Pub Date : 2023-10-06DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100197
Matina Shakya, Amanda Hess, Bridget M. Wadzuk, Robert G. Traver
The recovery of soil void space through infiltration and evapotranspiration processes within green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is key to continued hydrologic function. As such, soil void space recovery must be well understood to improve the design and modeling and to provide realistic expectations of GSI performance. A novel conceptual framework of soil moisture behavior was developed to define the soil moisture availability at pre-, during, and post-storm conditions. It uses soil moisture measurements and provides seven critical soil moisture points (A, B, C, D, E, F, F″) that describe the soil–water void space recovery after a storm passes through a GSI. The framework outputs a quantification of a GSI subsurface hydrology, including average soil moisture, the duration of saturation, soil moisture recession, desaturation time, infiltration rates, and evapotranspiration (ET) rates. The outputs the framework provide were compared to the values that were obtained through more traditional measurements of infiltration (through spot field infiltration testing), ET (through a variety of methods to quantify GSI ET), soil moisture measurements (through the soil water characteristics curve), and the duration of saturation/desaturation time (through a simulated runoff test), all which provided a strong justification to the framework. This conceptual framework has several applications, including providing an understanding of a system’s ability to hold water, the post-storm recovery process, GSI unit processes (ET and infiltration), important water contents that define the soil–water relationship (such as field capacity and saturation), and a way to quantify long-term changes in performance all through minimal monitoring with one or more soil moisture sensors. The application of this framework to GSI design promotes a deeper understanding of the subsurface hydrology and site-specific soil conditions, which is a key advancement in the understanding of long-term performance and informing GSI design and maintenance.
绿色雨水基础设施(GSI)通过入渗和蒸散过程恢复土壤空隙空间是维持其水文功能的关键。因此，必须很好地理解土壤空隙空间恢复，以改进设计和建模，并提供GSI性能的现实期望。提出了一种新的土壤水分行为概念框架，用于定义风暴前、风暴中和风暴后的土壤水分有效性。它使用土壤湿度测量，并提供七个关键土壤湿度点(A, B, C, D, E, F, F″)，这些点描述了风暴通过GSI后土壤-水空隙空间的恢复。该框架输出GSI地下水文的量化，包括平均土壤湿度、饱和持续时间、土壤水分衰退、去饱和时间、入渗速率和蒸散发(ET)速率。将框架提供的输出与更传统的入渗测量(通过现场入渗试验)、ET(通过各种量化GSI ET的方法)、土壤湿度测量(通过土壤水分特征曲线)和饱和/去饱和时间持续时间(通过模拟径流试验)获得的值进行了比较，所有这些都为框架提供了强有力的理由。这个概念框架有几个应用，包括提供对系统持水能力的理解，风暴后恢复过程，GSI单位过程(ET和入渗)，定义土壤-水关系的重要含水量(如田间容量和饱和度)，以及通过一个或多个土壤湿度传感器进行最小监测来量化性能长期变化的方法。该框架在GSI设计中的应用促进了对地下水文和场地特定土壤条件的更深入理解，这是理解长期性能和为GSI设计和维护提供信息的关键进步。
{"title":"A Soil Moisture Profile Conceptual Framework to Identify Water Availability and Recovery in Green Stormwater Infrastructure","authors":"Matina Shakya, Amanda Hess, Bridget M. Wadzuk, Robert G. Traver","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10100197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10100197","url":null,"abstract":"The recovery of soil void space through infiltration and evapotranspiration processes within green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is key to continued hydrologic function. As such, soil void space recovery must be well understood to improve the design and modeling and to provide realistic expectations of GSI performance. A novel conceptual framework of soil moisture behavior was developed to define the soil moisture availability at pre-, during, and post-storm conditions. It uses soil moisture measurements and provides seven critical soil moisture points (A, B, C, D, E, F, F″) that describe the soil–water void space recovery after a storm passes through a GSI. The framework outputs a quantification of a GSI subsurface hydrology, including average soil moisture, the duration of saturation, soil moisture recession, desaturation time, infiltration rates, and evapotranspiration (ET) rates. The outputs the framework provide were compared to the values that were obtained through more traditional measurements of infiltration (through spot field infiltration testing), ET (through a variety of methods to quantify GSI ET), soil moisture measurements (through the soil water characteristics curve), and the duration of saturation/desaturation time (through a simulated runoff test), all which provided a strong justification to the framework. This conceptual framework has several applications, including providing an understanding of a system’s ability to hold water, the post-storm recovery process, GSI unit processes (ET and infiltration), important water contents that define the soil–water relationship (such as field capacity and saturation), and a way to quantify long-term changes in performance all through minimal monitoring with one or more soil moisture sensors. The application of this framework to GSI design promotes a deeper understanding of the subsurface hydrology and site-specific soil conditions, which is a key advancement in the understanding of long-term performance and informing GSI design and maintenance.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135352123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100196
Daphne H. F. Muniz, Eduardo C. Oliveira-Filho
Research on water quality is a fundamental step in supporting the maintenance of environmental and human health. The elements involved in water quality analysis are multidimensional, because numerous characteristics can be measured simultaneously. This multidimensional character encourages researchers to statistically examine the data generated through multivariate statistical analysis (MSA). The objective of this review was to explore the research on water quality through MSA between the years 2001 and 2020, present in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Annual results, WoS subject categories, conventional journals, most cited publications, keywords, water sample types analyzed, country or territory where the study was conducted and most used multivariate statistical analyses were topics covered. The results demonstrate a considerable increase in research using MSA in water quality studies in the last twenty years, especially in developing countries. River, groundwater and lake were the most studied water sample types. In descending order, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were the most used techniques. This review presents relevant information for researchers in choosing the most appropriate methods to analyze water quality data.
水质研究是支持维护环境和人类健康的基本步骤。水质分析所涉及的要素是多维的，因为许多特征可以同时测量。这种多维特征鼓励研究人员对通过多元统计分析(MSA)产生的数据进行统计检查。本综述的目的是探讨2001年至2020年期间通过MSA对水质的研究，这些研究存在于Web of Science (WoS)数据库中。涵盖的主题包括年度结果、WoS主题类别、传统期刊、最常被引用的出版物、关键词、分析的水样类型、进行研究的国家或地区以及最常用的多元统计分析。结果表明，在过去二十年中，特别是在发展中国家，在水质研究中使用MSA的研究有了相当大的增加。河流、地下水和湖泊是研究最多的水样类型。主成分分析(PCA)、层次聚类分析(HCA)、因子分析(FA)和判别分析(DA)的应用程度由高到低依次为主成分分析(PCA)、层次聚类分析(HCA)、判别分析(DA)。这篇综述为研究人员选择最合适的水质数据分析方法提供了相关信息。
{"title":"Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Water Quality Assessment: A Review of Research Published between 2001 and 2020","authors":"Daphne H. F. Muniz, Eduardo C. Oliveira-Filho","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10100196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10100196","url":null,"abstract":"Research on water quality is a fundamental step in supporting the maintenance of environmental and human health. The elements involved in water quality analysis are multidimensional, because numerous characteristics can be measured simultaneously. This multidimensional character encourages researchers to statistically examine the data generated through multivariate statistical analysis (MSA). The objective of this review was to explore the research on water quality through MSA between the years 2001 and 2020, present in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Annual results, WoS subject categories, conventional journals, most cited publications, keywords, water sample types analyzed, country or territory where the study was conducted and most used multivariate statistical analyses were topics covered. The results demonstrate a considerable increase in research using MSA in water quality studies in the last twenty years, especially in developing countries. River, groundwater and lake were the most studied water sample types. In descending order, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were the most used techniques. This review presents relevant information for researchers in choosing the most appropriate methods to analyze water quality data.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134975635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100195
Franklin Paredes-Trejo, Barlin O. Olivares, Yair Movil-Fuentes, Juan Arevalo-Groening, Alfredo Gil
Droughts impact the water cycle, ecological balance, and socio-economic development in various regions around the world. The Orinoco River Basin is a region highly susceptible to droughts. The basin supports diverse ecosystems and supplies valuable resources to local communities. We assess the spatiotemporal patterns and impacts of droughts in the basin using remote sensing data and surface observations. We use monthly precipitation (P), air temperature near the surface (T2M), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) derived from Earth observations, and average daily flow (Q) data to quantify drought characteristics and impacts. We also investigated the association between drought and global warming by correlating the drought intensity and the percentage of dry area with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific (Niño 3.4 index), Atlantic (North Atlantic Index [NATL]), and South Atlantic Index [SATL]) oceans. We evaluate the modulating effect of droughts on the hydrological regime of the most relevant tributaries by calculating the trend and significance of the regional standardized precipitation index (SPI) and percentage area affected by dry conditions. El Niño events worsen the region’s drought conditions (SPI vs. Niño 3.4 index, r = −0.221), while Atlantic SST variability has less influence on the basin’s precipitation regime (SPI vs. NATL and SATL, r = 0.117 and −0.045, respectively). We also found that long-term surface warming trends aggravate drought conditions (SPI vs. T2M anomalies, r = −0.473), but vegetation greenness increases despite high surface temperatures (SPI vs. EVI anomalies, r = 0.284). We emphasize the irregular spatial-temporal patterns of droughts in the region and their profound effects on the ecological flow of rivers during prolonged hydrological droughts. This approach provides crucial insights into potential implications for water availability, agricultural productivity, and overall ecosystem health. Our study underlines the urgent need for adaptive management strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of droughts on ecosystems and human populations. The insights derived from our study have practical implications for developing strategies to address the impacts of droughts and ensure the protection of this ecologically significant region.
干旱影响着世界各地的水循环、生态平衡和社会经济发展。奥里诺科河流域是一个极易受干旱影响的地区。该盆地支持多种生态系统，并为当地社区提供宝贵的资源。利用遥感数据和地面观测资料对流域干旱的时空格局和影响进行了评估。我们使用月降水量(P)、近地表气温(T2M)、增强植被指数(EVI)和平均日流量(Q)数据来量化干旱特征和影响。通过将太平洋(Niño 3.4指数)、大西洋(北大西洋指数[NATL])和南大西洋指数[SATL])的干旱强度和干旱面积百分比与海表温度(SST)异常进行关联，探讨了干旱与全球变暖之间的关系。通过计算区域标准化降水指数(SPI)和受干旱影响面积百分比的趋势和显著性，我们评估了干旱对最相关支流水文状况的调节作用。El Niño事件加重了该地区的干旱状况(SPI vs. Niño 3.4指数，r = - 0.221)，而大西洋海温变率对流域降水状况的影响较小(SPI vs. NATL和SATL, r分别= 0.117和- 0.045)。我们还发现，长期地表变暖趋势加剧了干旱条件(SPI与T2M异常，r = - 0.473)，但植被绿度在高地表温度下增加(SPI与EVI异常，r = 0.284)。我们强调了该地区干旱的不规则时空格局及其对长期水文干旱期间河流生态流量的深刻影响。这种方法对水资源供应、农业生产力和整体生态系统健康的潜在影响提供了至关重要的见解。我们的研究强调了迫切需要适应性管理策略来减轻干旱对生态系统和人口的不利影响。从我们的研究中得出的见解对制定应对干旱影响的战略和确保保护这一生态重要地区具有实际意义。
{"title":"Assessing the Spatiotemporal Patterns and Impacts of Droughts in the Orinoco River Basin Using Earth Observations Data and Surface Observations","authors":"Franklin Paredes-Trejo, Barlin O. Olivares, Yair Movil-Fuentes, Juan Arevalo-Groening, Alfredo Gil","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10100195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10100195","url":null,"abstract":"Droughts impact the water cycle, ecological balance, and socio-economic development in various regions around the world. The Orinoco River Basin is a region highly susceptible to droughts. The basin supports diverse ecosystems and supplies valuable resources to local communities. We assess the spatiotemporal patterns and impacts of droughts in the basin using remote sensing data and surface observations. We use monthly precipitation (P), air temperature near the surface (T2M), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) derived from Earth observations, and average daily flow (Q) data to quantify drought characteristics and impacts. We also investigated the association between drought and global warming by correlating the drought intensity and the percentage of dry area with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific (Niño 3.4 index), Atlantic (North Atlantic Index [NATL]), and South Atlantic Index [SATL]) oceans. We evaluate the modulating effect of droughts on the hydrological regime of the most relevant tributaries by calculating the trend and significance of the regional standardized precipitation index (SPI) and percentage area affected by dry conditions. El Niño events worsen the region’s drought conditions (SPI vs. Niño 3.4 index, r = −0.221), while Atlantic SST variability has less influence on the basin’s precipitation regime (SPI vs. NATL and SATL, r = 0.117 and −0.045, respectively). We also found that long-term surface warming trends aggravate drought conditions (SPI vs. T2M anomalies, r = −0.473), but vegetation greenness increases despite high surface temperatures (SPI vs. EVI anomalies, r = 0.284). We emphasize the irregular spatial-temporal patterns of droughts in the region and their profound effects on the ecological flow of rivers during prolonged hydrological droughts. This approach provides crucial insights into potential implications for water availability, agricultural productivity, and overall ecosystem health. Our study underlines the urgent need for adaptive management strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of droughts on ecosystems and human populations. The insights derived from our study have practical implications for developing strategies to address the impacts of droughts and ensure the protection of this ecologically significant region.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135596805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100194
Claudia Patricia Colmenero-Chacón, Heriberto Morales-deAvila, Mélida Gutiérrez, Maria Vicenta Esteller-Alberich, Maria Teresa Alarcón-Herrera
Groundwater salinization is a major threat to the water supply in coastal and arid areas, a threat that is expected to worsen by increased groundwater withdrawals and by global warming. Groundwater quality in Central Mexico may be at risk of salinization due to its arid climate and since groundwater is the primary source for drinking and agriculture water. Only a handful of studies on groundwater salinization have been reported for this region, most constrained to a small area and without trend analyses. To determine the extent of salinization, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na+), nitrate as nitrogen (NO3-N) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are commonly used. Available water quality data for about 200 wells, sampled annually between 2012 and 2021, were used to map the spatial distribution of NO3-N, TDS, Na+, and SAR. Upward trends and Spearman correlation were also determined. The study area was subdivided into three sections to estimate the impact of climate and lithologies on groundwater salinity. The results showed that human activities (agriculture) and dissolution of carbonate and evaporite rocks were major sources of salinity, and evaporation an enriching factor. Temporal trends occurred in only a few (about 7%) wells, primarily in NO3-N. The water quality for irrigation was generally good, (SAR < 10 in 95% of samples); however, eight wells contained water hazardous to soil (TDS > 1750 mg L−1 and SAR > 9). The results detected one aquifer with consistently high concentrations and upward trends and eight lesser impacted aquifers. Identifying the wells with upward trends is important in narrowing down the possible causes of their concentration increase with time and to develop strategies that will infuse sustainability to groundwater management.
{"title":"Enrichment and Temporal Trends of Groundwater Salinity in Central Mexico","authors":"Claudia Patricia Colmenero-Chacón, Heriberto Morales-deAvila, Mélida Gutiérrez, Maria Vicenta Esteller-Alberich, Maria Teresa Alarcón-Herrera","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10100194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10100194","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater salinization is a major threat to the water supply in coastal and arid areas, a threat that is expected to worsen by increased groundwater withdrawals and by global warming. Groundwater quality in Central Mexico may be at risk of salinization due to its arid climate and since groundwater is the primary source for drinking and agriculture water. Only a handful of studies on groundwater salinization have been reported for this region, most constrained to a small area and without trend analyses. To determine the extent of salinization, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na+), nitrate as nitrogen (NO3-N) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are commonly used. Available water quality data for about 200 wells, sampled annually between 2012 and 2021, were used to map the spatial distribution of NO3-N, TDS, Na+, and SAR. Upward trends and Spearman correlation were also determined. The study area was subdivided into three sections to estimate the impact of climate and lithologies on groundwater salinity. The results showed that human activities (agriculture) and dissolution of carbonate and evaporite rocks were major sources of salinity, and evaporation an enriching factor. Temporal trends occurred in only a few (about 7%) wells, primarily in NO3-N. The water quality for irrigation was generally good, (SAR < 10 in 95% of samples); however, eight wells contained water hazardous to soil (TDS > 1750 mg L−1 and SAR > 9). The results detected one aquifer with consistently high concentrations and upward trends and eight lesser impacted aquifers. Identifying the wells with upward trends is important in narrowing down the possible causes of their concentration increase with time and to develop strategies that will infuse sustainability to groundwater management.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136343481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100193
Romeo Eftimi, Kastriot Shehu, Franko Sara
The municipal water supply, related mainly to the cities of Albania, began to develop in the second half of the 19th century and very intensively after 1945. Today, the reported mean water production for the cities, on average, is about 300 l/capita/d, including drinking and industrial water supplies. The territory of Albania has an uneven distribution of very heterogeneous aquifers conditioning often the difficulty of municipal water supply solutions. In this article, are analyzed and classified the hydrogeological aspects of the water supply sources of the settlements, which are summarized in five groups: (a) wells in alluvial intergranular aquifers; (b) karst springs; (c) wells in karst aquifers; (d) springs in fissured rocks; and (e) mixed water sources. For each group of the water supply sources, the main concerns regarding the quantity and quality problems are analyzed, facilitated by the description of a variety of representative examples of different situations. Based on the gained experience, important recommendations are given for the better understanding of hydrogeological aspects of water supply systems, related to the river water recharge areas, the seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, and the high vulnerability of karst aquifers, as well as transboundary aquifers. However, the main problem of public water supply of Albania remains the poor management of water supply systems, which is reflected in the significant water losses, as well as the low public awareness of requests for sustainable use.
{"title":"Hydrogeological Aspects of the Municipal Water Supply of Albania: Situation and Problems","authors":"Romeo Eftimi, Kastriot Shehu, Franko Sara","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10100193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10100193","url":null,"abstract":"The municipal water supply, related mainly to the cities of Albania, began to develop in the second half of the 19th century and very intensively after 1945. Today, the reported mean water production for the cities, on average, is about 300 l/capita/d, including drinking and industrial water supplies. The territory of Albania has an uneven distribution of very heterogeneous aquifers conditioning often the difficulty of municipal water supply solutions. In this article, are analyzed and classified the hydrogeological aspects of the water supply sources of the settlements, which are summarized in five groups: (a) wells in alluvial intergranular aquifers; (b) karst springs; (c) wells in karst aquifers; (d) springs in fissured rocks; and (e) mixed water sources. For each group of the water supply sources, the main concerns regarding the quantity and quality problems are analyzed, facilitated by the description of a variety of representative examples of different situations. Based on the gained experience, important recommendations are given for the better understanding of hydrogeological aspects of water supply systems, related to the river water recharge areas, the seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, and the high vulnerability of karst aquifers, as well as transboundary aquifers. However, the main problem of public water supply of Albania remains the poor management of water supply systems, which is reflected in the significant water losses, as well as the low public awareness of requests for sustainable use.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135388610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100192
Sanja Antić, Pavel Benka, Boško Blagojević, Nikola Santrač, Andrea Salvai, Milica Stajić, Radoš Zemunac, Jovana Bezdan
With the continuous trend of urbanization, increase in industrial capacities, and expansion of agricultural areas, there is also a rise in the amount of wastewater. One of the effective and economical solutions for wastewater treatment has proven to be Constructed Wetlands (CWs). Defining the locations where CWs can be built is not an easy task and there are several criteria that need to be considered. The Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis—Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are combined to select CW locations. AHP is one of the most commonly used methods in many environmental decision making problems, involving various conflicting criteria. In this case, conflicts arise between the evaluation of criteria that influence the selection of CW locations. The evaluation of selected criteria and sub-criteria resulted in a suitability map indicating that the first class represents 44%, the second class 37%, and the third class 16% of the total area. The fourth and fifth classes represent 3% of the total area. The criteria with the highest significance are land use, floodplains and distance of the location from populated places. This study has important implications for sustainable wastewater management in Serbia and provides guidelines for selecting locations for CWs.
{"title":"Defining Optimal Location of Constructed Wetlands in Vojvodina, Serbia","authors":"Sanja Antić, Pavel Benka, Boško Blagojević, Nikola Santrač, Andrea Salvai, Milica Stajić, Radoš Zemunac, Jovana Bezdan","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10100192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10100192","url":null,"abstract":"With the continuous trend of urbanization, increase in industrial capacities, and expansion of agricultural areas, there is also a rise in the amount of wastewater. One of the effective and economical solutions for wastewater treatment has proven to be Constructed Wetlands (CWs). Defining the locations where CWs can be built is not an easy task and there are several criteria that need to be considered. The Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis—Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are combined to select CW locations. AHP is one of the most commonly used methods in many environmental decision making problems, involving various conflicting criteria. In this case, conflicts arise between the evaluation of criteria that influence the selection of CW locations. The evaluation of selected criteria and sub-criteria resulted in a suitability map indicating that the first class represents 44%, the second class 37%, and the third class 16% of the total area. The fourth and fifth classes represent 3% of the total area. The criteria with the highest significance are land use, floodplains and distance of the location from populated places. This study has important implications for sustainable wastewater management in Serbia and provides guidelines for selecting locations for CWs.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135538432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10100191
Daria Wiesława Krasiewicz, Grzegorz Wierzbicki
The origin and dynamics of a 2010 pluvial flood in the valley of a large European river are described. In order to study how local people perceive this catastrophic event a small administrative unit (rural municipality) within the Holocene floodplain (thus flooded to 90%) was chosen. Using a questionnaire a human-research survey was performed in the field among 287 people living in flood-prone areas. Almost half of the interviewees feel safe and do not expect a flood recurrence (interpreted as a levee effect). Seventeen percent believe the levee was intentionally breached due to political issues. Six percent of interviewees link the breach with small mammals using levees as a habitat, e.g., beavers, moles, and foxes. The sex and age of interviewees are related to these opinions. Most interviewees (39%) think that flooding was a result of embankment (dyke) instability. The spatial distribution of the survey results are analyzed. Maps presenting: inundation height, economic loss, attitude to geohazards and perception of possible flood recurrence were drawn. Causes of the flood as viewed by local inhabitants and in the context of the riverine geological setting and its processes are discussed. Particular attention is paid to processes linking the levee breach location with specific geomorphic features of the Holocene floodplain. A wide perspective of fluvial geomorphology where erosive landforms of crevasse channels (and associated depositional crevasse splays) are indicators of geohazards was adopted. This distinct geomorphological imprint left by overbank flow is considered a natural flood mark. Such an approach is completely neglected by interviewees who overestimate the role of hydrotechnical structures.
{"title":"Flood Perception from Local Perspective of Rural Community vs. Geomorphological Control of Fluvial Processes in Large Alluvial Valley (the Middle Vistula River, Poland)","authors":"Daria Wiesława Krasiewicz, Grzegorz Wierzbicki","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10100191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10100191","url":null,"abstract":"The origin and dynamics of a 2010 pluvial flood in the valley of a large European river are described. In order to study how local people perceive this catastrophic event a small administrative unit (rural municipality) within the Holocene floodplain (thus flooded to 90%) was chosen. Using a questionnaire a human-research survey was performed in the field among 287 people living in flood-prone areas. Almost half of the interviewees feel safe and do not expect a flood recurrence (interpreted as a levee effect). Seventeen percent believe the levee was intentionally breached due to political issues. Six percent of interviewees link the breach with small mammals using levees as a habitat, e.g., beavers, moles, and foxes. The sex and age of interviewees are related to these opinions. Most interviewees (39%) think that flooding was a result of embankment (dyke) instability. The spatial distribution of the survey results are analyzed. Maps presenting: inundation height, economic loss, attitude to geohazards and perception of possible flood recurrence were drawn. Causes of the flood as viewed by local inhabitants and in the context of the riverine geological setting and its processes are discussed. Particular attention is paid to processes linking the levee breach location with specific geomorphic features of the Holocene floodplain. A wide perspective of fluvial geomorphology where erosive landforms of crevasse channels (and associated depositional crevasse splays) are indicators of geohazards was adopted. This distinct geomorphological imprint left by overbank flow is considered a natural flood mark. Such an approach is completely neglected by interviewees who overestimate the role of hydrotechnical structures.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134886346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10090190
Andreas N. Angelakis, Cees W. Passchier, Mohammad Valipour, Jens A. Krasilnikoff, Vasileios A. Tzanakakis, Abdelkader T. Ahmed, Alper Baba, Rohitashw Kumar, Esra Bilgic, Andrea G. Capodaglio, Nicholas Dercas
Water tunnels are one of the oldest hydro-technologies for extracting water resources and/or transmitting them through water distribution systems. In the past, human societies have used tunneling for various purposes, including development, as a measure to enable underground resource extraction and the construction of transportation networks in challenging landscapes and topographies. The development of hydro-technology potentially involves the construction of tunnels to feed aqueducts, irrigation and waste water systems. Thus, the ability to make and maintain tunnels became an important component in creating lasting and sustainable water systems, which increased water supply and security, minimized construction costs, and reduced environmental impact. Thus, this review asks how, when and why human societies of the past included tunneling for the development of lasting water supply systems. This review presents a comprehensive overview across time and space, covering the history of tunneling in hydro technology from antiquity to the present, and it ponders how past experiences could impact on future hydro-technological projects involving tunneling. A historical review of tunnel systems enhances our understanding of the potential, performance, challenges, and prospects associated with the use of hydro-techniques. In the past, as the different examples in time and space demonstrate, tunneling was often dedicated to solving local problems of supply and disposal. However, across the world, some features were repeated, including the need for carving through the living rock or digging to create tunnels covered with stone slabs. Also, the world-wide use of extensive and costly tunnel systems indicates the high level of investment which human societies are willing to make for securing control over and with its water resources. This study helps us to gather inspiration from proven technologies of the past and more recent knowledge of water tunnel design and construction. As we face global warming and its derivate problems, including problems of water scarcity and flooding, the ability to create and maintain tunnels remains an important technology for the future.
{"title":"Evolution of Tunneling Hydro-Technology: From Ancient Times to Present and Future","authors":"Andreas N. Angelakis, Cees W. Passchier, Mohammad Valipour, Jens A. Krasilnikoff, Vasileios A. Tzanakakis, Abdelkader T. Ahmed, Alper Baba, Rohitashw Kumar, Esra Bilgic, Andrea G. Capodaglio, Nicholas Dercas","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10090190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10090190","url":null,"abstract":"Water tunnels are one of the oldest hydro-technologies for extracting water resources and/or transmitting them through water distribution systems. In the past, human societies have used tunneling for various purposes, including development, as a measure to enable underground resource extraction and the construction of transportation networks in challenging landscapes and topographies. The development of hydro-technology potentially involves the construction of tunnels to feed aqueducts, irrigation and waste water systems. Thus, the ability to make and maintain tunnels became an important component in creating lasting and sustainable water systems, which increased water supply and security, minimized construction costs, and reduced environmental impact. Thus, this review asks how, when and why human societies of the past included tunneling for the development of lasting water supply systems. This review presents a comprehensive overview across time and space, covering the history of tunneling in hydro technology from antiquity to the present, and it ponders how past experiences could impact on future hydro-technological projects involving tunneling. A historical review of tunnel systems enhances our understanding of the potential, performance, challenges, and prospects associated with the use of hydro-techniques. In the past, as the different examples in time and space demonstrate, tunneling was often dedicated to solving local problems of supply and disposal. However, across the world, some features were repeated, including the need for carving through the living rock or digging to create tunnels covered with stone slabs. Also, the world-wide use of extensive and costly tunnel systems indicates the high level of investment which human societies are willing to make for securing control over and with its water resources. This study helps us to gather inspiration from proven technologies of the past and more recent knowledge of water tunnel design and construction. As we face global warming and its derivate problems, including problems of water scarcity and flooding, the ability to create and maintain tunnels remains an important technology for the future.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136373526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10090189
Dinh Van Duy, Tran Van Ty, Cao Tan Ngoc Than, Cu Ngoc Thang, Huynh Thi Cam Hong, Nguyen Trung Viet, Hitoshi Tanaka
Coastal erosion poses a significant threat to the infrastructure of the coastal community at the mouth of the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. In response, emergency solutions such as hard, protective structures are often implemented. However, this approach exacerbates the problem as the underlying mechanisms of coastal erosion are not adequately investigated and understood. In this study, the long-term configuration of the mouth of the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province, Central Vietnam, is investigated using Landsat imagery spanning from 1987 to 2023. An analytical solution of a one-line model for shoreline change was also used to examine the sand discharge from the Ma River and the diffusion coefficient for the sand transported along the shore by breaking waves. The results showed an asymmetric configuration of the mouth of the Ma River over the past 37 years. The supply of sand from the Ma River is around 350,000 m3/year. The majority of sand (ranging from 55% to 75%) is mainly transported to the northern beach of the Ma River delta. This uneven distribution of sand from the Ma River has led to the asymmetrical morphology of the delta apex in which the northern part of the Ma River delta is experiencing northward movement while the southern part of the Ma River Delta is moving southward and landward. The asymmetrical morphology of the delta at the mouth of the Ma River has recently been identified as the cause of severe coastal erosion. The diffusion coefficient value determined for the transportation of longshore sand along the deltaic lobes of the Ma River delta corresponds to 90 m2/day. This study offers a practical method for investigating morphological changes in cuspate deltas, especially when measured field data are limited.
{"title":"Coastal Erosion Caused by River Mouth Migration on a Cuspate Delta: An Example from Thanh Hoa, Vietnam","authors":"Dinh Van Duy, Tran Van Ty, Cao Tan Ngoc Than, Cu Ngoc Thang, Huynh Thi Cam Hong, Nguyen Trung Viet, Hitoshi Tanaka","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10090189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10090189","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal erosion poses a significant threat to the infrastructure of the coastal community at the mouth of the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. In response, emergency solutions such as hard, protective structures are often implemented. However, this approach exacerbates the problem as the underlying mechanisms of coastal erosion are not adequately investigated and understood. In this study, the long-term configuration of the mouth of the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province, Central Vietnam, is investigated using Landsat imagery spanning from 1987 to 2023. An analytical solution of a one-line model for shoreline change was also used to examine the sand discharge from the Ma River and the diffusion coefficient for the sand transported along the shore by breaking waves. The results showed an asymmetric configuration of the mouth of the Ma River over the past 37 years. The supply of sand from the Ma River is around 350,000 m3/year. The majority of sand (ranging from 55% to 75%) is mainly transported to the northern beach of the Ma River delta. This uneven distribution of sand from the Ma River has led to the asymmetrical morphology of the delta apex in which the northern part of the Ma River delta is experiencing northward movement while the southern part of the Ma River Delta is moving southward and landward. The asymmetrical morphology of the delta at the mouth of the Ma River has recently been identified as the cause of severe coastal erosion. The diffusion coefficient value determined for the transportation of longshore sand along the deltaic lobes of the Ma River delta corresponds to 90 m2/day. This study offers a practical method for investigating morphological changes in cuspate deltas, especially when measured field data are limited.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135202589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.3390/hydrology10090187
Eulogio Pardo-Igúzquiza, Jean-Philippe Montillet, José Sánchez-Morales, Peter A. Dowd, Juan Antonio Luque-Espinar, Neda Darbeheshti, Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Tovar
This paper investigates the relationship between rainfall, groundwater and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data to generate regional-scale estimates of terrestrial water storage variations in the Andalucía region of southern Spain. These estimates can provide information on groundwater depletion (caused by periods of low rainfall or droughts) and groundwater recovery. The spatial distribution of groundwater bodies in southern Spain is complex and current in situ groundwater monitoring methods are deficient, particularly in terms of obtaining representative samples and in implementing and maintaining groundwater monitoring networks. The alternative approach proposed here is to investigate the relationship between precipitation time series and changes in the terrestrial water storage estimated from GRACE observations. The results were validated against the estimated fluctuation in regional groundwater. The maximum correlation between the mean groundwater level and the GRACE observations is 0.69 and this occurs at a lag of one month because the variation in gravity is immediate, but rainfall water requires around one month to travel across the vadose zone before it reaches the groundwater table. Using graphical methods of accumulated deviations from the mean, we show that, in general, groundwater storage follows the smooth, multi-year trends of terrestrial water storage but with less short-term trends; the same is true of rainfall, for which the local trends are more pronounced. There is hysteresis-like behaviour in the variations in terrestrial water storage and in the variations of groundwater. In practical terms, this study shows that, despite the abnormal dryness of the Iberian Peninsula during the 2004–2010 drought, the depleted groundwater storage in Andalucía recovered almost to its pre-drought level by 2016. In addition, groundwater storage and terrestrial water storage show very similar trends but with a delay in the groundwater trend.
{"title":"Assessing Terrestrial Water Storage Variations in Southern Spain Using Rainfall Estimates and GRACE Data","authors":"Eulogio Pardo-Igúzquiza, Jean-Philippe Montillet, José Sánchez-Morales, Peter A. Dowd, Juan Antonio Luque-Espinar, Neda Darbeheshti, Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Tovar","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10090187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10090187","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the relationship between rainfall, groundwater and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data to generate regional-scale estimates of terrestrial water storage variations in the Andalucía region of southern Spain. These estimates can provide information on groundwater depletion (caused by periods of low rainfall or droughts) and groundwater recovery. The spatial distribution of groundwater bodies in southern Spain is complex and current in situ groundwater monitoring methods are deficient, particularly in terms of obtaining representative samples and in implementing and maintaining groundwater monitoring networks. The alternative approach proposed here is to investigate the relationship between precipitation time series and changes in the terrestrial water storage estimated from GRACE observations. The results were validated against the estimated fluctuation in regional groundwater. The maximum correlation between the mean groundwater level and the GRACE observations is 0.69 and this occurs at a lag of one month because the variation in gravity is immediate, but rainfall water requires around one month to travel across the vadose zone before it reaches the groundwater table. Using graphical methods of accumulated deviations from the mean, we show that, in general, groundwater storage follows the smooth, multi-year trends of terrestrial water storage but with less short-term trends; the same is true of rainfall, for which the local trends are more pronounced. There is hysteresis-like behaviour in the variations in terrestrial water storage and in the variations of groundwater. In practical terms, this study shows that, despite the abnormal dryness of the Iberian Peninsula during the 2004–2010 drought, the depleted groundwater storage in Andalucía recovered almost to its pre-drought level by 2016. In addition, groundwater storage and terrestrial water storage show very similar trends but with a delay in the groundwater trend.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135436798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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