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“Surviving and growing up with illegal status”: The Analysis of Socio–Economic Household, Potential Conflict, the Environmental Damage, and Vulnerability of Local Community to Disaster “以非法身份生存和成长”:社会经济家庭、潜在冲突、环境破坏和当地社区对灾害的脆弱性分析
IF 1 Q4 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-27 DOI: 10.46873/2300-3960.1061
S. Syahnur, Yossi Diantimala
This study aims to analyze, from social-economics and environmental perspectives, how illegal gold mining survives and grows with its illegal status. Generally, illegal mining has a positive impact on the socio-economy of all parties involved. However, mining activities cause environmental damage and pollution so that the local community is vulnerable to disaster and potential conflict. This research was conducted at an illegal mining site in Aceh, the western province of Indonesia. To describe the primary data, it employs a descriptive qualitative method. The purposive sampling method is used to select key informants. The results show an increasing income of all stakeholders involved. To minimize environmental damage and pollution, illegal mining uses a very simpledbut very environmentally friendlydtool, “Asbhuk”, which does not harm the sustainability of the natural environment, especially the use of wells and mountain springs. Nevertheless, natural disasters often occur in the mining area, such as overflowing rivers and landslides caused by heavy rainfall. It is a negative impact from changes in the structure of mining land, forest encroachment, and the expansion of the river. There is no significant conflict between direct and indirect parties engaged in illegal mining activities. The direct parties desire this mining activity to be conducted by artisanal and small groups.
本研究旨在从社会经济和环境的角度分析非法金矿开采是如何在其非法地位下生存和发展的。一般来说,非法采矿对有关各方的社会经济都有积极的影响。然而,采矿活动造成环境破坏和污染,使当地社区容易受到灾害和潜在冲突的影响。这项研究是在印度尼西亚西部省份亚齐的一个非法矿区进行的。为了描述原始数据,它采用了描述性定性方法。采用目的抽样的方法,选择关键举报人。结果表明,所有利益相关者的收入都在增加。为了尽量减少对环境的破坏和污染,非法采矿使用一种非常简单但非常环保的工具“Asbhuk”,它不会损害自然环境的可持续性,特别是使用井和山泉。然而,矿区经常发生自然灾害,如河水泛滥、暴雨引起的山体滑坡等。这是矿区结构变化、森林侵蚀和河流扩张的负面影响。从事非法采矿活动的直接和间接当事方之间没有重大冲突。直接当事方希望这种采矿活动由手工和小团体进行。
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引用次数: 0
Flow Characterization In Mine Ventilation Fan Blade Design Using CFD 基于CFD的矿井通风机叶片设计中的流动特性研究
IF 1 Q4 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-18 DOI: 10.46873/2300-3960.1063
Anwar Endris Hassen
In axial ventilation fans, the generation of a uniform flow velocity is desirable for better efficiency. To that end, different fan blade types have been developed to achieve better flow uniformity. This article aimed to characterize the flow distribution and its uniformity in four blade designs, namely constant chord, tapered blade, skewed blade, and tapered skewed blade, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The study employs an iterative study where key study decisions are made as the study progresses. The study began with the selection of a blade profile for the study. A comparative study between the NACA seven-digit and four-digit series was conducted and for its higher flow throughput, the four-digit airfoil profile was selected. Next, with 30 and 40 Angle of Attack (AoA), the constant chord blade flow pattern is characterized. At 40 AoA flow disturbance and high-velocity spots were observed establishing the problem statement. Following that, three optimization strategies (tapering, skewing, and taper skewing) were applied in the design, and the flow pattern of each design was studied. Using a dispersion study a flow uniformity comparison between the models conducted. The property trade-off between three key performance indicators: efficiency, flow rate, and flow uniformity studied. The result shows an axial fan having a higher efficiency doesn't necessarily mean it has higher throughput whereas lower flow dispersion relates to the system's higher efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded that seeking higher efficiency and flow uniformity in the design and development of axial fans comes with system throughput trade-off.
在轴流通风机中,为了获得更好的效率,需要产生均匀的流速。为此,开发了不同的风扇叶片类型,以获得更好的流动均匀性。本文采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,对恒定弦、锥形叶片、弯曲叶片和锥形弯曲叶片四种叶片设计下的流动分布及其均匀性进行了研究。该研究采用迭代研究,随着研究的进展,做出关键的研究决策。这项研究从选择用于研究的叶片轮廓开始。比较研究之间的NACA七位数和四位数系列进行了,并为其更高的流量吞吐量,四位数翼型剖面被选中。其次,在攻角为30和40的情况下,对恒弦叶流型进行了表征。在40 AoA时观察到流动扰动和高速斑点,建立了问题陈述。在此基础上,采用锥形、斜向和锥形斜向三种优化策略进行了设计,并对每种优化策略的流态进行了研究。利用弥散研究,对不同模型的流动均匀性进行了比较。研究了三个关键性能指标:效率、流量和流动均匀性之间的性能权衡。结果表明,轴流风机的效率越高并不一定意味着它的吞吐量越高,而低的流量分散与系统的效率越高有关。因此,在轴流风机的设计和开发中,追求更高的效率和流动均匀性是需要权衡系统吞吐量的。
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引用次数: 1
Application of Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry to monitor surface deformations of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) – A case study of the motorways crossing areas of mining operations in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland 应用合成孔径雷达干涉测量法监测跨欧洲交通网(TEN-T)的地表变形——以波兰上西里西亚煤盆地采矿作业地区的高速公路为例
IF 1 Q4 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.46873/2300-3960.1319
A. Smoliński, Mariusz Stawinoga, T. Pindel
Underground hard coal mining causes surface deformations. When the mining operations are conducted beneath linear objects, such as motorways, there is a risk of deformations of the axis of the road and its horizontal and vertical alignment (additional bends and vertical curvatures, longitudinal inclinations, deformations of cross-sections). In the areas subjected to mining operations, mining plants conduct geodetic monitoring. Due to their labour intensity and costs, geodetic measurements are usually made only a few times a year. The article discusses the possibility of applying Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to monitor the subsidence of the vertical alignment of motorways caused by mining operations and its advantages and disadvantages compared to the currently used methods of geodetic measurements. The tests were conducted in two sections of motorways within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland) in the areas of intensive hard coal mining operations. Radar imaging of the surface made by the European Space Agency's (ESA) satellite Sentinel-1 equipped with the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was used.
地下硬煤开采引起地表变形。当采矿作业在直线物体(例如高速公路)下面进行时,道路的轴线及其水平和垂直方向有变形的危险(额外的弯曲和垂直弯曲、纵向倾斜、横截面变形)。在进行采矿作业的地区,采矿厂进行大地测量监测。由于他们的劳动强度和成本,大地测量通常一年只进行几次。本文讨论了应用干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)监测采矿作业引起的高速公路垂直走向沉降的可能性,以及与目前使用的大地测量方法相比的优缺点。试验是在上西里西亚煤炭盆地(波兰)密集开采硬煤地区的两段高速公路上进行的。使用的是欧洲航天局(ESA)的哨兵1号卫星(Sentinel-1)搭载合成孔径雷达(SAR)拍摄的火星表面雷达图像。
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引用次数: 0
The contribution of mining sector to sustainable development in Saudi Arabia 矿业部门对沙特阿拉伯可持续发展的贡献
IF 1 Q4 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-19 DOI: 10.46873/2300-3960.1056
M. Zmami, O. Ben-Salha, Sultan O. Almarshad, Houyem Chekki
The mining sector development is among the priorities of the Saudi Vision 2030. There is currently a lot of interest in the role of the mining sector in Saudi Arabia. This research contributes to this debate by empirically assessing the effects of mining on sustainable development in Saudi Arabia during the period 1980e2018. Unlike many previous studies, the three sustainable development dimensions, namely economic, social, and environmental, are jointly considered. The cointegration analysis, based on the ARDL, GregoryeHansen, and combined cointegration tests, confirms the existence of long-run relationships between mining and all sustainable development dimensions. Furthermore, the findings lend substantial evidence on the importance of the mining sector in enhancing economic and social sustainability in the shortand long-run. There is, however, no evidence of the existence of adverse environmental effects of mining. The long-run effects of mining are robust to a battery of robustness and stability tests. Suitable policy recommendations are subse-
采矿业的发展是沙特2030年愿景的优先事项之一。目前,人们对沙特阿拉伯采矿业的作用非常感兴趣。本研究通过实证评估1980年至2018年期间采矿对沙特阿拉伯可持续发展的影响,为这场辩论做出了贡献。与以往的许多研究不同,可持续发展的三个维度,即经济、社会和环境,是共同考虑的。基于ARDL、GregoryeHansen和联合协整检验的协整分析证实,采矿与所有可持续发展维度之间存在长期关系。此外,调查结果提供了大量证据,证明采矿部门在短期和长期内加强经济和社会可持续性方面的重要性。但是,没有证据表明采矿对环境有不利影响。通过一系列稳健性和稳定性测试,采矿的长期影响是稳健的。合适的政策建议如下
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引用次数: 6
Spatiotemporal Interactions between Surface Coal Mining and Land Cover and Use Changes 地表煤矿开采与土地覆盖及利用变化的时空相互作用
IF 1 Q4 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.46873/2300-3960.1053
Nikolaos Paraskevis, Aikaterini Servou, C. Roumpos, F. Pavloudakis
Long-term surface mining and land cover/use changes have been evidenced to have a critical relationship. This study investigates the evolution of this relationship for Ptolemais (Northern Greece) coal mining area during the period 1990e2018. In this context, satellite images, Corine data, and mining maps were used. A relative spatial indicator (RSI) was adopted to describe the mineral land areas and ArcGIS tools to define the land cover and use changes. Furthermore, mine operation parameters were statistically analyzed concerning land cover/use areas. The study revealed that areas described as “mineral extraction sites” present a strong correlation with “non-irrigated arable land” and “transitional woodland”. From 1990 to 2018, the total forest area was increased by three times, mainly as a result of the dumping sites’ geometry. Additionally, the mine operation parameters are well correlated with the active mining area, and more specifically, there is a linear relationship between the stripping ratio and the ratio of lignite production to active mining area. In the general case, the calculated annual changing rate of land use types may contribute to the prediction of future land reclamation uses and, consequently, to land reclamation planning in due time.
长期露天采矿和土地覆盖/利用变化已被证明具有关键关系。本研究调查了1990年至2018年期间托勒密(希腊北部)煤矿区这种关系的演变。在这方面,使用了卫星图像、Corine数据和采矿图。采用相对空间指标(RSI)描述矿产用地面积,利用ArcGIS工具定义土地覆被和利用变化。此外,统计分析了土地覆盖/利用面积对矿山作业参数的影响。研究表明,被描述为“矿物开采地点”的地区与“非灌溉耕地”和“过渡林地”存在很强的相关性。从1990年到2018年,森林总面积增加了三倍,主要是由于倾倒场的几何形状。此外,矿山作业参数与活跃矿区具有良好的相关性,剥脱比与褐煤产量与活跃矿区的比值呈线性关系。在一般情况下,计算出的土地利用类型的年变化率可能有助于预测未来的土地复垦用途,从而在适当的时候进行土地复垦规划。
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引用次数: 3
Evaluating the Performance of Extreme Learning Machine Technique for Ore Grade Estimation 极值学习机技术在矿石品位估计中的性能评价
IF 1 Q4 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.46873/2300-3960.1062
C. A. Abuntori, S. Al-Hassan, D. Mireku-Gyimah, Y. Ziggah
Due to the complex geology of vein deposits and their erratic grade distributions, there is the tendency of over-estimating or underestimating the ore grade. These estimated grade results determine the pro fi tability of mining the ore deposit or otherwise. In this study, fi ve Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) variants based on hard limit, sigmoid, triangular basis, sine and radial basis activation functions were applied to predict ore grade. The motive is that the activation function has been identi fi ed to play a key role in achieving optimum ELM performance. Therefore, assessing the extent of in fl uence the activation functions will have on the fi nal outputs from the ELM has some scienti fi c value worth investigating. This study therefore applied ELM as ore grade estimator which is yet to be explored in the literature. The obtained results from the fi ve ELM variants were analysed and compared with the state-of-the-art benchmark methods of Back-propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Ordinary Kriging (OK). The statistical test results revealed that the ELM with sigmoid activation function (ELM-Sigmoid) was the best among all the other investigated methods (ELM-Hard limit, ELM-Triangular basis, ELM-Sine, ELM-Radial Basis, BPNN and OK). This is because the ELM-sigmoid produced the lowest MAE (0.0175), MSE (0.0005) and RMSE (0.0229) with highest R 2 (91.93%) and R (95.88%) respectively. It was concluded that ELM-Sigmoid can be used by fi eld practitioners as a reliable alternative ore grade estimation technique.
由于脉状矿床地质复杂,品位分布不稳定,存在高估或低估矿石品位的倾向。这些估计的品位结果决定了开采该矿床或其他方面的盈利能力。本文采用基于硬极限、s型基、三角基、正弦基和径向基激活函数的5种极限学习机(ELM)变体对矿石品位进行预测。其动机是激活函数已被确定为在实现最佳ELM性能方面发挥关键作用。因此,评估激活函数对ELM最终输出的影响程度具有一些值得研究的科学价值。因此,本研究采用ELM作为矿石品位估计,这在文献中还有待探索。从五个ELM变体中获得的结果进行了分析,并与最先进的反向传播神经网络(BPNN)和普通克里格(OK)的基准方法进行了比较。统计检验结果表明,具有sigmoid激活函数的ELM (ELM- sigmoid)在所有研究的其他方法(ELM- hard limit, ELM- triangle basis, ELM- sine, ELM- radial basis, BPNN和OK)中是最好的。这是因为elm -s型的MAE(0.0175)最低,MSE(0.0005)和RMSE(0.0229)最高,r2(91.93%)和R(95.88%)最高。结果表明,ELM-Sigmoid可以作为一种可靠的替代矿石品位估算技术。
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引用次数: 2
Selection mining methods via multiple criteria decision analysis using TOPSIS and modification of the UBC method 基于TOPSIS和改进UBC方法的多准则决策分析选择挖掘方法
IF 1 Q4 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.46873/2300-3960.1054
Mahrous A. M. Ali, Jong-Gwan Kim
Mine designers often face difficulties in selecting an appropriate mining method; however, such a method should be selected based on ore and rock characteristics. The selection of mining methods can be considered a type of multi-criteria decision making, and this depends on many factors used in the selection process. The general method used in this field is the University of British Columbia (UBC) method, which determines the criteria of the properties that are compared to determine the best and worst of several mining methods. In this paper we used as new technique which define as Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The criteria considered in the UBC method include general shape, ore thickness, ore plunge, and grade distribution, beside the rock quality designation (RQD), and the rock substance strength (RSS). This paper presents an improved TOPSIS method based on experimental design. Additionally, this paper will introduce a modified version of the UBC method that can be employed based on Excel sheet. The best mining methods is cut and fill Stoping and Top slicing with the same rank equal 0.72, and the second-best mining method is Square set Stoping with rank equal 0.65.
矿山设计人员在选择合适的采矿方法时经常面临困难;但是,这种方法应该根据矿石和岩石的特性来选择。采矿方法的选择可以被认为是一种多准则决策,这取决于选择过程中使用的许多因素。该领域使用的一般方法是不列颠哥伦比亚大学(UBC)方法,该方法确定了比较属性的标准,以确定几种采矿方法的最佳和最差。本文采用了一种新技术,即理想解相似偏好排序技术(TOPSIS)。在UBC方法中考虑的标准包括一般形状、矿石厚度、矿石倾角和品位分布,以及岩石质量标识(RQD)和岩石物质强度(RSS)。本文提出了一种基于实验设计的改进TOPSIS方法。此外,本文还将介绍一种基于Excel表格的改进版UBC方法。最佳采矿方法为充填充填法和顶部分层法,采矿等级相同,为0.72;次优采矿方法为方形集采矿,采矿等级为0.65。
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引用次数: 5
The Balance of Methane and Ventilation as a Tool for Methane Hazard Assessment in the Areas of Longwalls Exploited in Hard Coal Mines 硬煤长壁采空区甲烷危害评价的甲烷与通风平衡
IF 1 Q4 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-05-08 DOI: 10.46873/2300-3960.1249
Henryk Koptoń, Krystian Wierzbiński
ABSTRACT Purpose This article presents an algorithm for the current assessment of methane hazards during the exploitation of longwalls in conditions where there are methane hazards. The algorithm has been developed within the framework of the international AVENTO project (Advanced Tools For Ventilation and Methane Emissions Control), carried out in Poland, inter alia, by the Central Mining Institute in cooperation with Kompania Weglowa SA (KW SA).The algorithm was developed based on the analysis of the ventilation-methane balances for longwall areas, based on the data registered by automatic methane sensors and the velocity of ventilating air. Methods Multiple research methods were used, such as: observation, a questionnaire and statistical methods.The questionnaire was used for the preliminary determination of methane hazards in the longwalls belonging to the industrial partner (KW SA). The polls were used to obtain relevant information about the hazards and means of prevention taken, such as: the methane content in the seam, the emissions of methane into the exploitation workings, the volume of methane drainage, the ventilation system used, and the amount of ventilation air used to combat the methane hazard. Based on the poll's data, the longwalls with methane emissions in their environment were selected for testing, based on long-term observations of changes in the concentrations of methane in the ventilation air and in the methane drainage net. Methane concentration measurements were based on the values recorded by the methane sensors located in the workings which were considered to be most dangerous. For data processing a statistical method was used. In the research, the average results of the indicated concentrations of methane from the methane sensors were used for the correlation between the average values of methane emission in the region of the longwall or methane drainage, with other parameters, such as absolute pressure changes on the surface, technological processes or cycles in the longwall. For the evaluation of the methane hazard, an indicator was proposed, these being the ratio of the ventilation methane bearing capacity to the criterial methane bearing capacity. An increase of this indicator indicates an increase in the level of methane hazard. Results On the basis of the average daily value of the methane hazard status indicator, an algorithm for the assessment and visualization of methane hazard in the areas of the active longwalls was developed. The algorithm contains a list of technical and organizational actions which should be taken in the event of unfavourable risk assessment of methane hazard, reflecting very high risk or unsafe conditions for conducting further work. Practical implications The proposed algorithm can be used for the ongoing assessment of methane hazard in areas of exploited longwalls in order to support staff in surface control rooms and in ventilation departments. Originality/value The current assessmen
摘要目的提出了一种长壁开采存在甲烷危害条件下的甲烷危害评估算法。该算法是在国际AVENTO项目(通风和甲烷排放控制先进工具)框架内开发的,该项目除其他外由中央采矿研究所与Kompania Weglowa SA (KW SA)合作在波兰执行。该算法是在分析长壁地区通风-甲烷平衡的基础上,根据自动甲烷传感器记录的数据和通风速度开发的。方法采用观察法、问卷调查法、统计法等多种研究方法。利用问卷调查初步确定了工业合作伙伴(KW SA)长壁井的甲烷危害。问卷调查的目的是了解煤层的甲烷含量、向开采工作面排放的甲烷量、甲烷排气量、使用的通风系统以及用于对抗甲烷危害的通风风量等相关信息和采取的预防措施。根据民意调查的数据,根据对通风空气和甲烷排放网中甲烷浓度变化的长期观察,选择了环境中有甲烷排放的长壁进行测试。甲烷浓度测量是根据位于被认为是最危险的工作场所的甲烷传感器记录的值进行的。数据处理采用统计学方法。在研究中,利用甲烷传感器指示的甲烷浓度的平均值,将长壁区域甲烷排放或甲烷排放的平均值与地表绝对压力变化、长壁工艺流程或循环等其他参数进行相关性分析。针对甲烷危害的评价,提出了通风甲烷承载力与标准甲烷承载力的比值。该指标的增加表明甲烷危害程度的增加。结果基于甲烷危害状态指标的日均值,建立了长壁活跃区甲烷危害评价与可视化算法。该算法载有一份技术和组织行动清单,如果对甲烷危害进行不利的风险评估,反映出进行进一步工作的风险非常高或条件不安全,应采取这些行动。该算法可用于长壁开采区域甲烷危害的持续评估,为地面控制室和通风部门的工作人员提供支持。利用所开发的算法对长壁瓦斯条件下的瓦斯危害进行评估,将提高开采的安全性。
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引用次数: 4
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM); Centralised processing centre; Suitability analysis; Multi-criteria evaluation 手工和小规模采矿;集中处理中心;适用性分析;多标准评价
IF 1 Q4 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-04-12 DOI: 10.46873/2300-3960.1143
Nash Amoah, E. Stemn
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引用次数: 0
Is the relationship between mining and climate change only one-way? Climate change potential impacts on mining activity – hazards, risks and adaptation measures 采矿业和气候变化之间的关系是单向的吗?气候变化对采矿活动的潜在影响——危害、风险和适应措施
IF 1 Q4 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-03-28 DOI: 10.46873/2300-3960.1051
M. Markowska
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of Sustainable Mining
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