Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386068
E. Granot, Raviv Weber, S. Tzadok, Guy Gertel, N. Narkiss
A comparison between the RF-over-fiber and the RF-over-coax technologies is presented. It is shown that while in relatively short delay lines the coax technology will do, for delay lines longer than a certain distance the fiber technology has a clear advantages: Beyond several microseconds it is better in terms of volume, Noise Figure and cost.
{"title":"Fibers vs. coax for RF delay line applications","authors":"E. Granot, Raviv Weber, S. Tzadok, Guy Gertel, N. Narkiss","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386068","url":null,"abstract":"A comparison between the RF-over-fiber and the RF-over-coax technologies is presented. It is shown that while in relatively short delay lines the coax technology will do, for delay lines longer than a certain distance the fiber technology has a clear advantages: Beyond several microseconds it is better in terms of volume, Noise Figure and cost.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126100519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385945
S. Zach, Z. Zalevsky, A. Shemer
Processing of wide band signals and antenna beam forming by photonic means and principals offers significant advantages compared to current electronic systems. The integration of optics in RF systems like EW and RADAR or manipulating optic based principals enables to decrease the size, to increase the bandwidth, and to reduce the power dissipation far beyond what can be obtained in current electronic systems. Thus, several novel photonic architectures were suggested based on converting analog RF signals into photonics.
{"title":"RF systems approach based on photonics architecture","authors":"S. Zach, Z. Zalevsky, A. Shemer","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385945","url":null,"abstract":"Processing of wide band signals and antenna beam forming by photonic means and principals offers significant advantages compared to current electronic systems. The integration of optics in RF systems like EW and RADAR or manipulating optic based principals enables to decrease the size, to increase the bandwidth, and to reduce the power dissipation far beyond what can be obtained in current electronic systems. Thus, several novel photonic architectures were suggested based on converting analog RF signals into photonics.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"620 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123079620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385979
C. Fulton, W. Chappell
Several techniques for calibrating and aligning different aspects of a digital phased array are demonstrated using a 16-element, panelized, vertically-polarized S-band subarray with element-level digitization on both transmit and receive. These techniques make use of the element-level functionality not only to expedite the process of initial alignment and calibration but to enhance the ability of the array to maintain and enforce this calibration over time as RF/analog system variations occur. A method for maintaining element amplitude and phase over time in fully digitized arrays is demonstrated as well as a technique for element-level self-calibration of quadrature mismatches.
{"title":"Calibration techniques for digital phased arrays","authors":"C. Fulton, W. Chappell","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385979","url":null,"abstract":"Several techniques for calibrating and aligning different aspects of a digital phased array are demonstrated using a 16-element, panelized, vertically-polarized S-band subarray with element-level digitization on both transmit and receive. These techniques make use of the element-level functionality not only to expedite the process of initial alignment and calibration but to enhance the ability of the array to maintain and enforce this calibration over time as RF/analog system variations occur. A method for maintaining element amplitude and phase over time in fully digitized arrays is demonstrated as well as a technique for element-level self-calibration of quadrature mismatches.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126953606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386047
P. Ostrovskyy, Y. Borokhovych, Georg Fischer, Hans Gustat, C. Scheytt
A fourth-order bandpass delta-sigma modulator (BDSM) is designed for operating at decreased sampling frequency to relax the requirements of the power amplification stage in Class-S power amplifier. The modulator is fabricated in 0.25 um SiGe BiCMOS technology and achieves 43.8 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in 10_MHz bandwidth with sine wave input, while dissipating 380 mW from −2.8 V supply. For a WCDMA modulated signal the modulator demonstrates 3 % of EVM.
为满足s类功率放大器对功率放大级的要求，设计了一种降低采样频率的四阶带通δ - σ调制器(BDSM)。该调制器采用0.25 um SiGe BiCMOS技术制造，在10_MHz带宽下，以正弦波输入实现43.8 dB信噪比(SNR)，同时在−2.8 V电源下耗散380 mW。对于WCDMA调制信号，调制器显示3%的EVM。
{"title":"A 2.2 GS/s 900 MHz bandpass delta-sigma modulator for Class-S power amplifier","authors":"P. Ostrovskyy, Y. Borokhovych, Georg Fischer, Hans Gustat, C. Scheytt","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386047","url":null,"abstract":"A fourth-order bandpass delta-sigma modulator (BDSM) is designed for operating at decreased sampling frequency to relax the requirements of the power amplification stage in Class-S power amplifier. The modulator is fabricated in 0.25 um SiGe BiCMOS technology and achieves 43.8 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in 10_MHz bandwidth with sine wave input, while dissipating 380 mW from −2.8 V supply. For a WCDMA modulated signal the modulator demonstrates 3 % of EVM.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122652892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386057
S. Hauptmann, M. Hellfeld, C. Knochenhauer, F. Ellinger
This paper discusses how bond wires can be accurately modeled for circuits operating at several 10 GHz. To obtain exact results a more sophisticated model than the commonly-used inductor with around 0.8 nH/mm is required. An edge-based multiple conductor transmission line (mtline) model is presented, and it is demonstrated how its parameters can be extracted from EM simulations. A comparison of the mtline model with a lumped components model demonstrates the advantages of the mtline approach.
{"title":"Modeling bond wires for millimeter wave RFIC design","authors":"S. Hauptmann, M. Hellfeld, C. Knochenhauer, F. Ellinger","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386057","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses how bond wires can be accurately modeled for circuits operating at several 10 GHz. To obtain exact results a more sophisticated model than the commonly-used inductor with around 0.8 nH/mm is required. An edge-based multiple conductor transmission line (mtline) model is presented, and it is demonstrated how its parameters can be extracted from EM simulations. A comparison of the mtline model with a lumped components model demonstrates the advantages of the mtline approach.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124562094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385956
R. V. Gatti, R. Sorrentino
Slotted waveguide antennas are widely employed in radar and communication systems thanks to their high performance in terms of compactness, low loss, power handled. A new powerful CAD tool for the design and analysis of this kind of antennas is presented. High computational efficiency, accuracy and reliability of the software are demonstrated by specific examples and by comparison between simulations and measurements.
{"title":"A fast and accurate CAD tool for slotted waveguide arrays","authors":"R. V. Gatti, R. Sorrentino","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385956","url":null,"abstract":"Slotted waveguide antennas are widely employed in radar and communication systems thanks to their high performance in terms of compactness, low loss, power handled. A new powerful CAD tool for the design and analysis of this kind of antennas is presented. High computational efficiency, accuracy and reliability of the software are demonstrated by specific examples and by comparison between simulations and measurements.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127702015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386067
S. Sofer, D. Tzytkin, V. Neiman, Eyal Melamed-Kohen
On-die PSO is used for leakage power reduction. The power-up process at PSO exit (gated supply voltage recovery) is usually designed to be relatively slow process. This is done in order to keep quiet continuous power supply of always powered-on devices. We propose a way of acceleration the power-up, while holding the continuous power supply at acceptable level of noise. This is achieved by monitoring the IR droop level of the continuous power supply. It allows significant reduction of the power-up time with no functionality impact. The theoretical background, the arrangement schematics and the simulation results are presented.
{"title":"Fast and noise-aware power-up for on-die power gated domains","authors":"S. Sofer, D. Tzytkin, V. Neiman, Eyal Melamed-Kohen","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386067","url":null,"abstract":"On-die PSO is used for leakage power reduction. The power-up process at PSO exit (gated supply voltage recovery) is usually designed to be relatively slow process. This is done in order to keep quiet continuous power supply of always powered-on devices. We propose a way of acceleration the power-up, while holding the continuous power supply at acceptable level of noise. This is achieved by monitoring the IR droop level of the continuous power supply. It allows significant reduction of the power-up time with no functionality impact. The theoretical background, the arrangement schematics and the simulation results are presented.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127883515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386056
R. McMillan, I. Kohlberg
We consider four effects relevant to the determination of the ratio of radar signal to clutter and noise. These effects are atmospheric turbulence, target fluctuations based on the Swerling models, zero-mean Gaussian background and receiver noise, and lognormal-distributed clutter. Radar return signal levels are affected by target fluctuations and atmospheric turbulence, characterized by a variant of the Rayleigh distribution and a lognormal distribution, respectively. Since these distributions are not independent and identically distributed (IID), they cannot be simply added, and must be treated by combining them in a manner similar to convolution. Also, clutter and noise are not IID, and must be combined in a similar way. The ratio of these two combinations comprises a probabilistic model of the ratio of radar signal to clutter and noise. This ratio is the probability that a given signal level will be achieved in the presence of atmospheric and target scintillations divided by the probability that a given clutter and noise level will be observed. To determine the ratio of the actual signal to clutter and noise, we must multiply these probabilities by the mean powers in these phenomena, as will be shown later. We treat several cases of interest by varying the average radar cross section, the log intensity standard deviation of turbulence, the radar threshold-to-noise and signal-to-noise ratios, and the distributions of lognormal clutter.
{"title":"A probabilistic model of the radar signal-to-clutter and noise ratio","authors":"R. McMillan, I. Kohlberg","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386056","url":null,"abstract":"We consider four effects relevant to the determination of the ratio of radar signal to clutter and noise. These effects are atmospheric turbulence, target fluctuations based on the Swerling models, zero-mean Gaussian background and receiver noise, and lognormal-distributed clutter. Radar return signal levels are affected by target fluctuations and atmospheric turbulence, characterized by a variant of the Rayleigh distribution and a lognormal distribution, respectively. Since these distributions are not independent and identically distributed (IID), they cannot be simply added, and must be treated by combining them in a manner similar to convolution. Also, clutter and noise are not IID, and must be combined in a similar way. The ratio of these two combinations comprises a probabilistic model of the ratio of radar signal to clutter and noise. This ratio is the probability that a given signal level will be achieved in the presence of atmospheric and target scintillations divided by the probability that a given clutter and noise level will be observed. To determine the ratio of the actual signal to clutter and noise, we must multiply these probabilities by the mean powers in these phenomena, as will be shown later. We treat several cases of interest by varying the average radar cross section, the log intensity standard deviation of turbulence, the radar threshold-to-noise and signal-to-noise ratios, and the distributions of lognormal clutter.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128578061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385990
M. Martiskainen, M. Elliott, D. Wittwer, Snir Azulay, S. Krupa
The continued size reduction of cellular phones, especially reduction their thickness leads to challenges for phone and antenna designers. Efficient antenna solutions that cover all needed bands are required no matter what volume has been allocated for the antenna. The optimal solution regarding antenna thickness will be achieved when the antenna is integrated into the PCB of the device. A particularly difficult challenge is to ensure that the antenna performs well in all user positions. A slim phone design tends to bring the antenna even closer to the users body, which is the main source of RF energy loss; leading to higher body loss and lower efficiency in use. This requires careful placement of the antenna element on the PCB within the device to ensure minimal user body effect. The market offers cellular phones varying from the ultra low cost versions to feature rich smart phones. Cost of the components including the antenna is the most critical parameter in the low end segment while number of bands and performance are the driving factors in the high end. This paper provides a solution for a multi-band antenna that can be fully integrated on the PCB of the device.
{"title":"Planar antenna for a cellular phone","authors":"M. Martiskainen, M. Elliott, D. Wittwer, Snir Azulay, S. Krupa","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385990","url":null,"abstract":"The continued size reduction of cellular phones, especially reduction their thickness leads to challenges for phone and antenna designers. Efficient antenna solutions that cover all needed bands are required no matter what volume has been allocated for the antenna. The optimal solution regarding antenna thickness will be achieved when the antenna is integrated into the PCB of the device. A particularly difficult challenge is to ensure that the antenna performs well in all user positions. A slim phone design tends to bring the antenna even closer to the users body, which is the main source of RF energy loss; leading to higher body loss and lower efficiency in use. This requires careful placement of the antenna element on the PCB within the device to ensure minimal user body effect. The market offers cellular phones varying from the ultra low cost versions to feature rich smart phones. Cost of the components including the antenna is the most critical parameter in the low end segment while number of bands and performance are the driving factors in the high end. This paper provides a solution for a multi-band antenna that can be fully integrated on the PCB of the device.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115863070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385993
V. Khaikin, M. Lebedev, E. Majorova, A. Boag, C. Letrou
Results of simulations of RATAN-600 radio telescope focusing optics are given. It is shown that due to suboptimal shape of the secondary mirror, the total energy loss amounts to 10%÷15% at low elevations and 2÷4% at high elevations. New ways of focusing optics optimization, which allow to compensate for up to 80% of the energy loss caused by the non-optimal shape of the secondary mirror, are proposed. The proposed solutions were verified by extensive simulations. These simulations used geometrical optics approximation (GO), supplemented by the calculation of the near and the far field with Projected Aperture (PA) and Physical Optics (PO) methods, thus taking the finite wavelength effects into account.
{"title":"Optimization of focusing optics of RATAN-600 radio telescope","authors":"V. Khaikin, M. Lebedev, E. Majorova, A. Boag, C. Letrou","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385993","url":null,"abstract":"Results of simulations of RATAN-600 radio telescope focusing optics are given. It is shown that due to suboptimal shape of the secondary mirror, the total energy loss amounts to 10%÷15% at low elevations and 2÷4% at high elevations. New ways of focusing optics optimization, which allow to compensate for up to 80% of the energy loss caused by the non-optimal shape of the secondary mirror, are proposed. The proposed solutions were verified by extensive simulations. These simulations used geometrical optics approximation (GO), supplemented by the calculation of the near and the far field with Projected Aperture (PA) and Physical Optics (PO) methods, thus taking the finite wavelength effects into account.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114180441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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