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Analysis of the Distance between the Measured and Assumed Location of a Point Source of Pollution in Groundwater as a Function of the Variance of the Estimation Error 地下水点源实测位置与假设位置之间的距离随估计误差方差的函数分析
Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100199
Ivan Kovač, Marko Šrajbek, Nikolina Klišanin, Gordon Gilja
The localization of pollution sources is one of the main tasks in environmental engineering. For this paper, models of spatial distribution of nitrate concentration in groundwater were created, and the point of highest concentration was determined. This point represents the assumed location of the pollution source and differs from the actual location, so there is a certain distance between the measured and assumed location. This paper puts forward a new hypothesis that the distance between the measured and the assumed location is a function of the variance of the estimation error. The scientific contribution of this paper is based on the fact that the interaction of statistical and geostatistical methods can locate the dominant point source of pollution or narrow down the search area. The above hypothesis is confirmed by the example of the Varaždin wellfield, which was closed due to an excessively high groundwater nitrate concentration. Seven different interpolation methods were used to create spatial distribution models. Each method provides a different model, a different variance of the estimation error, and estimates of the location of the pollution source. The smallest value of variance of the estimation error of 1.65 was obtained for the minimum curvature interpolation method and the largest value of variance (24.49) was obtained for the kriging with logarithmic variogram. Our results show a nonlinear and monotonic relationship between the distance and the variance of the estimation error, so logarithmic and rational quadratic models were fitted to the scatter point data. The models were linearized, a t-test was performed, and the results show that the models can be considered reliable, which is confirmed by the values of the coefficients of determination of the linearized models, which are around 0.50. The obtained results can be used in planning additional research work to determine the measured location of the pollution source. The research methodology we used is universal and can be applied to other locations where high concentrations of certain contaminants have been detected in groundwater in alluvial aquifers.
污染源的定位是环境工程的主要任务之一。本文建立了地下水中硝酸盐浓度的空间分布模型,并确定了最高浓度点。该点代表污染源的假设位置,与实际位置不同,因此测量值与假设位置之间存在一定距离。本文提出了一个新的假设,即被测点与假设点之间的距离是估计误差方差的函数。本文的科学贡献是基于这样一个事实,即统计和地质统计方法的相互作用可以定位主要的污染源或缩小搜索范围。以Varaždin井田为例证实了上述假设,该井田因地下水硝酸盐浓度过高而关闭。采用7种不同的插值方法建立空间分布模型。每种方法提供了不同的模型,估计误差的不同方差,以及对污染源位置的估计。最小曲率插值法的估计误差方差最小,为1.65;对数方差法的估计误差方差最大,为24.49。我们的结果表明,距离与估计误差方差之间存在非线性单调关系,因此对散点数据拟合了对数和有理二次模型。对模型进行线性化,并进行t检验,结果表明,模型可以认为是可靠的,线性化模型的决定系数值在0.50左右。所得结果可用于规划额外的研究工作,以确定污染源的测量位置。我们使用的研究方法是通用的,可以应用于在冲积含水层的地下水中检测到某些高浓度污染物的其他地点。
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引用次数: 0
Crop Water Requirement Estimation by Using Cropwat Model: A Case Study of Abrajit Earthen Dam Command Area, East Gojjam, Ethiopia 基于crowat模型的作物需水量估算——以埃塞俄比亚东Gojjam Abrajit土坝指挥区为例
Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.11648/j.hyd.20231103.11
Moges Tariku Tegenu
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Human Health Risk (HHR) Assessment in West Bank, Palestine 利用水质指数和人类健康风险评价巴勒斯坦西岸地下水质量
Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100198
Ashraf Zohud, Lubna Alam, Choo Ta Goh
Access to clean and safe water is extremely important, not only in Palestine but also worldwide. In the West Bank, groundwater is particularly valuable because of its scarcity and inaccessibility, and, due to the nature of the area’s aquifers, is currently regarded as being at high risk of pollution. Moreover, the water quality in this area is also of wide concern, with its effects being directly linked to human health. Certain parts of the West Bank groundwater suffer from high concentrations of nitrate and potassium. In total, 38.8% of nitrate and 10% of potassium concentrations in well samples exceed the permissible limit set by the WHO and PSI, and, therefore, health problems arise as a limiting factor for life quality and welfare in this region. Moreover, 87.7% of samples are classified as having very hard water. To evaluate the well water in the study area, an assessment was conducted based on the WQI and HHR. Therefore, 49 samples were taken from a group of wells distributed across the study area during the year 2021. The physico-chemical parameters of each sample were analysed. The WQI values showed that 78% of the well samples were of good quality. Moreover, in the classification of the water based on a Piper diagram, 65% of the groundwater was determined to be calcium–magnesium–bicarbonate-type water. Likewise, health risk assessments were evaluated for fluoride and nitrate in drinking water for adults, children, and infants. The main values of the estimated total hazard index (THI) obtained from the analysed data on the health risk assessments revealed a diverse effect on the local population based on age category. The ranges of THI in all sampling locations varied considerably and extended from 0.093 to 3.01 for adults, 0.29 to 3.08 for children, and 0.302 to 3.21 for infants. These results widely indicate that infants are more exposed to health risks.
获得清洁和安全的水极为重要,不仅在巴勒斯坦,而且在全世界都是如此。在西岸,地下水因其稀缺性和难以获得而特别宝贵,而且由于该地区含水层的性质,目前被认为具有很高的污染风险。此外,这一地区的水质也受到广泛关注,其影响与人类健康直接相关。西岸地下水的某些部分含有高浓度的硝酸盐和钾。总体而言,井样中38.8%的硝酸盐和10%的钾浓度超过了世卫组织和PSI规定的允许限度,因此,健康问题成为该地区生活质量和福利的限制因素。此外,87.7%的样品被归类为具有非常硬水。为了对研究区井水进行评价,采用WQI和HHR对研究区井水进行了评价。因此,在2021年期间,从分布在研究区域的一组井中采集了49个样本。分析了各样品的理化参数。WQI值表明,78%的井样质量良好。此外,在基于Piper图的水分类中,65%的地下水被确定为碳酸氢钙-镁型水。同样,对成人、儿童和婴儿饮用水中的氟化物和硝酸盐进行了健康风险评估。从对健康风险评估的分析数据中得出的总危害指数估计值的主要值显示,对不同年龄类别的当地人口的影响是不同的。所有采样地点的THI范围差异很大,成人的THI范围为0.093至3.01,儿童的THI范围为0.29至3.08,婴儿的THI范围为0.302至3.21。这些结果广泛表明,婴儿更容易受到健康风险的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A Soil Moisture Profile Conceptual Framework to Identify Water Availability and Recovery in Green Stormwater Infrastructure 确定绿色雨水基础设施中水的可用性和恢复的土壤湿度剖面概念框架
Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100197
Matina Shakya, Amanda Hess, Bridget M. Wadzuk, Robert G. Traver
The recovery of soil void space through infiltration and evapotranspiration processes within green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is key to continued hydrologic function. As such, soil void space recovery must be well understood to improve the design and modeling and to provide realistic expectations of GSI performance. A novel conceptual framework of soil moisture behavior was developed to define the soil moisture availability at pre-, during, and post-storm conditions. It uses soil moisture measurements and provides seven critical soil moisture points (A, B, C, D, E, F, F″) that describe the soil–water void space recovery after a storm passes through a GSI. The framework outputs a quantification of a GSI subsurface hydrology, including average soil moisture, the duration of saturation, soil moisture recession, desaturation time, infiltration rates, and evapotranspiration (ET) rates. The outputs the framework provide were compared to the values that were obtained through more traditional measurements of infiltration (through spot field infiltration testing), ET (through a variety of methods to quantify GSI ET), soil moisture measurements (through the soil water characteristics curve), and the duration of saturation/desaturation time (through a simulated runoff test), all which provided a strong justification to the framework. This conceptual framework has several applications, including providing an understanding of a system’s ability to hold water, the post-storm recovery process, GSI unit processes (ET and infiltration), important water contents that define the soil–water relationship (such as field capacity and saturation), and a way to quantify long-term changes in performance all through minimal monitoring with one or more soil moisture sensors. The application of this framework to GSI design promotes a deeper understanding of the subsurface hydrology and site-specific soil conditions, which is a key advancement in the understanding of long-term performance and informing GSI design and maintenance.
绿色雨水基础设施(GSI)通过入渗和蒸散过程恢复土壤空隙空间是维持其水文功能的关键。因此,必须很好地理解土壤空隙空间恢复,以改进设计和建模,并提供GSI性能的现实期望。提出了一种新的土壤水分行为概念框架,用于定义风暴前、风暴中和风暴后的土壤水分有效性。它使用土壤湿度测量,并提供七个关键土壤湿度点(A, B, C, D, E, F, F″),这些点描述了风暴通过GSI后土壤-水空隙空间的恢复。该框架输出GSI地下水文的量化,包括平均土壤湿度、饱和持续时间、土壤水分衰退、去饱和时间、入渗速率和蒸散发(ET)速率。将框架提供的输出与更传统的入渗测量(通过现场入渗试验)、ET(通过各种量化GSI ET的方法)、土壤湿度测量(通过土壤水分特征曲线)和饱和/去饱和时间持续时间(通过模拟径流试验)获得的值进行了比较,所有这些都为框架提供了强有力的理由。这个概念框架有几个应用,包括提供对系统持水能力的理解,风暴后恢复过程,GSI单位过程(ET和入渗),定义土壤-水关系的重要含水量(如田间容量和饱和度),以及通过一个或多个土壤湿度传感器进行最小监测来量化性能长期变化的方法。该框架在GSI设计中的应用促进了对地下水文和场地特定土壤条件的更深入理解,这是理解长期性能和为GSI设计和维护提供信息的关键进步。
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引用次数: 0
Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Water Quality Assessment: A Review of Research Published between 2001 and 2020 水质评价的多元统计分析:2001 - 2020年研究综述
Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100196
Daphne H. F. Muniz, Eduardo C. Oliveira-Filho
Research on water quality is a fundamental step in supporting the maintenance of environmental and human health. The elements involved in water quality analysis are multidimensional, because numerous characteristics can be measured simultaneously. This multidimensional character encourages researchers to statistically examine the data generated through multivariate statistical analysis (MSA). The objective of this review was to explore the research on water quality through MSA between the years 2001 and 2020, present in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Annual results, WoS subject categories, conventional journals, most cited publications, keywords, water sample types analyzed, country or territory where the study was conducted and most used multivariate statistical analyses were topics covered. The results demonstrate a considerable increase in research using MSA in water quality studies in the last twenty years, especially in developing countries. River, groundwater and lake were the most studied water sample types. In descending order, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were the most used techniques. This review presents relevant information for researchers in choosing the most appropriate methods to analyze water quality data.
水质研究是支持维护环境和人类健康的基本步骤。水质分析所涉及的要素是多维的,因为许多特征可以同时测量。这种多维特征鼓励研究人员对通过多元统计分析(MSA)产生的数据进行统计检查。本综述的目的是探讨2001年至2020年期间通过MSA对水质的研究,这些研究存在于Web of Science (WoS)数据库中。涵盖的主题包括年度结果、WoS主题类别、传统期刊、最常被引用的出版物、关键词、分析的水样类型、进行研究的国家或地区以及最常用的多元统计分析。结果表明,在过去二十年中,特别是在发展中国家,在水质研究中使用MSA的研究有了相当大的增加。河流、地下水和湖泊是研究最多的水样类型。主成分分析(PCA)、层次聚类分析(HCA)、因子分析(FA)和判别分析(DA)的应用程度由高到低依次为主成分分析(PCA)、层次聚类分析(HCA)、判别分析(DA)。这篇综述为研究人员选择最合适的水质数据分析方法提供了相关信息。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the Spatiotemporal Patterns and Impacts of Droughts in the Orinoco River Basin Using Earth Observations Data and Surface Observations 基于地面观测和地球观测的奥里诺科河流域干旱时空格局及影响
Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100195
Franklin Paredes-Trejo, Barlin O. Olivares, Yair Movil-Fuentes, Juan Arevalo-Groening, Alfredo Gil
Droughts impact the water cycle, ecological balance, and socio-economic development in various regions around the world. The Orinoco River Basin is a region highly susceptible to droughts. The basin supports diverse ecosystems and supplies valuable resources to local communities. We assess the spatiotemporal patterns and impacts of droughts in the basin using remote sensing data and surface observations. We use monthly precipitation (P), air temperature near the surface (T2M), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) derived from Earth observations, and average daily flow (Q) data to quantify drought characteristics and impacts. We also investigated the association between drought and global warming by correlating the drought intensity and the percentage of dry area with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific (Niño 3.4 index), Atlantic (North Atlantic Index [NATL]), and South Atlantic Index [SATL]) oceans. We evaluate the modulating effect of droughts on the hydrological regime of the most relevant tributaries by calculating the trend and significance of the regional standardized precipitation index (SPI) and percentage area affected by dry conditions. El Niño events worsen the region’s drought conditions (SPI vs. Niño 3.4 index, r = −0.221), while Atlantic SST variability has less influence on the basin’s precipitation regime (SPI vs. NATL and SATL, r = 0.117 and −0.045, respectively). We also found that long-term surface warming trends aggravate drought conditions (SPI vs. T2M anomalies, r = −0.473), but vegetation greenness increases despite high surface temperatures (SPI vs. EVI anomalies, r = 0.284). We emphasize the irregular spatial-temporal patterns of droughts in the region and their profound effects on the ecological flow of rivers during prolonged hydrological droughts. This approach provides crucial insights into potential implications for water availability, agricultural productivity, and overall ecosystem health. Our study underlines the urgent need for adaptive management strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of droughts on ecosystems and human populations. The insights derived from our study have practical implications for developing strategies to address the impacts of droughts and ensure the protection of this ecologically significant region.
干旱影响着世界各地的水循环、生态平衡和社会经济发展。奥里诺科河流域是一个极易受干旱影响的地区。该盆地支持多种生态系统,并为当地社区提供宝贵的资源。利用遥感数据和地面观测资料对流域干旱的时空格局和影响进行了评估。我们使用月降水量(P)、近地表气温(T2M)、增强植被指数(EVI)和平均日流量(Q)数据来量化干旱特征和影响。通过将太平洋(Niño 3.4指数)、大西洋(北大西洋指数[NATL])和南大西洋指数[SATL])的干旱强度和干旱面积百分比与海表温度(SST)异常进行关联,探讨了干旱与全球变暖之间的关系。通过计算区域标准化降水指数(SPI)和受干旱影响面积百分比的趋势和显著性,我们评估了干旱对最相关支流水文状况的调节作用。El Niño事件加重了该地区的干旱状况(SPI vs. Niño 3.4指数,r = - 0.221),而大西洋海温变率对流域降水状况的影响较小(SPI vs. NATL和SATL, r分别= 0.117和- 0.045)。我们还发现,长期地表变暖趋势加剧了干旱条件(SPI与T2M异常,r = - 0.473),但植被绿度在高地表温度下增加(SPI与EVI异常,r = 0.284)。我们强调了该地区干旱的不规则时空格局及其对长期水文干旱期间河流生态流量的深刻影响。这种方法对水资源供应、农业生产力和整体生态系统健康的潜在影响提供了至关重要的见解。我们的研究强调了迫切需要适应性管理策略来减轻干旱对生态系统和人口的不利影响。从我们的研究中得出的见解对制定应对干旱影响的战略和确保保护这一生态重要地区具有实际意义。
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引用次数: 0
Enrichment and Temporal Trends of Groundwater Salinity in Central Mexico 墨西哥中部地下水盐度的富集和时间趋势
Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100194
Claudia Patricia Colmenero-Chacón, Heriberto Morales-deAvila, Mélida Gutiérrez, Maria Vicenta Esteller-Alberich, Maria Teresa Alarcón-Herrera
Groundwater salinization is a major threat to the water supply in coastal and arid areas, a threat that is expected to worsen by increased groundwater withdrawals and by global warming. Groundwater quality in Central Mexico may be at risk of salinization due to its arid climate and since groundwater is the primary source for drinking and agriculture water. Only a handful of studies on groundwater salinization have been reported for this region, most constrained to a small area and without trend analyses. To determine the extent of salinization, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na+), nitrate as nitrogen (NO3-N) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are commonly used. Available water quality data for about 200 wells, sampled annually between 2012 and 2021, were used to map the spatial distribution of NO3-N, TDS, Na+, and SAR. Upward trends and Spearman correlation were also determined. The study area was subdivided into three sections to estimate the impact of climate and lithologies on groundwater salinity. The results showed that human activities (agriculture) and dissolution of carbonate and evaporite rocks were major sources of salinity, and evaporation an enriching factor. Temporal trends occurred in only a few (about 7%) wells, primarily in NO3-N. The water quality for irrigation was generally good, (SAR < 10 in 95% of samples); however, eight wells contained water hazardous to soil (TDS > 1750 mg L−1 and SAR > 9). The results detected one aquifer with consistently high concentrations and upward trends and eight lesser impacted aquifers. Identifying the wells with upward trends is important in narrowing down the possible causes of their concentration increase with time and to develop strategies that will infuse sustainability to groundwater management.
地下水盐碱化是对沿海和干旱地区供水的主要威胁,由于地下水采掘的增加和全球变暖,这一威胁预计会恶化。由于墨西哥中部干旱的气候以及地下水是饮用水和农业用水的主要来源,该地区的地下水质量可能面临盐碱化的风险。关于该地区地下水盐碱化的研究报告屈指无几,大多数限于一个小区域,没有趋势分析。盐渍化程度的测定常用总溶解固形物(TDS)、钠(Na+)、硝态氮(NO3-N)和钠吸附比(SAR)。利用2012年至2021年间每年采样的约200口井的现有水质数据,绘制了NO3-N、TDS、Na+和SAR的空间分布,并确定了上升趋势和Spearman相关性。将研究区划分为3个区域,估算了气候和岩性对地下水盐度的影响。结果表明,人类活动(农业)和碳酸盐岩及蒸发岩的溶蚀作用是盐渍化的主要来源,而蒸发作用是盐渍化的富集因素。只有少数井(约7%)出现了时间趋势,主要是NO3-N井。灌溉用水水质总体良好,(SAR <95%的样本中有10个);然而,有8口井含有对土壤有害的水(TDS >1750 mg L−1和SAR >结果发现1个含水层浓度持续高且呈上升趋势,8个含水层受影响较小。确定具有上升趋势的水井对于缩小其浓度随时间增加的可能原因以及制定将为地下水管理注入可持续性的战略非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrogeological Aspects of the Municipal Water Supply of Albania: Situation and Problems 阿尔巴尼亚市政供水的水文地质方面:现状和问题
Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100193
Romeo Eftimi, Kastriot Shehu, Franko Sara
The municipal water supply, related mainly to the cities of Albania, began to develop in the second half of the 19th century and very intensively after 1945. Today, the reported mean water production for the cities, on average, is about 300 l/capita/d, including drinking and industrial water supplies. The territory of Albania has an uneven distribution of very heterogeneous aquifers conditioning often the difficulty of municipal water supply solutions. In this article, are analyzed and classified the hydrogeological aspects of the water supply sources of the settlements, which are summarized in five groups: (a) wells in alluvial intergranular aquifers; (b) karst springs; (c) wells in karst aquifers; (d) springs in fissured rocks; and (e) mixed water sources. For each group of the water supply sources, the main concerns regarding the quantity and quality problems are analyzed, facilitated by the description of a variety of representative examples of different situations. Based on the gained experience, important recommendations are given for the better understanding of hydrogeological aspects of water supply systems, related to the river water recharge areas, the seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, and the high vulnerability of karst aquifers, as well as transboundary aquifers. However, the main problem of public water supply of Albania remains the poor management of water supply systems, which is reflected in the significant water losses, as well as the low public awareness of requests for sustainable use.
市政供水,主要与阿尔巴尼亚的城市有关,在19世纪下半叶开始发展,并在1945年后非常密集。今天,报告的城市平均产水量平均约为300升/天,包括饮用水和工业用水。阿尔巴尼亚境内的含水层分布极不均匀,往往难以解决市政供水的问题。本文对聚落供水水源的水文地质方面进行了分析和分类,归纳为5类:(a)冲积粒间含水层井;(b)岩溶泉;(c)岩溶含水层井;(d)裂隙岩石中的泉水;(e)混合水源。对于每一组供水水源,分析了有关数量和质量问题的主要关切,并通过描述各种不同情况的代表性例子加以促进。根据获得的经验,提出了重要的建议,以便更好地了解供水系统的水文地质方面,涉及河流补水区、沿海含水层的海水入侵、喀斯特含水层的高度脆弱性以及跨界含水层。然而,阿尔巴尼亚公共供水的主要问题仍然是供水系统管理不善,这反映在大量的水损失以及公众对可持续使用要求的认识不足。
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引用次数: 0
Defining Optimal Location of Constructed Wetlands in Vojvodina, Serbia 确定塞尔维亚伏伊伏丁那省人工湿地的最佳位置
Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100192
Sanja Antić, Pavel Benka, Boško Blagojević, Nikola Santrač, Andrea Salvai, Milica Stajić, Radoš Zemunac, Jovana Bezdan
With the continuous trend of urbanization, increase in industrial capacities, and expansion of agricultural areas, there is also a rise in the amount of wastewater. One of the effective and economical solutions for wastewater treatment has proven to be Constructed Wetlands (CWs). Defining the locations where CWs can be built is not an easy task and there are several criteria that need to be considered. The Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis—Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are combined to select CW locations. AHP is one of the most commonly used methods in many environmental decision making problems, involving various conflicting criteria. In this case, conflicts arise between the evaluation of criteria that influence the selection of CW locations. The evaluation of selected criteria and sub-criteria resulted in a suitability map indicating that the first class represents 44%, the second class 37%, and the third class 16% of the total area. The fourth and fifth classes represent 3% of the total area. The criteria with the highest significance are land use, floodplains and distance of the location from populated places. This study has important implications for sustainable wastewater management in Serbia and provides guidelines for selecting locations for CWs.
随着城市化的持续发展,工业能力的提高,农业面积的扩大,废水的数量也在增加。人工湿地(CWs)已被证明是污水处理的有效和经济的解决方案之一。确定可以建造生化武器的地点并不是一件容易的事,需要考虑几个标准。将地理信息系统(GIS)和多准则决策分析-层次分析法(AHP)相结合来选择集化站的位置。层次分析法是许多环境决策问题中最常用的方法之一,涉及各种相互冲突的标准。在这种情况下,冲突产生的评价标准,影响选择化武基地的位置。通过对所选标准和子标准的评价,得出了一类占总面积44%、二类占总面积37%、三类占总面积16%的适宜性图。第四类和第五类占总面积的3%。最重要的标准是土地利用、洪泛平原和距离人口稠密地区的距离。这项研究对塞尔维亚的可持续废水管理具有重要意义,并为污水处理厂的选址提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Flood Perception from Local Perspective of Rural Community vs. Geomorphological Control of Fluvial Processes in Large Alluvial Valley (the Middle Vistula River, Poland) 农村社区局部视角下的洪水感知与大型冲积河谷河流过程的地貌控制(波兰维斯瓦中河)
Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100191
Daria Wiesława Krasiewicz, Grzegorz Wierzbicki
The origin and dynamics of a 2010 pluvial flood in the valley of a large European river are described. In order to study how local people perceive this catastrophic event a small administrative unit (rural municipality) within the Holocene floodplain (thus flooded to 90%) was chosen. Using a questionnaire a human-research survey was performed in the field among 287 people living in flood-prone areas. Almost half of the interviewees feel safe and do not expect a flood recurrence (interpreted as a levee effect). Seventeen percent believe the levee was intentionally breached due to political issues. Six percent of interviewees link the breach with small mammals using levees as a habitat, e.g., beavers, moles, and foxes. The sex and age of interviewees are related to these opinions. Most interviewees (39%) think that flooding was a result of embankment (dyke) instability. The spatial distribution of the survey results are analyzed. Maps presenting: inundation height, economic loss, attitude to geohazards and perception of possible flood recurrence were drawn. Causes of the flood as viewed by local inhabitants and in the context of the riverine geological setting and its processes are discussed. Particular attention is paid to processes linking the levee breach location with specific geomorphic features of the Holocene floodplain. A wide perspective of fluvial geomorphology where erosive landforms of crevasse channels (and associated depositional crevasse splays) are indicators of geohazards was adopted. This distinct geomorphological imprint left by overbank flow is considered a natural flood mark. Such an approach is completely neglected by interviewees who overestimate the role of hydrotechnical structures.
本文描述了2010年欧洲一条大河流域的一次洪水的起源和动态。为了研究当地人如何看待这一灾难性事件,我们选择了全新世洪泛区(因此被淹没到90%)内的一个小行政单位(农村直辖市)。通过问卷调查,对生活在洪水易发地区的287人进行了实地调查。几乎一半的受访者感到安全,并且预计洪水不会再次发生(被解释为堤坝效应)。17%的人认为,由于政治问题,堤坝被故意破坏。6%的受访者将决口与利用堤坝作为栖息地的小型哺乳动物联系起来,例如海狸、鼹鼠和狐狸。受访者的性别和年龄与这些观点有关。大多数受访者(39%)认为洪水是由于堤防不稳定造成的。对调查结果的空间分布进行了分析。地图显示:淹没高度、经济损失、对地质灾害的态度和对洪水可能再次发生的看法。在当地居民和河流地质环境及其过程的背景下,讨论了洪水的原因。特别关注的是将堤坝决口位置与全新世洪泛平原的特定地貌特征联系起来的过程。采用了河流地貌的广泛视角,其中裂缝河道的侵蚀地貌(以及相关的沉积裂缝片)是地质灾害的指标。河岸上的水流留下的独特地貌印记被认为是天然的洪水痕迹。这种方法完全被受访者忽视,他们高估了水工结构的作用。
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