Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2022.2105387
Patrícia Reis, Ana Caldeira, M. J. Carneiro
ABSTRACT The sport of surfing is gaining increasing importance in the context of tourism. Surf tourism has emerged as one promising product of certain regions worldwide. Surfing, as a sport and as a lifestyle, has been grounded in surf culture, which is recognized as a potential attraction factor for certain surf destinations. Although previous research has been undertaken in the field of surf tourism, the impact that the visitors’ perceptions of a destination’s surf culture have on the overall destination image and on loyalty towards that destination is not represented in the peer-reviewed literature. Therefore, a research model is proposed and tested, aiming to contribute to the advancement of knowledge regarding the relevance and influence of surf culture. A survey questionnaire was carried out among visitors to a surf destination in Portugal – Peniche (N = 430). The model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results reveal that the perceptions of surf culture contribute to a better overall destination image and a higher loyalty towards the destination, with the overall image also having a positive impact on loyalty. However, different components of surf culture have distinct impacts on overall image and loyalty. The study provides important theoretical contributions in terms of surf culture and the components of a surf destination image, as well as offers useful insights for the development of effective management strategies for surf tourism destinations.
{"title":"Can surf culture foster loyalty towards surf destinations?","authors":"Patrícia Reis, Ana Caldeira, M. J. Carneiro","doi":"10.1080/14775085.2022.2105387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2105387","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The sport of surfing is gaining increasing importance in the context of tourism. Surf tourism has emerged as one promising product of certain regions worldwide. Surfing, as a sport and as a lifestyle, has been grounded in surf culture, which is recognized as a potential attraction factor for certain surf destinations. Although previous research has been undertaken in the field of surf tourism, the impact that the visitors’ perceptions of a destination’s surf culture have on the overall destination image and on loyalty towards that destination is not represented in the peer-reviewed literature. Therefore, a research model is proposed and tested, aiming to contribute to the advancement of knowledge regarding the relevance and influence of surf culture. A survey questionnaire was carried out among visitors to a surf destination in Portugal – Peniche (N = 430). The model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results reveal that the perceptions of surf culture contribute to a better overall destination image and a higher loyalty towards the destination, with the overall image also having a positive impact on loyalty. However, different components of surf culture have distinct impacts on overall image and loyalty. The study provides important theoretical contributions in terms of surf culture and the components of a surf destination image, as well as offers useful insights for the development of effective management strategies for surf tourism destinations.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85148942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2022.2098807
Rei-Jo Yamashita
ABSTRACT The first touchpoint for potential tourists is the information shared by the destination. Although information search behaviour is critical and has been reviewed from a general tourism perspective, less is known about sport tourism. With social media becoming the predominant source of information, it is necessary to determine how information is searched. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping literature review was to clarify the extent of peer-reviewed research on information search behaviour in sport tourism literature. The PRISMA extension for scoping review protocol was followed. Twenty-nine peer-reviewed journal articles published in English were examined. The findings showed that the first discussion was published in 1992, and most of the articles focused on active sport tourism. The majority of the information sources were offline; however, the usage of social media has been increasing drastically in recent times. Moreover, this study found that sport tourists acquire information to mitigate risk, which varies depending on the athletic activities they engage in at the destination. The results of this study benefit not only the potential tourists but also the tourism sector by enabling them to strengthen their destination marketing strategies. Additionally, this study introduces three propositions for future studies.
{"title":"A quantitative scoping review of information search behaviour in sport tourism","authors":"Rei-Jo Yamashita","doi":"10.1080/14775085.2022.2098807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2098807","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The first touchpoint for potential tourists is the information shared by the destination. Although information search behaviour is critical and has been reviewed from a general tourism perspective, less is known about sport tourism. With social media becoming the predominant source of information, it is necessary to determine how information is searched. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping literature review was to clarify the extent of peer-reviewed research on information search behaviour in sport tourism literature. The PRISMA extension for scoping review protocol was followed. Twenty-nine peer-reviewed journal articles published in English were examined. The findings showed that the first discussion was published in 1992, and most of the articles focused on active sport tourism. The majority of the information sources were offline; however, the usage of social media has been increasing drastically in recent times. Moreover, this study found that sport tourists acquire information to mitigate risk, which varies depending on the athletic activities they engage in at the destination. The results of this study benefit not only the potential tourists but also the tourism sector by enabling them to strengthen their destination marketing strategies. Additionally, this study introduces three propositions for future studies.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82420152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-13DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2022.2094992
Tom Bason
ABSTRACT Rationale/purpose: This research attempts to measure the motivation for football fans to travel abroad for short periods on multiple occasions to attend small-scale events. Design/methodology/approach: Fans of an English football team who travelled to away matches in the 2019/20 Europa League were surveyed (n = 235). A Sport Short Visit Tourism scale is developed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results and findings: The results found that there were 11 factors, measured by 31 variables, when considering the motivation to travel. Most notably, the results indicated that the experience of the trip was more important than the football match itself. Indeed, the fear of missing out was the most significant factor, particularly in those aged below 40. Research contribution: This study has expanded the current literature regarding sport tourism to cover a new context: fans of a club travelling for a short period to attend a specific small-scale event.
{"title":"Follow, follow, follow: analysing the motivations for attending small-scale events abroad","authors":"Tom Bason","doi":"10.1080/14775085.2022.2094992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2094992","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rationale/purpose: This research attempts to measure the motivation for football fans to travel abroad for short periods on multiple occasions to attend small-scale events. Design/methodology/approach: Fans of an English football team who travelled to away matches in the 2019/20 Europa League were surveyed (n = 235). A Sport Short Visit Tourism scale is developed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results and findings: The results found that there were 11 factors, measured by 31 variables, when considering the motivation to travel. Most notably, the results indicated that the experience of the trip was more important than the football match itself. Indeed, the fear of missing out was the most significant factor, particularly in those aged below 40. Research contribution: This study has expanded the current literature regarding sport tourism to cover a new context: fans of a club travelling for a short period to attend a specific small-scale event.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78307207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-09DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2022.2097942
S. Regret Iyer, J. Pavlik, S. Jin
ABSTRACT Advancements in experiential media (EM) technologies, particularly virtual reality (VR), a subset of EM, can transform the ways public relations (PR) professions tell stories about a brand, organization, or mega-events. In the context of sports, PR content productions utilize various qualities of EM to offer immersive at-home, arena-like experiences for sports spectators. However, considering the novelty of such EM tools, limited studies have focused on how and the extent to which PR and sports journalistic content productions use VR technologies. In this qualitative content analysis, we examine how and the extent to which VR is utilized in pre-game YouTube VR contents produced for the FIFA World Cups 2018 and 2022. We analyzed YouTube VR contents produced by Russia Today (RT) in the buildup to ‘Russia 2018’ hosted by Russia, in comparison with pre-game YouTube VR contents produced by the Road To 2022, in view of the upcoming ‘Qatar 2022’. Through qualitative analyses, we identified four broad thematic categories: stadium design, technology, facilities, and locality, as well as many sub-themes through observations and memos from all the seventeen YouTube VR content productions considered for the study. This study adds to the theoretical discussions on the role VR plays in sports journalism and sports PR and provides practical recommendations on the use of virtual reality during the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Leveraging virtual reality (VR) for sports public relations and sports journalism: qualitative analyses of VR content productions for ‘Russia 2018’ and ‘Qatar 2022’ FIFA World Cups","authors":"S. Regret Iyer, J. Pavlik, S. Jin","doi":"10.1080/14775085.2022.2097942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2097942","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Advancements in experiential media (EM) technologies, particularly virtual reality (VR), a subset of EM, can transform the ways public relations (PR) professions tell stories about a brand, organization, or mega-events. In the context of sports, PR content productions utilize various qualities of EM to offer immersive at-home, arena-like experiences for sports spectators. However, considering the novelty of such EM tools, limited studies have focused on how and the extent to which PR and sports journalistic content productions use VR technologies. In this qualitative content analysis, we examine how and the extent to which VR is utilized in pre-game YouTube VR contents produced for the FIFA World Cups 2018 and 2022. We analyzed YouTube VR contents produced by Russia Today (RT) in the buildup to ‘Russia 2018’ hosted by Russia, in comparison with pre-game YouTube VR contents produced by the Road To 2022, in view of the upcoming ‘Qatar 2022’. Through qualitative analyses, we identified four broad thematic categories: stadium design, technology, facilities, and locality, as well as many sub-themes through observations and memos from all the seventeen YouTube VR content productions considered for the study. This study adds to the theoretical discussions on the role VR plays in sports journalism and sports PR and provides practical recommendations on the use of virtual reality during the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89726862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-07DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2022.2094993
J. P. Wilson
ABSTRACT Many places in the world claim to be the ‘home of’ a particular sport, for example, Cooperstown and baseball; Springfield College and basketball; Lord’s and cricket; St Andrews and golf; Newmarket and horseracing; Twickenham and rugby; and Hawaii and surfing. This appellation is a desired title because it suggests distinctiveness and authenticity, and so provides the potential for tourism, inward investment and a sense of place. However, some of these claims to be the ‘home of’ a particular sport may not be well-founded or are sometimes only a myth, and therefore may be contested by other locations. To help determine the veracity of claims to be the ‘home of’, this paper uses objective authenticity indicators of original artefacts and authoritative confirmation. Indicators of football cultural heritage are then identified and combined with authoritative sources to assess the claims of Sheffield to be the home of football. It is argued that the adoption of objective authenticity indicators might assist in disputes about where a particular ‘home’ might be located.
{"title":"Homes of sports: a study of cultural heritage tourism and football","authors":"J. P. Wilson","doi":"10.1080/14775085.2022.2094993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2094993","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many places in the world claim to be the ‘home of’ a particular sport, for example, Cooperstown and baseball; Springfield College and basketball; Lord’s and cricket; St Andrews and golf; Newmarket and horseracing; Twickenham and rugby; and Hawaii and surfing. This appellation is a desired title because it suggests distinctiveness and authenticity, and so provides the potential for tourism, inward investment and a sense of place. However, some of these claims to be the ‘home of’ a particular sport may not be well-founded or are sometimes only a myth, and therefore may be contested by other locations. To help determine the veracity of claims to be the ‘home of’, this paper uses objective authenticity indicators of original artefacts and authoritative confirmation. Indicators of football cultural heritage are then identified and combined with authoritative sources to assess the claims of Sheffield to be the home of football. It is argued that the adoption of objective authenticity indicators might assist in disputes about where a particular ‘home’ might be located.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81519253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2022.2094991
N. O'Reilly, J. Nadeau, Lance Warwick
ABSTRACT This paper extends what is known about place brand to a specific context and a particular type of tourism. Mountain-based adventure tourism and the country of Argentina’s place brand are empirically assessed, building on the literature regarding Product Country Image and Tourist Destination Image using an existing integrated approach to these two areas. Argentina was selected as the location for the research due to its geography (including Mount Aconcagua, the highest point in the world outside of the Himalaya), its people, and its position as both the #1 tourist destination and the 2nd largest economy in South America. It is a place with a wealth of cultural attractions and adventure opportunities. This research builds upon previous literature to examine how adventure tourists observe place image constructs versus the views of other tourists, with the goal of improving our understanding of how place images influence the travel decisions of adventure tourists. Surveys were conducted with tourists in the Aconcagua region (n = 263) to test three hypotheses related to whether there are differential place image views and effects for adventure tourists. The hypotheses were supported, empirically validating that adventure tourists are a distinct segment for destinations similar to Argentina and that tourism marketers in these kinds of environments should focus on adventure opportunities as well as the place image dimensions that play a role in adventure tourist travel decisions, which are people character, people competence, country character, and country evaluation.
{"title":"Adventure tourism and the place brand of Argentina","authors":"N. O'Reilly, J. Nadeau, Lance Warwick","doi":"10.1080/14775085.2022.2094991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2094991","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper extends what is known about place brand to a specific context and a particular type of tourism. Mountain-based adventure tourism and the country of Argentina’s place brand are empirically assessed, building on the literature regarding Product Country Image and Tourist Destination Image using an existing integrated approach to these two areas. Argentina was selected as the location for the research due to its geography (including Mount Aconcagua, the highest point in the world outside of the Himalaya), its people, and its position as both the #1 tourist destination and the 2nd largest economy in South America. It is a place with a wealth of cultural attractions and adventure opportunities. This research builds upon previous literature to examine how adventure tourists observe place image constructs versus the views of other tourists, with the goal of improving our understanding of how place images influence the travel decisions of adventure tourists. Surveys were conducted with tourists in the Aconcagua region (n = 263) to test three hypotheses related to whether there are differential place image views and effects for adventure tourists. The hypotheses were supported, empirically validating that adventure tourists are a distinct segment for destinations similar to Argentina and that tourism marketers in these kinds of environments should focus on adventure opportunities as well as the place image dimensions that play a role in adventure tourist travel decisions, which are people character, people competence, country character, and country evaluation.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89806435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-21DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2022.2086162
S. Geisler, K. Senftleben, C. Hartmann, S. Moritz
ABSTRACT After several months of an almost total ban on mass gathering events (MGE) due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the cultural, creative and event industry (CCEI) is trying to return to commercially viable event occupancy rates while keeping SARS-CoV-2 transmission at a low level. To support this, we assessed the suitability and feasibility of a hygiene concept during a series of regular handball matches in May and June 2021 with increasing spectator numbers by on-site observation. In addition, questionnaires were distributed to the audience at the first and last event to obtain information about the spectators’ compliance with hygiene measures, vaccination status, feeling of safety and willingness of re-attendance. Spectator's compliance with the hygiene measures was high except for the social distancing regulation. Survey respondents reported a high sense of safety and willingness to re-attend despite the pandemic situation and regardless of vaccination status or antigen test result. Hygiene stewards became an increasingly effective support over the course of the event series. In conclusion, the event series with increasing spectator numbers consolidated and optimised hygiene concept-related processes and clearly demonstrated a high level of spectator compliance with the hygiene measures, supporting full capacity events in pandemic situations in future. Abbreviations: CCEI: cultural, creative and event industry; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; MGE: mass-gathering event; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2; TVR certificates: antigen test, proof of vaccination or recovery certificates
{"title":"Evaluation of hygiene measures at a series of mass gathering events during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"S. Geisler, K. Senftleben, C. Hartmann, S. Moritz","doi":"10.1080/14775085.2022.2086162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2086162","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT After several months of an almost total ban on mass gathering events (MGE) due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the cultural, creative and event industry (CCEI) is trying to return to commercially viable event occupancy rates while keeping SARS-CoV-2 transmission at a low level. To support this, we assessed the suitability and feasibility of a hygiene concept during a series of regular handball matches in May and June 2021 with increasing spectator numbers by on-site observation. In addition, questionnaires were distributed to the audience at the first and last event to obtain information about the spectators’ compliance with hygiene measures, vaccination status, feeling of safety and willingness of re-attendance. Spectator's compliance with the hygiene measures was high except for the social distancing regulation. Survey respondents reported a high sense of safety and willingness to re-attend despite the pandemic situation and regardless of vaccination status or antigen test result. Hygiene stewards became an increasingly effective support over the course of the event series. In conclusion, the event series with increasing spectator numbers consolidated and optimised hygiene concept-related processes and clearly demonstrated a high level of spectator compliance with the hygiene measures, supporting full capacity events in pandemic situations in future. Abbreviations: CCEI: cultural, creative and event industry; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; MGE: mass-gathering event; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2; TVR certificates: antigen test, proof of vaccination or recovery certificates","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78590456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-17DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2022.2086161
J. Richards, D. Spanjaard, M. O’Shea, Francine Garlin
ABSTRACT Sports stadiums are notable city architecture, culturally significant and potentially transformative spaces. They are also a place where sports teams remain as significant social and spatial anchors, which become particularly important for cities undergoing urban change. For this study, we seek to build on a growing body of scholarship exploring how spaces inside and surrounding sports stadiums form an integral component of the experience of fans on match-day. Theoretically anchored in social-spatial theory, this paper explores how sports fans interact with new spaces that are not necessarily customary to traditional match-day experiences. Using a case study method via in-depth interviews and participant observation of an Australian rugby league team, we explore how sports fans have created new layers of meaning with old, especially for two key sites based around the ‘fan zone’ of a new multi-purpose stadium. Our research reveals how these spaces actively produced social norms and expectations about fan behaviour. We discuss how the stadium has been reimagined to accommodate the contemporary sports fan experience and where the spaces and locations that they interact with on match-day do not just exist, but rather, are actively produced by, and through, fan interaction and engagement.
{"title":"The changing carnival: reimagining and recreating the match-day experience in multi-purpose stadiums","authors":"J. Richards, D. Spanjaard, M. O’Shea, Francine Garlin","doi":"10.1080/14775085.2022.2086161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2086161","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sports stadiums are notable city architecture, culturally significant and potentially transformative spaces. They are also a place where sports teams remain as significant social and spatial anchors, which become particularly important for cities undergoing urban change. For this study, we seek to build on a growing body of scholarship exploring how spaces inside and surrounding sports stadiums form an integral component of the experience of fans on match-day. Theoretically anchored in social-spatial theory, this paper explores how sports fans interact with new spaces that are not necessarily customary to traditional match-day experiences. Using a case study method via in-depth interviews and participant observation of an Australian rugby league team, we explore how sports fans have created new layers of meaning with old, especially for two key sites based around the ‘fan zone’ of a new multi-purpose stadium. Our research reveals how these spaces actively produced social norms and expectations about fan behaviour. We discuss how the stadium has been reimagined to accommodate the contemporary sports fan experience and where the spaces and locations that they interact with on match-day do not just exist, but rather, are actively produced by, and through, fan interaction and engagement.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79007635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction. Agility is an important physical quality required in team sports including volleyball. The aims of this study were to quantify the reliability of two reactive agility drills: (a) the arrow reactive agility test (ARAT) and (b) the square upper body reactive agility test (SUBRAT). Their relationship was assessed with the T-Test, lower limbs’ power was evaluated using sprint and vertical jump performance, while lower and upper body maximal strength was evaluated with the back squat and bench press, respectively. Material and Methods. A total of 14 elite male volleyball athletes participated in this investigation. All subjects performed three trials for each reactive agility test on two separate days. All assessments were conducted at the same time of the day and in the same order. Data was analysed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), SEMs, SWCs, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. The heteroscedasticity coefficient for the ARAT and the SUBRAT was r = −0.103 (95% CI, −0.728-0.523; p = 0.727) and r = 0.08 (95% CI, −0.55-0.70; p = 0.80), respectively. The systematic bias ± the 95% LOAs were of −0.02 ± 0.10 seconds for the ARAT and 0.03 ± 1.15 seconds for the SUBRAT. Conclusions. The main findings of this investigation showed that the ARAT is a reliable and valid test to assess the lower limb reactive agility component of elite male volleyball athletes. The SUBRAT, on the other hand, is not as reliable as the ARAT and, therefore, might not be a recommended test to assess upper body reactive agility.
{"title":"Absolute Reliability, Relative Reliability, and Criterion-Related Validity of Two Reactive Agility Tests Using Two Types of Stimuli in Elite Male Volleyball Players","authors":"André Rebelo","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2022-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2022-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction. Agility is an important physical quality required in team sports including volleyball. The aims of this study were to quantify the reliability of two reactive agility drills: (a) the arrow reactive agility test (ARAT) and (b) the square upper body reactive agility test (SUBRAT). Their relationship was assessed with the T-Test, lower limbs’ power was evaluated using sprint and vertical jump performance, while lower and upper body maximal strength was evaluated with the back squat and bench press, respectively. Material and Methods. A total of 14 elite male volleyball athletes participated in this investigation. All subjects performed three trials for each reactive agility test on two separate days. All assessments were conducted at the same time of the day and in the same order. Data was analysed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), SEMs, SWCs, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. The heteroscedasticity coefficient for the ARAT and the SUBRAT was r = −0.103 (95% CI, −0.728-0.523; p = 0.727) and r = 0.08 (95% CI, −0.55-0.70; p = 0.80), respectively. The systematic bias ± the 95% LOAs were of −0.02 ± 0.10 seconds for the ARAT and 0.03 ± 1.15 seconds for the SUBRAT. Conclusions. The main findings of this investigation showed that the ARAT is a reliable and valid test to assess the lower limb reactive agility component of elite male volleyball athletes. The SUBRAT, on the other hand, is not as reliable as the ARAT and, therefore, might not be a recommended test to assess upper body reactive agility.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45423154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction. Physical education teachers and coaches often face the problem of how to convey information to novice learners, particularly to children. The present study aims to examine how visual and verbal analogy learning affects basketball free-throw learning as well as working memory in 9- to 12-year-old children. Material and Methods. Forty-eight children (24 males, mean age: 10.5 ± 1.8 years) were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to four groups, namely visual analogy, verbal analogy, explicit, and control groups. The task involved throwing a basketball from a distance of 3.05 meters. The participants completed 15 trials in the pretest, posttest, and retention phases and 720 trials in the acquisition phase. Results. The result of the paired sample t-test indicated that the visual analogy, verbal analogy, and explicit learning groups experienced a significant improvement in their performance through the skill acquisition phase as well as an improvement in their working memories (p ≤ 0.05), while the control group did not exhibit such improvements (p = 0.91). In addition, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that the analogy learning group outperformed other groups in both post-test and retention tests as well as in terms of motor learning and working memory (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions. The verbal analogy and the explicit learning groups were equally better than the control group. The findings of this study suggest that coaches in instructional environments should make further use of the advantages of visual analogy learning for children.
{"title":"Children’s Motor Learning and Working Memory: The Role of Visual and Verbal Analogy Learning","authors":"Fatemeh Ramezani, E. Saemi, M. Doustan","doi":"10.2478/pjst-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction. Physical education teachers and coaches often face the problem of how to convey information to novice learners, particularly to children. The present study aims to examine how visual and verbal analogy learning affects basketball free-throw learning as well as working memory in 9- to 12-year-old children. Material and Methods. Forty-eight children (24 males, mean age: 10.5 ± 1.8 years) were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to four groups, namely visual analogy, verbal analogy, explicit, and control groups. The task involved throwing a basketball from a distance of 3.05 meters. The participants completed 15 trials in the pretest, posttest, and retention phases and 720 trials in the acquisition phase. Results. The result of the paired sample t-test indicated that the visual analogy, verbal analogy, and explicit learning groups experienced a significant improvement in their performance through the skill acquisition phase as well as an improvement in their working memories (p ≤ 0.05), while the control group did not exhibit such improvements (p = 0.91). In addition, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that the analogy learning group outperformed other groups in both post-test and retention tests as well as in terms of motor learning and working memory (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions. The verbal analogy and the explicit learning groups were equally better than the control group. The findings of this study suggest that coaches in instructional environments should make further use of the advantages of visual analogy learning for children.","PeriodicalId":37359,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45315517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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