Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0724.pub2
J. Addie
The rent gap refers to the difference between the capitalized rent realized from a plot of land and the potential rent possible if it were developed to its “highest and best” use. Introduced by Neil Smith in 1979, the rent gap provides a systematic production-side theory of urban rent and inner-city transformation. The concept, however, has been critiqued for dismissing the role of individual agents and consumption preferences in explanatory accounts of gentrification.
{"title":"Rent Gap","authors":"J. Addie","doi":"10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0724.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0724.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"The rent gap refers to the difference between the capitalized rent realized from a plot of land and the potential rent possible if it were developed to its “highest and best” use. Introduced by Neil Smith in 1979, the rent gap provides a systematic production-side theory of urban rent and inner-city transformation. The concept, however, has been critiqued for dismissing the role of individual agents and consumption preferences in explanatory accounts of gentrification.","PeriodicalId":373518,"journal":{"name":"International Encyclopedia of Geography","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122177654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118786352.WBIEG0486.PUB2
Adam D. Dixon
{"title":"Finance and Development","authors":"Adam D. Dixon","doi":"10.1002/9781118786352.WBIEG0486.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.WBIEG0486.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":373518,"journal":{"name":"International Encyclopedia of Geography","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134233920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118786352.WBIEG0058.PUB2
David Fasenfest
Rust Belt cities, once urban centers in the heartlands of industrial production, fell victim to global restructuring, technological change, and international competition. By the late 1970s they became synonymous with poverty, population loss, and urban decay. To reverse this decline, these cities now focus on the arts, urban agrarianism, and repurposing abandoned industrial spaces to house new technologies and create jobs to attract immigrants and new, younger residents. Keywords: economic development; globalization; urbanization
{"title":"Rust Belt Cities","authors":"David Fasenfest","doi":"10.1002/9781118786352.WBIEG0058.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.WBIEG0058.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Rust Belt cities, once urban centers in the heartlands of industrial production, fell victim to global restructuring, technological change, and international competition. By the late 1970s they became synonymous with poverty, population loss, and urban decay. To reverse this decline, these cities now focus on the arts, urban agrarianism, and repurposing abandoned industrial spaces to house new technologies and create jobs to attract immigrants and new, younger residents. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000economic development; \u0000globalization; \u0000urbanization","PeriodicalId":373518,"journal":{"name":"International Encyclopedia of Geography","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114334161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0137.pub2
L. Dablanc
This chapter sheds light on urban freight transportation and city logistics. It identifies the key issues and challenges in the supply and shipment of goods to and from large urban areas from Europe, Japan, North America, as well as emerging and developing countries. A comprehensive review of data is presented, showing that urban freight statistics do exist in many cities but data collections are made in a piecemeal approach and with very different methods, making comparisons difficult. Overall, urban freight has become crucial to modern urban economies, as customized and more frequent deliveries are required by stores, businesses and households. The chapter presents issues such as trucks? environmental impacts, goods movement?s inefficiencies, and 'logistics sprawl', i.e. the location of warehouses in suburban areas. Strategies and policies are presented, showing the emerging field of 'city logistics', i.e. innovative projects for clean and energy efficient urban deliveries. Local policies from cities around the world are presented and compared, showing the difficulties for many local governments to manage and regulate urban goods movements, whose drivers are global supply chains and changing consumer demands. Some success stories are presented such as London?s Low Emission Zone, Motomachi Urban Consolidation Center, the Clean Truck Program in Los Angeles ports.
{"title":"City Logistics","authors":"L. Dablanc","doi":"10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0137.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0137.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter sheds light on urban freight transportation and city logistics. It identifies the key issues and challenges in the supply and shipment of goods to and from large urban areas from Europe, Japan, North America, as well as emerging and developing countries. A comprehensive review of data is presented, showing that urban freight statistics do exist in many cities but data collections are made in a piecemeal approach and with very different methods, making comparisons difficult. Overall, urban freight has become crucial to modern urban economies, as customized and more frequent deliveries are required by stores, businesses and households. The chapter presents issues such as trucks? environmental impacts, goods movement?s inefficiencies, and 'logistics sprawl', i.e. the location of warehouses in suburban areas. Strategies and policies are presented, showing the emerging field of 'city logistics', i.e. innovative projects for clean and energy efficient urban deliveries. Local policies from cities around the world are presented and compared, showing the difficulties for many local governments to manage and regulate urban goods movements, whose drivers are global supply chains and changing consumer demands. Some success stories are presented such as London?s Low Emission Zone, Motomachi Urban Consolidation Center, the Clean Truck Program in Los Angeles ports.","PeriodicalId":373518,"journal":{"name":"International Encyclopedia of Geography","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115279851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0025.pub2
Kenneth R. Young
{"title":"Endemism","authors":"Kenneth R. Young","doi":"10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0025.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0025.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":373518,"journal":{"name":"International Encyclopedia of Geography","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121058124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0326.pub2
M. Hesse
Feeding the men and animals of the Army of Tennessee required thousands of tons of food to be transported by wagon, train, and steamboat. In addition to transportation, feeding the army proved difficult because its food supply had to be shared with other branches of the Confederate Army. Soldiers often complained of monotonous rations. Capt. Moses H. Wright’s Atlanta Arsenal supplied most of the Army of Tennessee’s ammunition. However, the Atlanta Arsenal struggled to keep up with demand, and army personnel complained about defective equipment. An attempt to uniformly equip soldiers with weapons ultimately failed. The Atlanta Quartermaster Depot made shoes exclusively for the Army of Tennessee. This depot also made clothing for the army. Shortages of clothing and shoes persisted. The Army of Tennessee relied on the Western & Atlantic railroad to transport materials from Atlanta, which at times did not have enough engines to provide adequate supplies. Overall, the Army of Tennessee had industrial assets, but an inadequate transportation system led to meat shortages, which decreased morale and resulted in desertions. Additionally, the poor transportation system prevented additional troops from reaching the disastrous Battle of Chickamauga.
{"title":"Logistics","authors":"M. Hesse","doi":"10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0326.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0326.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"Feeding the men and animals of the Army of Tennessee required thousands of tons of food to be transported by wagon, train, and steamboat. In addition to transportation, feeding the army proved difficult because its food supply had to be shared with other branches of the Confederate Army. Soldiers often complained of monotonous rations.\u0000Capt. Moses H. Wright’s Atlanta Arsenal supplied most of the Army of Tennessee’s ammunition. However, the Atlanta Arsenal struggled to keep up with demand, and army personnel complained about defective equipment. An attempt to uniformly equip soldiers with weapons ultimately failed.\u0000The Atlanta Quartermaster Depot made shoes exclusively for the Army of Tennessee. This depot also made clothing for the army. Shortages of clothing and shoes persisted. The Army of Tennessee relied on the Western & Atlantic railroad to transport materials from Atlanta, which at times did not have enough engines to provide adequate supplies. Overall, the Army of Tennessee had industrial assets, but an inadequate transportation system led to meat shortages, which decreased morale and resulted in desertions. Additionally, the poor transportation system prevented additional troops from reaching the disastrous Battle of Chickamauga.","PeriodicalId":373518,"journal":{"name":"International Encyclopedia of Geography","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122850208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0152.pub2
Kang-Tsung Chang
{"title":"Geographic Information System","authors":"Kang-Tsung Chang","doi":"10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0152.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0152.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":373518,"journal":{"name":"International Encyclopedia of Geography","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114273602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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