Abstract Introduction Transformations in the area of technology and communication allowing easy access to information resulted in Polish cities facing the challenge of changing their promotional activity. This activity has been largely transferred to social media. The article presents the definition of social media, their classification and the activity of large Polish cities in social media. The analysis of the collected material was carried out using classification trees. Material and methods The CAWI method was used to conduct the research in four large cities (Warszawa, Wrocław, Gdańsk and Kraków). It covered 400 residents and 400 tourists. The analysis of the collected material was carried out using classification trees. Results The application of classification trees allowed identifying the main factors influencing the frequency of using city profiles in social media by tourists and residents along with distinguishing three segments of residents and three segments of tourists using social media. The size of these segments was analysed, and thus the purpose of carrying out various activities by large tourist cities in social media. Conclusions The importance of social media in marketing communication is recognized mostly by large cities. As a result, these cities change their marketing communication strategies because there are sufficiently numerous and relatively homogeneous segments of residents and tourists who receive the message addressed to them through social media. These activities are valued by their recipients since they allow them to interact.
{"title":"The Use of Social Media in City Marketing Communication with Residents and Tourists – User Segmentation","authors":"P. Gryszel, Marcin Pełka, P. Zawadzki","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction Transformations in the area of technology and communication allowing easy access to information resulted in Polish cities facing the challenge of changing their promotional activity. This activity has been largely transferred to social media. The article presents the definition of social media, their classification and the activity of large Polish cities in social media. The analysis of the collected material was carried out using classification trees. Material and methods The CAWI method was used to conduct the research in four large cities (Warszawa, Wrocław, Gdańsk and Kraków). It covered 400 residents and 400 tourists. The analysis of the collected material was carried out using classification trees. Results The application of classification trees allowed identifying the main factors influencing the frequency of using city profiles in social media by tourists and residents along with distinguishing three segments of residents and three segments of tourists using social media. The size of these segments was analysed, and thus the purpose of carrying out various activities by large tourist cities in social media. Conclusions The importance of social media in marketing communication is recognized mostly by large cities. As a result, these cities change their marketing communication strategies because there are sufficiently numerous and relatively homogeneous segments of residents and tourists who receive the message addressed to them through social media. These activities are valued by their recipients since they allow them to interact.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46832936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction Response time is one of the determinants of performance effectiveness in wrestling competitions. Its high levels help wrestlers fight more effectively when performing appropriate technical and tactical actions. Different factors such as a proper warm-up, unexpected situations, muscle fatigue, asthenic reactions, competition prestige and previous injuries may exert an influence on perceptual abilities (including RT and MT) and affect fighting effectiveness. Getting to know determinants of response time may provide a lot of valuable practical information that can be used in wrestling-related training. The study sought to determine changes in response time in Greco-Roman wrestlers produced by LLT. Material and Methods Twenty-four Greco-Roman wrestlers (age = 18.6 1.8, years of experience = 6.0 1.6) took part in the study. The wrestlers were divided according to two weight classes (lightweight and heavyweight). Within LLT programme, they performed special motor tasks using Batak Pro (15 minutes in total). Between the tasks, response time (reaction time and movement time) was measured. Reaction time test (RT, version S1) of the Vienna Test System was used in the study. Results Response time changed in a variety of ways (different directions and intensity of changes). The changes were noted both in RT and MT. Contrary to LLT, a standard warm-up did not contribute to an improvement in RT. The greatest changes were observed after ten minutes of exercising. Intragroup differences in response time grew smaller in the course of the task performance. No differences in response time were noted between wrestlers representing different weight classes. Conclusions Physical exertion within LLT affects response time in Greco-Roman wrestlers regardless of their weight classes. The most favourable changes occur after 10 minutes of exercising that requires high attentional focus (exercises performed after a standard warm-up). The type of warm-up and the exercises used may constitute a factor improving performance effectiveness. It is recommended that in a pre-competition warm-up, more time should be devoted to exercises requiring high attentional focus.
{"title":"Effects of Led Lighting Training on Response Time in Greco-Roman Wrestlers","authors":"D. Gierczuk, Zbigniew Bujak, I. Cieśliński","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction Response time is one of the determinants of performance effectiveness in wrestling competitions. Its high levels help wrestlers fight more effectively when performing appropriate technical and tactical actions. Different factors such as a proper warm-up, unexpected situations, muscle fatigue, asthenic reactions, competition prestige and previous injuries may exert an influence on perceptual abilities (including RT and MT) and affect fighting effectiveness. Getting to know determinants of response time may provide a lot of valuable practical information that can be used in wrestling-related training. The study sought to determine changes in response time in Greco-Roman wrestlers produced by LLT. Material and Methods Twenty-four Greco-Roman wrestlers (age = 18.6 1.8, years of experience = 6.0 1.6) took part in the study. The wrestlers were divided according to two weight classes (lightweight and heavyweight). Within LLT programme, they performed special motor tasks using Batak Pro (15 minutes in total). Between the tasks, response time (reaction time and movement time) was measured. Reaction time test (RT, version S1) of the Vienna Test System was used in the study. Results Response time changed in a variety of ways (different directions and intensity of changes). The changes were noted both in RT and MT. Contrary to LLT, a standard warm-up did not contribute to an improvement in RT. The greatest changes were observed after ten minutes of exercising. Intragroup differences in response time grew smaller in the course of the task performance. No differences in response time were noted between wrestlers representing different weight classes. Conclusions Physical exertion within LLT affects response time in Greco-Roman wrestlers regardless of their weight classes. The most favourable changes occur after 10 minutes of exercising that requires high attentional focus (exercises performed after a standard warm-up). The type of warm-up and the exercises used may constitute a factor improving performance effectiveness. It is recommended that in a pre-competition warm-up, more time should be devoted to exercises requiring high attentional focus.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44274508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction The main goal of the article is to study the structure of time spent on specific leisure activities in the COVID-19 pandemic by inhabitants of large cities in Poland (in the workweek – weekend cycle). Material and methods Time budget research, including leisure, was based on the self-reporting sheet and was conducted in December 2020 on residents of selected cities. Results The results indicate differences in the way of spending leisure time concerning social life mainly. The respondents spent most of their leisure time using mass media and the Internet. The time spent on various leisure activities also differed in terms of workweek – weekend. The structure of individual leisure time activities showed that the most common activities during workweek were watching TV and using the Internet. At weekends, the second most popular activity (after watching TV) was home meetings. Conclusions An important contribution resulting from this work is the identification and analysis of the variability of leisure activities during the pandemic.
{"title":"Leisure Activities of Inhabitants of Large Cities in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"R. Krukowska, Krzysztof Piotrowski","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2023-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2023-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction The main goal of the article is to study the structure of time spent on specific leisure activities in the COVID-19 pandemic by inhabitants of large cities in Poland (in the workweek – weekend cycle). Material and methods Time budget research, including leisure, was based on the self-reporting sheet and was conducted in December 2020 on residents of selected cities. Results The results indicate differences in the way of spending leisure time concerning social life mainly. The respondents spent most of their leisure time using mass media and the Internet. The time spent on various leisure activities also differed in terms of workweek – weekend. The structure of individual leisure time activities showed that the most common activities during workweek were watching TV and using the Internet. At weekends, the second most popular activity (after watching TV) was home meetings. Conclusions An important contribution resulting from this work is the identification and analysis of the variability of leisure activities during the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48867281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a progressive stretching exercise programme on the functional limitations in physically active women. Material and Methods Thirty-six women took part in the study. All of them attended fitness classes (step, fat burning) at least twice a week. The study included women aged 19-26 who were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of women who performed a set of progressive stretching exercises twice a week for a period of two months after training sessions. Group 2 (the control group) included women who neither performed any exercises nor received any treatment after training sessions. On the first day of the study, each woman was subjected to the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), the Core Muscle Strength and Stability Test (CMS---amp---ST) and the Sit and Reach test (to the right and left side) before starting their fitness class. Afterwards, group 1 performed progressive stretching exercises as instructed, i.e. twice a week for approximately 20 minutes after classes, for a period of ten weeks. After ten weeks, all women performed FMS, CMS---amp---ST and Sit and Reach tests again. Results The overall FMS test scores of both groups before implementing the exercise programme were not significantly different. After ten weeks, the women from group 1 significantly improved their overall scores in FMS (p ---lt--- 0.001). There were no significant differences in the control group. Significant improvements in the Core Muscle Strength and Stability test scores were observed in both groups. For the Sit and Reach test, there was a significant improvement in performance in group 1 (p ---lt--- 0.001), while a regression was noted in group 2. Conclusions Stretching exercises can have a beneficial effect on minimising the musculoskeletal system’s functional limitations. It is advisable to include post-training complementary exercises to prevent injury.
{"title":"Effect of 10-Week Progressive Stretching Exercise Programme on Functional Limitations of Musculoskeletal System","authors":"D. Boguszewski, Magdalena Fałkowska, J. Adamczyk","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a progressive stretching exercise programme on the functional limitations in physically active women. Material and Methods Thirty-six women took part in the study. All of them attended fitness classes (step, fat burning) at least twice a week. The study included women aged 19-26 who were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of women who performed a set of progressive stretching exercises twice a week for a period of two months after training sessions. Group 2 (the control group) included women who neither performed any exercises nor received any treatment after training sessions. On the first day of the study, each woman was subjected to the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), the Core Muscle Strength and Stability Test (CMS---amp---ST) and the Sit and Reach test (to the right and left side) before starting their fitness class. Afterwards, group 1 performed progressive stretching exercises as instructed, i.e. twice a week for approximately 20 minutes after classes, for a period of ten weeks. After ten weeks, all women performed FMS, CMS---amp---ST and Sit and Reach tests again. Results The overall FMS test scores of both groups before implementing the exercise programme were not significantly different. After ten weeks, the women from group 1 significantly improved their overall scores in FMS (p ---lt--- 0.001). There were no significant differences in the control group. Significant improvements in the Core Muscle Strength and Stability test scores were observed in both groups. For the Sit and Reach test, there was a significant improvement in performance in group 1 (p ---lt--- 0.001), while a regression was noted in group 2. Conclusions Stretching exercises can have a beneficial effect on minimising the musculoskeletal system’s functional limitations. It is advisable to include post-training complementary exercises to prevent injury.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47838714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction The aim of the study was to assess the effect of caffeine and caffeine with guarana on the dehydration of young soccer players and the effect of dehydration on their reaction time. Material and Methods The study involved 57 players aged 16.8 ± 0.5 years, with an average body weight of 66.5 ± 9.3 kg, and height 178 ± 6.7 cm. An analysis of the body composition was performed. Thus, the results regarding body weight, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, BMI and body hydration were obtained. Next, the competitors performed successively a test for reaction time and speed over a distance of 5 and 15 meters with the use of photocells. After the tests, the players were randomized into 3 groups, where they received 200 mg caffeine, caffeine + guarana (200 mg + 40 mg), and placebo. Then, the players participated in a soccer training of medium intensity on the pitch, which lasted about 60 minutes. Immediately after completing the training, the procedure for testing reaction time and speed as well as body composition analysis were repeated. Results Water loss occurred in each of the study groups and was the highest in players consuming caffeine with guarana and caffeine, but these were not statistically significant differences compared to placebo. Lower BMI correlated with water loss; however, statistically significant differences were noticed only in the placebo group (p ---lt--- 0.001). Water loss also correlated with a smaller decrease in speed over a distance of the 5-meter sprint (p ---lt--- 0.039) and the 15-meter sprint (p ---lt--- 0.035), but only in the caffeine-guarana group. Conclusions Caffeine consumption in the amount of about 3 mg/kg of body weight and also caffeine with guarana did not result in significantly greater loss of water in young soccer players. The loss of water during training in players was almost 0.7 l and did not affect the reaction time. The obtained results are important in the context of consuming supplements based on caffeine and guarana for young footballers in order to improve parameters such as speed or reaction time. However, it is also worth conducting research on a group of adult players.
{"title":"The Influence of Caffeine and Guarana on Dehydration of Young Soccer Players and Physiological Aspects of Dehydration of the Athlete's Body","authors":"K. Mizera, Michał Kłosek, A. Kęska, W. Pilis","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction The aim of the study was to assess the effect of caffeine and caffeine with guarana on the dehydration of young soccer players and the effect of dehydration on their reaction time. Material and Methods The study involved 57 players aged 16.8 ± 0.5 years, with an average body weight of 66.5 ± 9.3 kg, and height 178 ± 6.7 cm. An analysis of the body composition was performed. Thus, the results regarding body weight, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, BMI and body hydration were obtained. Next, the competitors performed successively a test for reaction time and speed over a distance of 5 and 15 meters with the use of photocells. After the tests, the players were randomized into 3 groups, where they received 200 mg caffeine, caffeine + guarana (200 mg + 40 mg), and placebo. Then, the players participated in a soccer training of medium intensity on the pitch, which lasted about 60 minutes. Immediately after completing the training, the procedure for testing reaction time and speed as well as body composition analysis were repeated. Results Water loss occurred in each of the study groups and was the highest in players consuming caffeine with guarana and caffeine, but these were not statistically significant differences compared to placebo. Lower BMI correlated with water loss; however, statistically significant differences were noticed only in the placebo group (p ---lt--- 0.001). Water loss also correlated with a smaller decrease in speed over a distance of the 5-meter sprint (p ---lt--- 0.039) and the 15-meter sprint (p ---lt--- 0.035), but only in the caffeine-guarana group. Conclusions Caffeine consumption in the amount of about 3 mg/kg of body weight and also caffeine with guarana did not result in significantly greater loss of water in young soccer players. The loss of water during training in players was almost 0.7 l and did not affect the reaction time. The obtained results are important in the context of consuming supplements based on caffeine and guarana for young footballers in order to improve parameters such as speed or reaction time. However, it is also worth conducting research on a group of adult players.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48944791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-18DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2022.2145343
Kiernan O. Gordon, Gregory Ramshaw
ABSTRACT Sport heritage scholarship has grown in recent years, yet remains underexamined within the sport tourism field. In this conceptual analysis, we examine a type of tangible immovable sport heritage (Ramshaw [2020]; Ramshaw & Gammon [2017]) – sport statuary – that has a niche yet robust body of literature through the lens of the ‘spatial fix’ (Harvey [1981]; [2001]; [2006]) in an attempt to explain the value both of sport heritage as a domain worthy of further investigation and the spatial fix as a useful tool for future conceptual and empirical analyses within sport tourism. Three themes were identified from the sport statuary literature through the spatial fix lens: marketing implications of sport statuary, location implications of sport statuary, and sport statuary as an instrument to frame symbolic heritage, the latter of which is the overarching theme. The current paper makes two contributions to the literature. First, it posits the spatial fix to account for both the economic value of sport heritage phenomena and their presence in space, particularly urban space. Second, following guidance that has emerged from the literature of sport tourism’s allied disciplines of management and marketing, this paper also represents an attempt toward a framework to be used in future conceptual scholarship within the field. An important implication is that the spatial fix appears to be inherent to the process of making intangible sport heritage tangible, as demonstrated through the sport statuary literature.
{"title":"Making the intangible tangible in sport heritage: a conceptual analysis of sport statuary’s spatial fix","authors":"Kiernan O. Gordon, Gregory Ramshaw","doi":"10.1080/14775085.2022.2145343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2145343","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sport heritage scholarship has grown in recent years, yet remains underexamined within the sport tourism field. In this conceptual analysis, we examine a type of tangible immovable sport heritage (Ramshaw [2020]; Ramshaw & Gammon [2017]) – sport statuary – that has a niche yet robust body of literature through the lens of the ‘spatial fix’ (Harvey [1981]; [2001]; [2006]) in an attempt to explain the value both of sport heritage as a domain worthy of further investigation and the spatial fix as a useful tool for future conceptual and empirical analyses within sport tourism. Three themes were identified from the sport statuary literature through the spatial fix lens: marketing implications of sport statuary, location implications of sport statuary, and sport statuary as an instrument to frame symbolic heritage, the latter of which is the overarching theme. The current paper makes two contributions to the literature. First, it posits the spatial fix to account for both the economic value of sport heritage phenomena and their presence in space, particularly urban space. Second, following guidance that has emerged from the literature of sport tourism’s allied disciplines of management and marketing, this paper also represents an attempt toward a framework to be used in future conceptual scholarship within the field. An important implication is that the spatial fix appears to be inherent to the process of making intangible sport heritage tangible, as demonstrated through the sport statuary literature.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79616690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paulina Szyszka, Weronika Zielińska-Stubińska, A. Chwaluk
Abstract Introduction. Front and back squats are multi-joint exercises used in sports to develop strength, power and muscle mass. Due to their movement structure and involvement of the main muscle groups, they are training measures that are used in strength training in various sports. A long-term training process leading to sports mastery requires the correct selection of loads as well as objective control of the training effects to date, both short-term and long-term. The aim of this study was to create a statistical model and to determine with it the character of the changes in the record scores in the front and back squat of young weight-lifters over a two-year training cycle. Material and Methods. The study included 17 young athletes training in competitive weightlifting. Recorded scores in the front squat and back squat were measured seven times (every three months over a two-year training cycle). The progression method was used to determine the maximum load, and the repetition with the highest load (1RM) was used in the calculations. Results. The subjects performed better in the back squat, but the difference between the results for both squats was approximately constant over the two-year training cycle. The time courses of both squats were similar over the analysed period. Systematic increases in maximum results were observed. The first statistically non-significant differences between the mean record values in successive measurements were found between the sixth and seventh measurements for both squats. Conclusions. Determining the relationship between front and back squat record scores can contribute to the optimisation of training loads in sports using strength training. Obtaining an analytical form of the course of record scores over time for both squats helps to assess the skill level of athletes and predict their performance in the next training macro-cycle.
{"title":"Modelling Front and Back Squat Record Scores in Long-Term Training of Young Weightlifters","authors":"Paulina Szyszka, Weronika Zielińska-Stubińska, A. Chwaluk","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2022-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2022-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction. Front and back squats are multi-joint exercises used in sports to develop strength, power and muscle mass. Due to their movement structure and involvement of the main muscle groups, they are training measures that are used in strength training in various sports. A long-term training process leading to sports mastery requires the correct selection of loads as well as objective control of the training effects to date, both short-term and long-term. The aim of this study was to create a statistical model and to determine with it the character of the changes in the record scores in the front and back squat of young weight-lifters over a two-year training cycle. Material and Methods. The study included 17 young athletes training in competitive weightlifting. Recorded scores in the front squat and back squat were measured seven times (every three months over a two-year training cycle). The progression method was used to determine the maximum load, and the repetition with the highest load (1RM) was used in the calculations. Results. The subjects performed better in the back squat, but the difference between the results for both squats was approximately constant over the two-year training cycle. The time courses of both squats were similar over the analysed period. Systematic increases in maximum results were observed. The first statistically non-significant differences between the mean record values in successive measurements were found between the sixth and seventh measurements for both squats. Conclusions. Determining the relationship between front and back squat record scores can contribute to the optimisation of training loads in sports using strength training. Obtaining an analytical form of the course of record scores over time for both squats helps to assess the skill level of athletes and predict their performance in the next training macro-cycle.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42140429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrzej Dudek, D. Jaremen, I. Michalska-Dudek, Marek Walesiak
Abstract Introduction. The dynamic increase in world tourism demand was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The package holidays market is one of the tourism branches affected by the crisis the most. The study aimed at identifying the direction of changes in purchase behaviors regarding package holidays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods. The research on tourists purchasing package holidays during the COVID-19 pandemic was quantitative and covered a nationwide online panel of respondents characterized by a representative distribution for the general population of Poles (n = 1502). At the data analysis stage, logit models of buyers’ behaviors were used. In the estimation process, GLM in R (R Core Team 2022) was applied. Results. The situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected how tourists traveled. The conducted analysis made it possible to distinguish four segments of buyers during the pandemic and to identify factors determining the choice of one of the purchase patterns. Compared to the pre-pandemic period, a significant increase in the number of tourists who needed personal contact with sellers at brick-and-mortar travel offices was observed. Conclusions. The study presented a meaningful contribution to understanding purchase behaviors of tourists who prefer package holidays. It is one of the few studies that compared behavior patterns of holiday package buyers in the period before and during the pandemic. The knowledge of changes in package holiday purchase behaviors is essential for travel agencies to design effective marketing strategies.
摘要介绍。2019冠状病毒病大流行中断了世界旅游需求的动态增长。套餐度假市场是受危机影响最大的旅游部门之一。该研究旨在确定COVID-19大流行导致的套餐假期购买行为变化的方向。材料和方法。关于2019冠状病毒病大流行期间购买套餐假期的游客的研究是定量的，涵盖了全国范围内的在线受访者小组，其特征是波兰人一般人群的代表性分布(n = 1502)。在数据分析阶段，使用了购买者行为的logit模型。在评估过程中，运用了R中的GLM (R Core Team 2022)。结果。与COVID-19大流行有关的情况严重影响了游客的出行方式。所进行的分析使人们能够在大流行期间区分四类购买者，并确定决定选择一种购买模式的因素。与大流行前相比，需要与实体旅行社的卖家进行个人接触的游客人数显著增加。结论。本研究对理解选择套餐旅游的游客的购买行为具有重要意义。这是为数不多的比较流感大流行之前和期间假日套餐购买者行为模式的研究之一。了解组团度假购买行为的变化对旅行社制定有效的营销策略至关重要。
{"title":"The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic Threat on Purchase Decisions of Travel Agency Customers in Poland","authors":"Andrzej Dudek, D. Jaremen, I. Michalska-Dudek, Marek Walesiak","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2022-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2022-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction. The dynamic increase in world tourism demand was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The package holidays market is one of the tourism branches affected by the crisis the most. The study aimed at identifying the direction of changes in purchase behaviors regarding package holidays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods. The research on tourists purchasing package holidays during the COVID-19 pandemic was quantitative and covered a nationwide online panel of respondents characterized by a representative distribution for the general population of Poles (n = 1502). At the data analysis stage, logit models of buyers’ behaviors were used. In the estimation process, GLM in R (R Core Team 2022) was applied. Results. The situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected how tourists traveled. The conducted analysis made it possible to distinguish four segments of buyers during the pandemic and to identify factors determining the choice of one of the purchase patterns. Compared to the pre-pandemic period, a significant increase in the number of tourists who needed personal contact with sellers at brick-and-mortar travel offices was observed. Conclusions. The study presented a meaningful contribution to understanding purchase behaviors of tourists who prefer package holidays. It is one of the few studies that compared behavior patterns of holiday package buyers in the period before and during the pandemic. The knowledge of changes in package holiday purchase behaviors is essential for travel agencies to design effective marketing strategies.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43391506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between the parameters of conditioning preparation and specific fitness of freestyle wrestlers. Material and Methods. Seventy-four subjects were selected from freestyle wrestlers. All subjects were assessed for height, weight and body mass index. Agility, dynamic strength and strength endurance were assessed using standing broad jump, push-ups, wall bar hanging leg raises, pull-ups and a zigzag run. Wrestling-specific fitness was assessed using standing gymnastic bridge with return, wrestling carousel, front kip up, while special endurance was assessed with suplex throws of the mannequin. Results. For initial data analysis, one-way ANOVA was used. Further data analysis was performed with multiple regression. Suplex throws of the mannequin had the biggest impact on achieving high sports results. These findings suggest that specific fitness tests which simulate sports effort are the most reliable measures. Conclusions. Owing to special fitness tests, training can be monitored more effectively. The movements made during a sports fight should be taken into account while preparing a given test.
{"title":"Relationships Between Physical Fitness and Wrestling – Specific Fitness in Freestyle Wrestlers","authors":"Ireneusz Chaliburda, I. Cieśliński","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2022-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2022-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between the parameters of conditioning preparation and specific fitness of freestyle wrestlers. Material and Methods. Seventy-four subjects were selected from freestyle wrestlers. All subjects were assessed for height, weight and body mass index. Agility, dynamic strength and strength endurance were assessed using standing broad jump, push-ups, wall bar hanging leg raises, pull-ups and a zigzag run. Wrestling-specific fitness was assessed using standing gymnastic bridge with return, wrestling carousel, front kip up, while special endurance was assessed with suplex throws of the mannequin. Results. For initial data analysis, one-way ANOVA was used. Further data analysis was performed with multiple regression. Suplex throws of the mannequin had the biggest impact on achieving high sports results. These findings suggest that specific fitness tests which simulate sports effort are the most reliable measures. Conclusions. Owing to special fitness tests, training can be monitored more effectively. The movements made during a sports fight should be taken into account while preparing a given test.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47329621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction. Risk factors associated with falling in the elderly are numerous. Most existing tools use a combination of functional assessment and risk scoring based on known risk factors. The aim of the study was to verify which parameters could be used to predict fall risk (FR) in older women. Material and Methods. The study involved 56 inactive females aged 71.77 ± 7.43(SD). Backward stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine which independent variables predict FR in older women. Results. Significant predictors of FR were: in model 1 – age and body mass (in 32%); in model 2 – knee extensor strength of the right lower limb (KEs R) (in 20%); in model 3 – the Timed up and Go test (TUG) (in 25.5%); and in model 4 – medial-lateral stability index with eyes open (MLSI EO) (in 35%). By means of backward stepwise regression analysis using the above models, the variables that significantly influence FR in seniors were body mass, MLSI EO, KEs, and age. The above analysis shows that these indicators (model 5) may predict FR in older women in 59% of cases. Conclusions. It was determined that variables that significantly influence FR in seniors were body mass, age, KEs, and MLSI EO. Research should be continued to identify more predictors and define norms that indicate FR.
{"title":"Determination of Fall Risk Predictors from Different Groups of Variables","authors":"Patrycja Bobowik, I. Wiszomirska","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2022-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2022-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction. Risk factors associated with falling in the elderly are numerous. Most existing tools use a combination of functional assessment and risk scoring based on known risk factors. The aim of the study was to verify which parameters could be used to predict fall risk (FR) in older women. Material and Methods. The study involved 56 inactive females aged 71.77 ± 7.43(SD). Backward stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine which independent variables predict FR in older women. Results. Significant predictors of FR were: in model 1 – age and body mass (in 32%); in model 2 – knee extensor strength of the right lower limb (KEs R) (in 20%); in model 3 – the Timed up and Go test (TUG) (in 25.5%); and in model 4 – medial-lateral stability index with eyes open (MLSI EO) (in 35%). By means of backward stepwise regression analysis using the above models, the variables that significantly influence FR in seniors were body mass, MLSI EO, KEs, and age. The above analysis shows that these indicators (model 5) may predict FR in older women in 59% of cases. Conclusions. It was determined that variables that significantly influence FR in seniors were body mass, age, KEs, and MLSI EO. Research should be continued to identify more predictors and define norms that indicate FR.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41649050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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