By global warming, air pollution of environmental issues, and the seriousness of the energy problem, fuel cell vehicles that do not generate CO2 on the time of traveling is being sold. Thereby, hydrogen stations are beginning to be built in various places. Now, because there is no lightning protection guidelines in the hydrogen station, we examined the lightning protection of the human body and equipment in the hydrogen station. We conducted an experiment of applying the impulse voltage to the hydrogen station. The results of the experiment, erroneous operation and failure of the equipment occurred. In addition, the potential difference is generated between the equipment and the earth. Experimental results revealed the damage to the equipment due to nearby lightning strikes. In the case of direct strikes, there is a possibility that the high voltage is applied to the operator.
{"title":"Study of lightning protection for hydrogen station","authors":"Kazuki Oobayashi, Yuta Naito, Nobuyuki Morii, Takeo Ijichi, Nobuhiro Ohno, Shozo Sekioka","doi":"10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791348","url":null,"abstract":"By global warming, air pollution of environmental issues, and the seriousness of the energy problem, fuel cell vehicles that do not generate CO2 on the time of traveling is being sold. Thereby, hydrogen stations are beginning to be built in various places. Now, because there is no lightning protection guidelines in the hydrogen station, we examined the lightning protection of the human body and equipment in the hydrogen station. We conducted an experiment of applying the impulse voltage to the hydrogen station. The results of the experiment, erroneous operation and failure of the equipment occurred. In addition, the potential difference is generated between the equipment and the earth. Experimental results revealed the damage to the equipment due to nearby lightning strikes. In the case of direct strikes, there is a possibility that the high voltage is applied to the operator.","PeriodicalId":373744,"journal":{"name":"2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122168237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791360
M. Rubinstein, Jacques Zuber, A. Smorgonskiy, F. Rachidi, G. Diendorfer
Upward lightning flashes from towers are sometimes preceded by other lightning activity in the vicinity of the tower. This observation has led to a classification of upward tower lightning into self-initiated, which are not preceded by nearby lightning activity, and other-triggered, for which one or more CG or IC flashes occur within a given preceding interval and within a given distance from the tower. The causality relation between other-triggered flashes and the preceding activity has not been established. In this paper, we hypothesize that at least some of the activity prior to other-triggered tower flashes can be explained as being due to chance rather than causality.
{"title":"Correlation vs. causality in other-triggered upward lightning in tower flashes","authors":"M. Rubinstein, Jacques Zuber, A. Smorgonskiy, F. Rachidi, G. Diendorfer","doi":"10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791360","url":null,"abstract":"Upward lightning flashes from towers are sometimes preceded by other lightning activity in the vicinity of the tower. This observation has led to a classification of upward tower lightning into self-initiated, which are not preceded by nearby lightning activity, and other-triggered, for which one or more CG or IC flashes occur within a given preceding interval and within a given distance from the tower. The causality relation between other-triggered flashes and the preceding activity has not been established. In this paper, we hypothesize that at least some of the activity prior to other-triggered tower flashes can be explained as being due to chance rather than causality.","PeriodicalId":373744,"journal":{"name":"2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123914226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791434
A. Kostinskiy, E. Mareev, N. Bogatov, V. Syssoev, Mikhail Andreev, D. Sukharevsky, M. Bulatov, V. Rakov
We have observed unusual plasma formations (UPFs) in artificial clouds of charged water droplets using a high-speed infrared camera operating in conjunction with a high-speed visible-range camera. Inferred plasma parameters were close to those of long-spark leaders observed in the same experiments, while the channel morphology was distinctly different from that of leaders, so that UPFs can be viewed as a new type of in-cloud discharge. These formations can occur in the absence of spark leaders and appear to be manifestations of collective processes building, essentially from scratch, a complex hierarchical network of interacting channels at different stages of development (some of which are hot and live for milliseconds). We believe that the phenomenon should commonly occur in thunderclouds and might give insights on the missing link in the still poorly understood lightning initiation process.
{"title":"A new class of electric discharges in clouds of negatively charged water droplets","authors":"A. Kostinskiy, E. Mareev, N. Bogatov, V. Syssoev, Mikhail Andreev, D. Sukharevsky, M. Bulatov, V. Rakov","doi":"10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791434","url":null,"abstract":"We have observed unusual plasma formations (UPFs) in artificial clouds of charged water droplets using a high-speed infrared camera operating in conjunction with a high-speed visible-range camera. Inferred plasma parameters were close to those of long-spark leaders observed in the same experiments, while the channel morphology was distinctly different from that of leaders, so that UPFs can be viewed as a new type of in-cloud discharge. These formations can occur in the absence of spark leaders and appear to be manifestations of collective processes building, essentially from scratch, a complex hierarchical network of interacting channels at different stages of development (some of which are hot and live for milliseconds). We believe that the phenomenon should commonly occur in thunderclouds and might give insights on the missing link in the still poorly understood lightning initiation process.","PeriodicalId":373744,"journal":{"name":"2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129267536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791463
Jian Li, Yao Yao, Xueming Zhou, Danhui Hu, Ling Ruan
Lightning flashover risk evaluation is the basis for choosing proper measures to improve the lightning performance of the transmission lines. Thus, the effectiveness of the measures adopted is directly determined by the evaluation accuracy. At present, the risks are mainly evaluated through comparing the calculated lightning flashover rate (LFOR) of every tower. However, there are so many assumptions and simplifications in the process of calculation. This way will often cause some discrepancies between the evaluated results and operating experience. A new evaluation method based on data mining will be proposed to study the characteristics of the lightning failure history. The association relationship between the lightning failure and altitude, height difference, relative height difference, ground flash density, etc. will be considered to build classification rules library to determine the tower lightning flashover risk. Comparison of the proposed evaluation method with the traditional methods shows that the results deduced through the proposed method is more agree with the operating experience.
{"title":"A new method to evaluate the lightning flashover risk of transmission line based on data mining","authors":"Jian Li, Yao Yao, Xueming Zhou, Danhui Hu, Ling Ruan","doi":"10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791463","url":null,"abstract":"Lightning flashover risk evaluation is the basis for choosing proper measures to improve the lightning performance of the transmission lines. Thus, the effectiveness of the measures adopted is directly determined by the evaluation accuracy. At present, the risks are mainly evaluated through comparing the calculated lightning flashover rate (LFOR) of every tower. However, there are so many assumptions and simplifications in the process of calculation. This way will often cause some discrepancies between the evaluated results and operating experience. A new evaluation method based on data mining will be proposed to study the characteristics of the lightning failure history. The association relationship between the lightning failure and altitude, height difference, relative height difference, ground flash density, etc. will be considered to build classification rules library to determine the tower lightning flashover risk. Comparison of the proposed evaluation method with the traditional methods shows that the results deduced through the proposed method is more agree with the operating experience.","PeriodicalId":373744,"journal":{"name":"2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129642062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791339
F. Grange, S. Journet, Rouzbeh Moini, Farid P. Dawalibi
This article discusses the safety issues related to wind farm grounding systems. Two different cases are considered. The first case treats a wind turbine subjected to a single phase to ground fault while the second case treats a wind turbine hit by lightning. In the first case, a detailed analysis of the fault current distribution for various scenarios, is presented. A comparative study of the touch and step voltages has demonstrated that the fault conditions on HV side leads to dangerous touch and step voltages. A focus is made on the human safety regarding lightning surges. In this regard, the transient currents flowing through the legs and body are computed for two different lightning waveforms. A comparative study of these currents for the cases of a single and two turbines reveals the non-validity of one of the design criterion established in international standards.
{"title":"Safety of wind farm grounding systems under fault and lightning currents","authors":"F. Grange, S. Journet, Rouzbeh Moini, Farid P. Dawalibi","doi":"10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791339","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the safety issues related to wind farm grounding systems. Two different cases are considered. The first case treats a wind turbine subjected to a single phase to ground fault while the second case treats a wind turbine hit by lightning. In the first case, a detailed analysis of the fault current distribution for various scenarios, is presented. A comparative study of the touch and step voltages has demonstrated that the fault conditions on HV side leads to dangerous touch and step voltages. A focus is made on the human safety regarding lightning surges. In this regard, the transient currents flowing through the legs and body are computed for two different lightning waveforms. A comparative study of these currents for the cases of a single and two turbines reveals the non-validity of one of the design criterion established in international standards.","PeriodicalId":373744,"journal":{"name":"2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124775292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791443
Volodymyr Shostak, Mikhailo Sypchenko, Thomas Smatloch
Electrodynamic (ED) forces influencing upon lightning protection (LP) components in some typical LP system configurations and conditions are studied. These include: various angles between conductors, their finite lengths, round and flat bar cross-section, grid of conductors, various heights of conductor holders, placement of conductors above metallic cladding and reinforced concrete, various materials, etc. Some practical formulas and examples (grid; conductor going from roof to wall and other) are included, and the scale of stresses affecting the components is discussed. For various current magnitudes and waveforms according to [1], ED forces are estimated by analytical formulas and numerical simulation. In typical LP components, stresses may reach a few units, tens and up to ~180 kN/m, for maximal currents corresponding to LPL 1. For some fastening elements (screws, expansion anchors), the critical levels of current magnitudes (tens of kiloamperes), which able to pull out holders from typical base materials (wood, concrete/brick), are determined. Results are discussed and recommendations provided.
{"title":"Electrodynamic forces affecting lightning protection system components and structures","authors":"Volodymyr Shostak, Mikhailo Sypchenko, Thomas Smatloch","doi":"10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791443","url":null,"abstract":"Electrodynamic (ED) forces influencing upon lightning protection (LP) components in some typical LP system configurations and conditions are studied. These include: various angles between conductors, their finite lengths, round and flat bar cross-section, grid of conductors, various heights of conductor holders, placement of conductors above metallic cladding and reinforced concrete, various materials, etc. Some practical formulas and examples (grid; conductor going from roof to wall and other) are included, and the scale of stresses affecting the components is discussed. For various current magnitudes and waveforms according to [1], ED forces are estimated by analytical formulas and numerical simulation. In typical LP components, stresses may reach a few units, tens and up to ~180 kN/m, for maximal currents corresponding to LPL 1. For some fastening elements (screws, expansion anchors), the critical levels of current magnitudes (tens of kiloamperes), which able to pull out holders from typical base materials (wood, concrete/brick), are determined. Results are discussed and recommendations provided.","PeriodicalId":373744,"journal":{"name":"2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130581102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791431
L. Arevalo, V. Cooray
Based on the well-known rolling sphere method, international standards recommend the location of the external lightning protection system of structures. The design of the external lightning protection system of structures of height of less than 60 m can be done by installing a mesh on top of a roof of the structure or by creating a mesh with wires at certain distance from the roof of the structure. The prospective downward leader current that the mesh can incept depends on the size of the mesh and the current magnitude is given as recommendation in the international standards. This paper analyses the relation prospective negative downward leader current vs. mesh size from a lightning attachment model. The model is applied to a perfectly grounded structure with maximum height of 50 m protected by two different external lightning protection systems recommended by the international standards. The results showed difference on magnitude of the prospective downward leader current the standards recommend and the ones obtained using the lightning attachment model for meshes of shorter size. Discrepancies concerning the minimum downward leader current that can be incepted by a mesh made by wires located at certain distance from the ground structure and a mesh located on top of the building are obtained.
{"title":"The mesh method in lightning protection analyzed from a lightning attachment model","authors":"L. Arevalo, V. Cooray","doi":"10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791431","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the well-known rolling sphere method, international standards recommend the location of the external lightning protection system of structures. The design of the external lightning protection system of structures of height of less than 60 m can be done by installing a mesh on top of a roof of the structure or by creating a mesh with wires at certain distance from the roof of the structure. The prospective downward leader current that the mesh can incept depends on the size of the mesh and the current magnitude is given as recommendation in the international standards. This paper analyses the relation prospective negative downward leader current vs. mesh size from a lightning attachment model. The model is applied to a perfectly grounded structure with maximum height of 50 m protected by two different external lightning protection systems recommended by the international standards. The results showed difference on magnitude of the prospective downward leader current the standards recommend and the ones obtained using the lightning attachment model for meshes of shorter size. Discrepancies concerning the minimum downward leader current that can be incepted by a mesh made by wires located at certain distance from the ground structure and a mesh located on top of the building are obtained.","PeriodicalId":373744,"journal":{"name":"2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130908216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791364
T. Funabashi, S. Sekioka
This paper studies roles of power distribution systems in smart grid and their protection from lightning in order to present our country's technical levels and philosophies in smart grid and renewable energies. Existing lightning protection technologies and predicted changes after electricity deregulation and large penetration of distributed generations are stated.
{"title":"Smart grid in Japan associated with lightning protection of renewable energies","authors":"T. Funabashi, S. Sekioka","doi":"10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791364","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies roles of power distribution systems in smart grid and their protection from lightning in order to present our country's technical levels and philosophies in smart grid and renewable energies. Existing lightning protection technologies and predicted changes after electricity deregulation and large penetration of distributed generations are stated.","PeriodicalId":373744,"journal":{"name":"2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131480900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791343
N. Filipe, C. Cardoso, João Mendes, A. Leiria, D.M. Duarte, Luís Perro, M. Matos Fernandes
This paper presents a study on lightning statistics over the continental territory of Portugal during a period from 2003 to 2014, using the data collected by the national Lightning Location System. Being part of the EUCLID (European Cooperation of Lightning Detection) project, this European grid is presented and its performance validated over the European continent. With the measured and then processed data, an overall ground flash density map is built, as well as a mean peak current map. In addition, a cumulative probability distribution curve is obtain and compared to the widely used CIGRE curve, followed by the application of both curves to a case study where IEEE Flash software is used.
{"title":"A statistical study using lightning data in Portugal from a Lightning Location System","authors":"N. Filipe, C. Cardoso, João Mendes, A. Leiria, D.M. Duarte, Luís Perro, M. Matos Fernandes","doi":"10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791343","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study on lightning statistics over the continental territory of Portugal during a period from 2003 to 2014, using the data collected by the national Lightning Location System. Being part of the EUCLID (European Cooperation of Lightning Detection) project, this European grid is presented and its performance validated over the European continent. With the measured and then processed data, an overall ground flash density map is built, as well as a mean peak current map. In addition, a cumulative probability distribution curve is obtain and compared to the widely used CIGRE curve, followed by the application of both curves to a case study where IEEE Flash software is used.","PeriodicalId":373744,"journal":{"name":"2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126579243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791427
C. Gomes, Ashen Gomes
How is lightning protection ranked in the field of safety science? What is the general perception of the public with regard to the risk of receiving a lightning strike to their building? How do business entities manipulate the psyche of the public in upsizing financial gains? What is the true risk of public adopting lightning protection techniques that have not been included in major international standards? Is the research presented so far in condemning the lightning protection systems rejected by the scientific community, well-conducted? Is tabooing of some lightning protection technologies a productive strategy in driving the public to adopt protection systems recommended by international (IEC) standards? This paper makes comprehensive attempts to answer these questions.
{"title":"Lightning safety psyche","authors":"C. Gomes, Ashen Gomes","doi":"10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2016.7791427","url":null,"abstract":"How is lightning protection ranked in the field of safety science? What is the general perception of the public with regard to the risk of receiving a lightning strike to their building? How do business entities manipulate the psyche of the public in upsizing financial gains? What is the true risk of public adopting lightning protection techniques that have not been included in major international standards? Is the research presented so far in condemning the lightning protection systems rejected by the scientific community, well-conducted? Is tabooing of some lightning protection technologies a productive strategy in driving the public to adopt protection systems recommended by international (IEC) standards? This paper makes comprehensive attempts to answer these questions.","PeriodicalId":373744,"journal":{"name":"2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127045075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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