Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386079
R. Arusi, Y. Pinhasi, Boris Kapilevitch, D. Hardon, B. Litvak, M. Anisimov
Sub-millimeter and Terahertz waves maintain reasonable penetration depth in certain common materials, such as cloth, plastic, wood, sand and soil. Therefore, THz radiation can detect concealed weapons since many non-metallic, non-polar materials are transparent to this type of radiation (and are not transparent to visible radiation). Target compounds such as explosives and illicit drugs have characteristic THz spectra that can be used to identify these compounds. Investigation, design and development of a sub-millimeter wave remote sensing RADAR system for homeland security applications are presented. The RADAR, operating at 330GHz is based on transmission of a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and aimed at detection of concealed objects for ranges up to 20m. The system consists of 2 horn-lens antennas integrated with a homodyne transceiver. The synthesized linear FM signal with a frequency span of 200MHz at X-band is multiplied by a factor of 32 to generate the transmitted Tera-Hertz wave. Using a splitter, the signal is fed to an antenna and to a local oscillator port of a second harmonic balanced mixer. As a result, an intermediate frequency signal is obtained, containing the information on the target. Distance measurements were made by performing data acquisition and signal processing commercial programs, resulting in a range resolution better than 1cm. Preliminary Tera-Hertz imaging was also carried out to perform a three-dimensional image of the object.
{"title":"Linear FM radar operating in the Tera-Hertz regime for concealed objects detection","authors":"R. Arusi, Y. Pinhasi, Boris Kapilevitch, D. Hardon, B. Litvak, M. Anisimov","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386079","url":null,"abstract":"Sub-millimeter and Terahertz waves maintain reasonable penetration depth in certain common materials, such as cloth, plastic, wood, sand and soil. Therefore, THz radiation can detect concealed weapons since many non-metallic, non-polar materials are transparent to this type of radiation (and are not transparent to visible radiation). Target compounds such as explosives and illicit drugs have characteristic THz spectra that can be used to identify these compounds. Investigation, design and development of a sub-millimeter wave remote sensing RADAR system for homeland security applications are presented. The RADAR, operating at 330GHz is based on transmission of a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and aimed at detection of concealed objects for ranges up to 20m. The system consists of 2 horn-lens antennas integrated with a homodyne transceiver. The synthesized linear FM signal with a frequency span of 200MHz at X-band is multiplied by a factor of 32 to generate the transmitted Tera-Hertz wave. Using a splitter, the signal is fed to an antenna and to a local oscillator port of a second harmonic balanced mixer. As a result, an intermediate frequency signal is obtained, containing the information on the target. Distance measurements were made by performing data acquisition and signal processing commercial programs, resulting in a range resolution better than 1cm. Preliminary Tera-Hertz imaging was also carried out to perform a three-dimensional image of the object.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"359 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123387260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386073
T. Zlotnikov, O. Degani, Y. Nemirovsky
We present design and characterization of an integrated passive analog phase shifter at 24GHz in a commercially available 45 nm RF-CMOS process. The design is based on a well known RC bridge topology which was optimized for maximum phase shift and minimal amplitude response variation versus phase and frequency. Phase is controlled by varying DC voltage on a varactor, resulting in 60º maximum phase shift with 0.1 dB amplitude variation at 24GHz. The size of the phase shifter circuit excluding pads and input/output buffers is 40×50 µm2.
{"title":"Constant loss miniature 45nm RF-CMOS 24 GHz phase shifter","authors":"T. Zlotnikov, O. Degani, Y. Nemirovsky","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386073","url":null,"abstract":"We present design and characterization of an integrated passive analog phase shifter at 24GHz in a commercially available 45 nm RF-CMOS process. The design is based on a well known RC bridge topology which was optimized for maximum phase shift and minimal amplitude response variation versus phase and frequency. Phase is controlled by varying DC voltage on a varactor, resulting in 60º maximum phase shift with 0.1 dB amplitude variation at 24GHz. The size of the phase shifter circuit excluding pads and input/output buffers is 40×50 µm2.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121293805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385977
P. N. Zakharov, A. Korolev, A. P. Sukhorukov
In wireless systems (networks) planning, the typical goal is to maximize two parameters: coverage and capacity. Metrics describing each of these parameters are systemlevel channel characteristics: BER or data rate spatial distributions, etc. However, in practice, metrics based on physical radio channel characteristics are commonly employed instead (spatial distributions of signal level, SINR, delay spread, etc.). Since determination of these parameters at a specific point of space is in general not possible with acceptable accuracy due to fast fading, their statistical estimates (local mean, outage probability, minimum, maximum values, variance, etc.), determined along small spatial areas typical of practical application, are used as metrics. Objective functions used in network planning further statistically generalize these local statistics. Since information transmission channel characteristics (BER, data rate, capacity, etc.) describing the obtained system performance are in general nonlinear functions of physical channel parameters, their statistical estimates cannot be correctly determined based on statistical estimates of physical parameters. Thus, network planning based on physical parameters will generally lead to errors. In the current contribution, this error is quantified analytically and experimentally. The obtained error values achieved 320% for local mean channel capacity and 3 orders for BER on significant part of analyzed spatial area. Thus, the high importance of considering and using system-level channel characteristics as a preferred metric in network planning is pointed out.
{"title":"On the necessity of information transmission channel characteristics consideration in wireless systems planning","authors":"P. N. Zakharov, A. Korolev, A. P. Sukhorukov","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385977","url":null,"abstract":"In wireless systems (networks) planning, the typical goal is to maximize two parameters: coverage and capacity. Metrics describing each of these parameters are systemlevel channel characteristics: BER or data rate spatial distributions, etc. However, in practice, metrics based on physical radio channel characteristics are commonly employed instead (spatial distributions of signal level, SINR, delay spread, etc.). Since determination of these parameters at a specific point of space is in general not possible with acceptable accuracy due to fast fading, their statistical estimates (local mean, outage probability, minimum, maximum values, variance, etc.), determined along small spatial areas typical of practical application, are used as metrics. Objective functions used in network planning further statistically generalize these local statistics. Since information transmission channel characteristics (BER, data rate, capacity, etc.) describing the obtained system performance are in general nonlinear functions of physical channel parameters, their statistical estimates cannot be correctly determined based on statistical estimates of physical parameters. Thus, network planning based on physical parameters will generally lead to errors. In the current contribution, this error is quantified analytically and experimentally. The obtained error values achieved 320% for local mean channel capacity and 3 orders for BER on significant part of analyzed spatial area. Thus, the high importance of considering and using system-level channel characteristics as a preferred metric in network planning is pointed out.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"13 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114099990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386024
M. Horowitz, E. Levy, O. Okusaga, C. Menyuk, W. Zhou, G. Carter
Optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) are used to generate RF signals in the X-band region with a very low phase noise. These hybrid opto-electronic devices are based on a long optical fiber that forms a very high-Q RF cavity. We have studied theoretically and experimentally single-loop and dual-loop optoelectronic oscillators. Excellent agreement between theory and experiments was obtained. The results indicate that flicker noise limits the performance of long cavity OEOs at low frequencies (<500 Hz). We have also studied physical effects in dual-injection locked OEO. The locking of two OEOs with different cavity lengths enables the generation of signals with a very low noise and with very low spurs. We demonstrate theoretically that it is possible to reduce the first spur level by more than 20 dB in compare with that obtained in current experiments.
{"title":"Theoretical and experimental study of single and dual-loop optoelectronic oscillators","authors":"M. Horowitz, E. Levy, O. Okusaga, C. Menyuk, W. Zhou, G. Carter","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386024","url":null,"abstract":"Optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) are used to generate RF signals in the X-band region with a very low phase noise. These hybrid opto-electronic devices are based on a long optical fiber that forms a very high-Q RF cavity. We have studied theoretically and experimentally single-loop and dual-loop optoelectronic oscillators. Excellent agreement between theory and experiments was obtained. The results indicate that flicker noise limits the performance of long cavity OEOs at low frequencies (<500 Hz). We have also studied physical effects in dual-injection locked OEO. The locking of two OEOs with different cavity lengths enables the generation of signals with a very low noise and with very low spurs. We demonstrate theoretically that it is possible to reduce the first spur level by more than 20 dB in compare with that obtained in current experiments.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115796118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385969
A. Boag, A. Boag
A method for reduction of undesirable coupling between two antennas by means of a small resonant element is proposed. The parasitic resonant element is strongly excited by the aggressor antenna radiation and produces a cancellation effect at the victim antenna. This effect is achieved mainly due to the near field of the resonant circuit. Being electrically small the resonant element is an inefficient radiator, which only slightly affects the radiation patterns of the antennas. The proposed technique is demonstrated by reduction of coupling between two monopole antennas using a small capacitively loaded loop.
{"title":"Reduction of mutual coupling by near-field coupled resonators","authors":"A. Boag, A. Boag","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385969","url":null,"abstract":"A method for reduction of undesirable coupling between two antennas by means of a small resonant element is proposed. The parasitic resonant element is strongly excited by the aggressor antenna radiation and produces a cancellation effect at the victim antenna. This effect is achieved mainly due to the near field of the resonant circuit. Being electrically small the resonant element is an inefficient radiator, which only slightly affects the radiation patterns of the antennas. The proposed technique is demonstrated by reduction of coupling between two monopole antennas using a small capacitively loaded loop.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134381861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386035
Y. Borokhovych, H. Gustat, C. Scheytt
This paper presents a high-speed 4 bit full-flash Analog-to-Digital Converter with a new parallel reference network for an UWB radar. The ADC is implemented in 190 GHz SiGe BiCMOS technology, has more than 6 GHz effective resolution input bandwidth and operates up to 16 GSample/s. Power dissipation is 1.15 W including test buffers and 750 mW of the converter itself.
{"title":"4-bit, 16 GS/s ADC with new parallel reference network","authors":"Y. Borokhovych, H. Gustat, C. Scheytt","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386035","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a high-speed 4 bit full-flash Analog-to-Digital Converter with a new parallel reference network for an UWB radar. The ADC is implemented in 190 GHz SiGe BiCMOS technology, has more than 6 GHz effective resolution input bandwidth and operates up to 16 GSample/s. Power dissipation is 1.15 W including test buffers and 750 mW of the converter itself.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131663703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386082
Shay Landis, B. Bobrovsky
The performance of discrete-time Decision Directed (DD) first order Phase Looked Loops (PLL) for a 8PSK modulated signal is evaluated under the disturbance of thermal noise and 1/f2 phase noise. A continuous time model is developed that closely approximates the loop's behavior. Fokker-Planck techniques are applied to compute the Mean Time to Lose Lock for both PLLs. We optimize the loop filter using the MTLL as the optimization criterion. Monte-Carlo simulation results are presented to validate the analytic analysis. Applicability of the results for second order PLL is discussed. We apply the analytic results to investigate the necessity of pilots for 8PSK reception in DVB-S2.
{"title":"Optimization of the carrier tracking loop for 8PSK transmission","authors":"Shay Landis, B. Bobrovsky","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386082","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of discrete-time Decision Directed (DD) first order Phase Looked Loops (PLL) for a 8PSK modulated signal is evaluated under the disturbance of thermal noise and 1/f2 phase noise. A continuous time model is developed that closely approximates the loop's behavior. Fokker-Planck techniques are applied to compute the Mean Time to Lose Lock for both PLLs. We optimize the loop filter using the MTLL as the optimization criterion. Monte-Carlo simulation results are presented to validate the analytic analysis. Applicability of the results for second order PLL is discussed. We apply the analytic results to investigate the necessity of pilots for 8PSK reception in DVB-S2.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133202565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385946
S. Ruschin, E. Shekel, S. Zach
We demonstrate several schemes of RF frequency analysis by optical means. They are based on the sampling of RF signals in time-domain and subsequently translating them into the spatial domain where Fourier transformation and other signal processing operations are readily executed. The most general option introduces true-time delays in the form of optical fibers. A drawback of this method is the need to stabilize and control optical phases. We report the achievement of such control by closed-loop active phase stabilization.
{"title":"RF frequency analysis and separation by optical sampling","authors":"S. Ruschin, E. Shekel, S. Zach","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385946","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate several schemes of RF frequency analysis by optical means. They are based on the sampling of RF signals in time-domain and subsequently translating them into the spatial domain where Fourier transformation and other signal processing operations are readily executed. The most general option introduces true-time delays in the form of optical fibers. A drawback of this method is the need to stabilize and control optical phases. We report the achievement of such control by closed-loop active phase stabilization.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117178457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386045
Omer Lavy, L. Gal, Danny Weicherman, S. Stolyarova, E. David, A. Saad, Y. Nemirovsky
This paper presents a MEMS surface micro-machined varactor. The dynamic range of this class of varactors is governed by pull-in instability which is ideally one-third of the initial gap between the two electrodes. This paper presents a simple T varactor, whose pull-in stability and hence its dynamic range are increased by applying two independent voltage sources. We introduce an electromechanical model for the proposed structure, and a full analytic solution to the attached pull in problem. Our varactor has capacitance ratio of 2.43:1.
{"title":"MEMS tunable capacitor with wide tuning range using multiple voltage sources","authors":"Omer Lavy, L. Gal, Danny Weicherman, S. Stolyarova, E. David, A. Saad, Y. Nemirovsky","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5386045","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a MEMS surface micro-machined varactor. The dynamic range of this class of varactors is governed by pull-in instability which is ideally one-third of the initial gap between the two electrodes. This paper presents a simple T varactor, whose pull-in stability and hence its dynamic range are increased by applying two independent voltage sources. We introduce an electromechanical model for the proposed structure, and a full analytic solution to the attached pull in problem. Our varactor has capacitance ratio of 2.43:1.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116330683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385936
J. Baal-Schem
In September 2008, the IEEE History Committee has launched the Global History Network (GHN) at the occasion of the IEEE Section Congress in Montreal, Canada. The IEEE Global History Network (GHN) intends to be the world's premier site for the documentation, analysis and explanation of the history of electrical, electronic, and computer technologies, the scientists, engineers and business people who made these technologies happen, and on the history of the organizations to which these men and women belonged.
{"title":"GHN — The IEEE Global History Network","authors":"J. Baal-Schem","doi":"10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2009.5385936","url":null,"abstract":"In September 2008, the IEEE History Committee has launched the Global History Network (GHN) at the occasion of the IEEE Section Congress in Montreal, Canada. The IEEE Global History Network (GHN) intends to be the world's premier site for the documentation, analysis and explanation of the history of electrical, electronic, and computer technologies, the scientists, engineers and business people who made these technologies happen, and on the history of the organizations to which these men and women belonged.","PeriodicalId":372928,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117071074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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