permal","doi":"10.1080/18366503.2021.1962080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1962080","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Just as the multifaceted cascading effect of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has impinged significantly on individual daily life, its impact on globalisation has been no less profound. From its roots in China, the pandemic has swiftly created a chain reaction around the world as the greater interdependence of the global community has taken its toll. This article takes the position that the COVID-19 pandemic is trending towards a de-globalisation of the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has raised serious rethinking on many aspects of social culture such as health care and human-to-human interactions. But global governance has been severely impacted, and this is profound in great power competition, geo-economics, and maritime governance. This essay is structured in three parts. The first explores the impacts of COVID-19 on globalisation, the second looks at how the ‘de-coupling' of the United States – China nexus has ramifications on existing international systems, the reorientation of the world economy and supply chains, and de-globalisation of maritime governance, and the third discusses why these impacts have implications for global openness. De-globalisation has its consequences and is a matter of concern because the impact changes the world into an inward-looking and highly nationalistic and a non-inclusive.","PeriodicalId":37179,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs","volume":"39 1","pages":"220 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88491249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2021.1962052
S. Smith-Godfrey
ABSTRACT This paper isolates the interconnectivity of the Blue Economy to gain insight into a system with an interwoven consistency across an interconnected network. The Blue Economy’s definition is reconfirmed and application of it in calculable methods are placed in a manner that allows for scrutiny. This scrutiny is envisioned to embrace the calculation of the sustainability of Blue Economy resources. Marine Spatial Planning is reviewed with the aim of allocating the Blue Economy resources as part of institutionalism, and revenue generator for national states. How to achieve is, is singled out as the purpose of performance indicators where indicators, in general, are associated with measuring the success of exploitation and beneficiation. Seven indicators are identified and each’s ratios are highlighted and embroidered on for an understanding of inclusion purposes. Several conclusions are drawn that are supported with the findings of the isolation approach applied.
{"title":"Performance indicators for the blue economy","authors":"S. Smith-Godfrey","doi":"10.1080/18366503.2021.1962052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1962052","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper isolates the interconnectivity of the Blue Economy to gain insight into a system with an interwoven consistency across an interconnected network. The Blue Economy’s definition is reconfirmed and application of it in calculable methods are placed in a manner that allows for scrutiny. This scrutiny is envisioned to embrace the calculation of the sustainability of Blue Economy resources. Marine Spatial Planning is reviewed with the aim of allocating the Blue Economy resources as part of institutionalism, and revenue generator for national states. How to achieve is, is singled out as the purpose of performance indicators where indicators, in general, are associated with measuring the success of exploitation and beneficiation. Seven indicators are identified and each’s ratios are highlighted and embroidered on for an understanding of inclusion purposes. Several conclusions are drawn that are supported with the findings of the isolation approach applied.","PeriodicalId":37179,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs","volume":"59 1","pages":"149 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85477152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2021.1962081
Peter Ralph B. Galicia
ABSTRACT Quality education and training of seafarers contribute to safer, secure, environmentally friendly, and world-class trade shipping. Competent seafarers also attract better job opportunities and onboard promotion. Authentic assessment demonstrates competence to achieve the necessary knowledge, understanding, and skills of all professional courses. This descriptive-correlational study is aimed at determining the students’ authentic assessment and academic performance on professional courses and their relationships as the basis for the formulation of an intervention program. The self-administered structured questionnaire on Authentic Assessment aligned with The Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) Code, as amended, was utilized for data gathering. The computer-processed statistics were means, frequency, and rank for descriptive analysis; and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation/Pearson r for inferential analysis. The Alpha level is set at .05. The study found out that marine transportation students excel academically in a highly acceptable manner. They consistently outperform in authentic assessments on professional courses. There is a significant relationship between the authentic assessment results and the academic performance on professional courses, a manifestation that the level of difficulty of the authentic assessment is the same as academic performance on professional courses. The intervention program was formulated to improve students’ authentic assessment and academic performance on professional courses.
{"title":"Authentic assessment and academic performance of marine transportation students at the university of Antique, Philippines","authors":"Peter Ralph B. Galicia","doi":"10.1080/18366503.2021.1962081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1962081","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Quality education and training of seafarers contribute to safer, secure, environmentally friendly, and world-class trade shipping. Competent seafarers also attract better job opportunities and onboard promotion. Authentic assessment demonstrates competence to achieve the necessary knowledge, understanding, and skills of all professional courses. This descriptive-correlational study is aimed at determining the students’ authentic assessment and academic performance on professional courses and their relationships as the basis for the formulation of an intervention program. The self-administered structured questionnaire on Authentic Assessment aligned with The Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) Code, as amended, was utilized for data gathering. The computer-processed statistics were means, frequency, and rank for descriptive analysis; and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation/Pearson r for inferential analysis. The Alpha level is set at .05. The study found out that marine transportation students excel academically in a highly acceptable manner. They consistently outperform in authentic assessments on professional courses. There is a significant relationship between the authentic assessment results and the academic performance on professional courses, a manifestation that the level of difficulty of the authentic assessment is the same as academic performance on professional courses. The intervention program was formulated to improve students’ authentic assessment and academic performance on professional courses.","PeriodicalId":37179,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs","volume":"77 1","pages":"251 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73846754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2021.1961352
A. Akhtar, S. Ullah
ABSTRACT Nuclear ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) are traditionally believed to provide assured second-strike capability and stabilize deterrence. This paper contests this classical assumption in South Asia’s context and argues that SSBN capability to become secure and credible deterrent depends upon doctrinal issues, command and communication systems, and operational readiness of SSBN force. In a dyad, if both countries have invulnerable second strike capability, there is less incentive to strike first. Whereas invulnerability of one country incentivizes first strike. In South Asian strategic situation, an assured sea-based second-strike capability may contribute to India’s aggressive nuclear posture. This paper evaluates New Delhi’s induction of SSBNs in light of its stated notion of minimalism, as declared in its nuclear doctrine, and discusses in the context of traditional stability theory associated with the development of SSBN force. This paper primarily considers deterrence stability and crisis stability as two dependent variables to study how India’s sea-based nuclear capability affects strategic stability in South Asia.
{"title":"India’s sea-based nuclear forces and strategic stability in South Asia","authors":"A. Akhtar, S. Ullah","doi":"10.1080/18366503.2021.1961352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1961352","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nuclear ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) are traditionally believed to provide assured second-strike capability and stabilize deterrence. This paper contests this classical assumption in South Asia’s context and argues that SSBN capability to become secure and credible deterrent depends upon doctrinal issues, command and communication systems, and operational readiness of SSBN force. In a dyad, if both countries have invulnerable second strike capability, there is less incentive to strike first. Whereas invulnerability of one country incentivizes first strike. In South Asian strategic situation, an assured sea-based second-strike capability may contribute to India’s aggressive nuclear posture. This paper evaluates New Delhi’s induction of SSBNs in light of its stated notion of minimalism, as declared in its nuclear doctrine, and discusses in the context of traditional stability theory associated with the development of SSBN force. This paper primarily considers deterrence stability and crisis stability as two dependent variables to study how India’s sea-based nuclear capability affects strategic stability in South Asia.","PeriodicalId":37179,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs","volume":"31 1","pages":"54 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89482212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2021.1962069
Rudiah Md Hanafiah, M. Menhat, J. Jeevan, N. H. M. Salleh, A. H. Ngah
ABSTRACT The selection of steaming speed is one of the main strategic decisions for ship operators under highly uncertain conditions. Speed reductions are of great benefit to the economy and environment in shipping operations. Since the inappropriate choice of steaming speed levels brought about a substantial financial and environmental impact on organisations, it is crucial to make precise decisions in the implementation of different levels of steaming speed. However, given its significance, the right pace of steaming for ship tankers benefiting the economy and the environment is still under investigation. Therefore, this study is undertaken to determine the most suitable steaming speed for chemical tankers under unpredictable operating conditions. To address this issue, an evaluation model based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is developed. The result indicates that extra slow steaming is the most acceptable steaming speed employing an integrated approach. This study envisages that the steaming speed of a ship can be considered as one of the strategies for a shipping company to reap financial and environmental benefits.
{"title":"Speed reduction: a strategy for sustainable ship operations","authors":"Rudiah Md Hanafiah, M. Menhat, J. Jeevan, N. H. M. Salleh, A. H. Ngah","doi":"10.1080/18366503.2021.1962069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1962069","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The selection of steaming speed is one of the main strategic decisions for ship operators under highly uncertain conditions. Speed reductions are of great benefit to the economy and environment in shipping operations. Since the inappropriate choice of steaming speed levels brought about a substantial financial and environmental impact on organisations, it is crucial to make precise decisions in the implementation of different levels of steaming speed. However, given its significance, the right pace of steaming for ship tankers benefiting the economy and the environment is still under investigation. Therefore, this study is undertaken to determine the most suitable steaming speed for chemical tankers under unpredictable operating conditions. To address this issue, an evaluation model based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is developed. The result indicates that extra slow steaming is the most acceptable steaming speed employing an integrated approach. This study envisages that the steaming speed of a ship can be considered as one of the strategies for a shipping company to reap financial and environmental benefits.","PeriodicalId":37179,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs","volume":"14 1","pages":"204 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85086762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-02DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2021.1962059
Yetty Komalasari Dewi, Dhini Purnamasari.
ABSTRACT Indonesia’s aspiration to become a global maritime fulcrum lacks synergy between its maritime security and its maritime economy. This paper explores the dynamics between maritime security and maritime economy by investigating the current practices of maritime security inspections at sea and how they affect Indonesian shipowners. It also seeks to find solutions for more efficient and corruption-free maritime security inspections. To understand the Indonesian shipowners’ perspective on current practices of maritime security inspections at sea and how they impact businesses, the authors conducted an interview, a focus group discussion and a survey involving the Indonesian National Shipowners Association (INSA). From these methods, the authors found a common issue - that merchant ships operating in Indonesian waters face stoppages and demands for paying illegal fees during maritime security inspections at sea. Consequently, these inefficient and corrupt maritime security inspections are costly to Indonesian shipowners because they lower the ship’s productivity, increase voyage costs, give rise to claims related to contracts of affreightment and reduce profit. To improve efficiency and deter corrupt practices during maritime security inspections, this paper proposes a few solutions such as consolidating inspections, changing the mindset of maritime security agencies, and improving transparency and accountability.
{"title":"Costs of maritime security inspection to merchant ship operations – the Indonesian shipowners’ perspective","authors":"Yetty Komalasari Dewi, Dhini Purnamasari.","doi":"10.1080/18366503.2021.1962059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1962059","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Indonesia’s aspiration to become a global maritime fulcrum lacks synergy between its maritime security and its maritime economy. This paper explores the dynamics between maritime security and maritime economy by investigating the current practices of maritime security inspections at sea and how they affect Indonesian shipowners. It also seeks to find solutions for more efficient and corruption-free maritime security inspections. To understand the Indonesian shipowners’ perspective on current practices of maritime security inspections at sea and how they impact businesses, the authors conducted an interview, a focus group discussion and a survey involving the Indonesian National Shipowners Association (INSA). From these methods, the authors found a common issue - that merchant ships operating in Indonesian waters face stoppages and demands for paying illegal fees during maritime security inspections at sea. Consequently, these inefficient and corrupt maritime security inspections are costly to Indonesian shipowners because they lower the ship’s productivity, increase voyage costs, give rise to claims related to contracts of affreightment and reduce profit. To improve efficiency and deter corrupt practices during maritime security inspections, this paper proposes a few solutions such as consolidating inspections, changing the mindset of maritime security agencies, and improving transparency and accountability.","PeriodicalId":37179,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs","volume":"50 1","pages":"38 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80875563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2021.1961360
Mehmet Kaptan, Binnur Olgun Kaptan
ABSTRACT The global crisis, which has spread to the world due to the ‘Covid-19’ pandemic, has affected every area of life, from health to production, from trade to lifestyle, and from education to socialisation. International measures are taken within the scope of combating the global pandemic negatively influenced trade. Considering that 80% of global trade is maintained through maritime transportation, the importance of continuing the safe operation of merchant ships becomes apparent. This study aimed to identify the problems experienced by seamen during the pandemic process and offer solutions to these problems. In this context, semi-structured interviews were conducted with seafarers actively working on the ship. The data obtained from the interview were coded in the Nvivo 10 program, made meaningful and evaluated. The results of this study show that the Covid-19 pandemic has a significant impact on seafarers.
{"title":"The investigation of the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on seafarers","authors":"Mehmet Kaptan, Binnur Olgun Kaptan","doi":"10.1080/18366503.2021.1961360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1961360","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 The global crisis, which has spread to the world due to the ‘Covid-19’ pandemic, has affected every area of life, from health to production, from trade to lifestyle, and from education to socialisation. International measures are taken within the scope of combating the global pandemic negatively influenced trade. Considering that 80% of global trade is maintained through maritime transportation, the importance of continuing the safe operation of merchant ships becomes apparent. This study aimed to identify the problems experienced by seamen during the pandemic process and offer solutions to these problems. In this context, semi-structured interviews were conducted with seafarers actively working on the ship. The data obtained from the interview were coded in the Nvivo 10 program, made meaningful and evaluated. The results of this study show that the Covid-19 pandemic has a significant impact on seafarers.","PeriodicalId":37179,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":"25 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85236152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-30DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2021.1959737
Syed Sabreena Bukhari
ABSTRACT Investigating a country’s navy provides a means of assessing the country’s strategic, political, economic as well as international perspectives. Being overwhelmingly strategic in orientation, Indian Ocean occupies an important position among the strategic calculations of all major powers, and as a result has become the centre of gravity due to its increasing economic, military and diplomatic activities in the post-cold war period. Since 1990s China’s policies in the region have also changed, primarily due to its high stakes in the region. Its spectacular and constant economic growth has made it an attractive player for markets and its growing activities are an important imperative that shape the strategic environment of the Indian Ocean Region today. Since both India and China are rising simultaneously and have large stakes in this region, both are turning their policies to expand their Maritime sector. The increasing encroachments by China in the Indian Ocean has caused significant amount of friction in their bilateral ties and has led to overlapping spheres of influence with India. The paper establishes that China is expanding its Maritime power in all dimensions creating a security imbalance in South Asia.
{"title":"Decoding China’s ambitions in the Indian Ocean: analysis and implications for India","authors":"Syed Sabreena Bukhari","doi":"10.1080/18366503.2021.1959737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1959737","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Investigating a country’s navy provides a means of assessing the country’s strategic, political, economic as well as international perspectives. Being overwhelmingly strategic in orientation, Indian Ocean occupies an important position among the strategic calculations of all major powers, and as a result has become the centre of gravity due to its increasing economic, military and diplomatic activities in the post-cold war period. Since 1990s China’s policies in the region have also changed, primarily due to its high stakes in the region. Its spectacular and constant economic growth has made it an attractive player for markets and its growing activities are an important imperative that shape the strategic environment of the Indian Ocean Region today. Since both India and China are rising simultaneously and have large stakes in this region, both are turning their policies to expand their Maritime sector. The increasing encroachments by China in the Indian Ocean has caused significant amount of friction in their bilateral ties and has led to overlapping spheres of influence with India. The paper establishes that China is expanding its Maritime power in all dimensions creating a security imbalance in South Asia.","PeriodicalId":37179,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs","volume":"21 1","pages":"136 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72923672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2021.1961353
N. Agarwala
ABSTRACT Maritime trade and shipbuilding have flourished in India since the Indus Valley civilisation. Of these, shipbuilding developed in India more as an art rather than being a science and hence has largely remained undocumented. The art has been passed down from one generation to another through training and hands-on experience. When Europeans came to India, Bombay was neither a trading centre nor a city of importance. Shipbuilding was then mainly controlled from Surat by the Parsis, however, the English found it difficult to get their vessels built here due to monopolistic control of the Portuguese. Once the English got control of Bombay, they focused on developing it for trade and shipbuilding but found the process slow. With great effort, they managed to get a Parsi shipbuilder or ‘Wadia’ (shipbuilder in Gujarati) who brought shipbuilding to Bombay and helped continue the shipbuilding legacy of India at the Bombay Dockyard. The article intends to discuss the shipbuilders’ family of Bombay, the ‘Wadia’ family. It will look at how the Wadias are considered instrumental in keeping the shipbuilding legacy of India alive in India for over 150 years and their contribution to shipbuilding in India.
{"title":"Shipbuilding legacy in India under the Wadia family","authors":"N. Agarwala","doi":"10.1080/18366503.2021.1961353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2021.1961353","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Maritime trade and shipbuilding have flourished in India since the Indus Valley civilisation. Of these, shipbuilding developed in India more as an art rather than being a science and hence has largely remained undocumented. The art has been passed down from one generation to another through training and hands-on experience. When Europeans came to India, Bombay was neither a trading centre nor a city of importance. Shipbuilding was then mainly controlled from Surat by the Parsis, however, the English found it difficult to get their vessels built here due to monopolistic control of the Portuguese. Once the English got control of Bombay, they focused on developing it for trade and shipbuilding but found the process slow. With great effort, they managed to get a Parsi shipbuilder or ‘Wadia’ (shipbuilder in Gujarati) who brought shipbuilding to Bombay and helped continue the shipbuilding legacy of India at the Bombay Dockyard. The article intends to discuss the shipbuilders’ family of Bombay, the ‘Wadia’ family. It will look at how the Wadias are considered instrumental in keeping the shipbuilding legacy of India alive in India for over 150 years and their contribution to shipbuilding in India.","PeriodicalId":37179,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs","volume":"31 1","pages":"69 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85287417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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