I provide information on the anurans of Mts. Palay-Palay Mataas-naGulod Protected Landscape (MPPMNGPL) and its immediate vicinities based on field surveys conducted on accessible localities in 1998, 2006, and 2009. A total of 14 species representing four anuran families in 10 genera were recorded from the area. Baseline data on species richness, habitat and altitudinal distribution, and natural history of anurans are presented. The anuran assemblage exhibited high levels of endemicity (57%). Anurans were recorded in elevations from as low as 40 masl to more than 600 masl with the non-endemic species generally distributed in the lowlands while most of the endemics were restricted to higher elevations. Majority of the non-endemic species were usually associated with human-modified habitats while most of the endemic species were restricted to forest habitats. Eight microhabitat types were identified and a large proportion of anurans occurred in bodies of water and forest floor litter.
{"title":"Preliminary Report on the Anurans of Mts Palay-Palay Mataas-Na-Gulod Protected Landscape, Luzon Island, Philippines","authors":"R. M. Causaren","doi":"10.3860/pjsb.v3i1.1012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/pjsb.v3i1.1012","url":null,"abstract":"I provide information on the anurans of Mts. Palay-Palay Mataas-naGulod Protected Landscape (MPPMNGPL) and its immediate vicinities based on field surveys conducted on accessible localities in 1998, 2006, and 2009. A total of 14 species representing four anuran families in 10 genera were recorded from the area. Baseline data on species richness, habitat and altitudinal distribution, and natural history of anurans are presented. The anuran assemblage exhibited high levels of endemicity (57%). Anurans were recorded in elevations from as low as 40 masl to more than 600 masl with the non-endemic species generally distributed in the lowlands while most of the endemics were restricted to higher elevations. Majority of the non-endemic species were usually associated with human-modified habitats while most of the endemic species were restricted to forest habitats. Eight microhabitat types were identified and a large proportion of anurans occurred in bodies of water and forest floor litter.","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70067683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Montano, J. S. Chan, Romel E Jarabelo, Allen Brian I Pastor, T. D. Cruz
Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are phenotypically diverse group of microorganisms and are known for their biological nitrogen fixation in flooded rice paddies. Our research study, then, aimed to isolate and characterize PNSB and determine their population count. Rice paddy soil samples were collected from San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, and were inoculated into completely filled culture vials pre-filled with different enrichment media, e.g. Larsen’s medium, Van Niel’s medium, and Acetate Yeast Extract (AYE) medium. Following incubation for 4 weeks under an incandescent bulb, only the AYE medium resulted to bright “red bloom” indicating growth of PNSB. Morphological and cultural characterization of the isolated PNSB showed pinpoint, red colonies and Gram negative, non-spore forming, thin, elongated (0.5 x 2.0 μm) rods. In vivo absorption spectrum using spectrophotometer showed the presence of bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids. The isolated PNSB utilized pyruvate, malate, glucose, lactate, citrate and soluble starch as its carbon sources, and ammonium sulfate, peptone and yeast extract as nitrogen sources. Preliminary identification identified the PNSB isolates as Rhodopseudomonas sp. MPN estimated low number of PNSB (2 cells per ml) in the collected rice paddy soil.
紫色非硫细菌(Purple nonsulphur bacteria, PNSB)是一种表型多样化的微生物，在水稻田中具有生物固氮作用。因此，本研究旨在分离和鉴定PNSB，并确定其种群数量。稻谷土壤样品采集于布拉干州圣荷西德尔蒙特，接种于完全填充的培养瓶中，预先填充不同的富集培养基，如Larsen培养基、Van Niel培养基和醋酸酵母提取物(AYE)培养基。在白炽灯泡下孵育4周后，只有AYE培养基产生明亮的“红色花朵”，表明PNSB生长。分离的PNSB的形态和培养特征显示为针状、红色菌落和革兰氏阴性、不形成孢子、细长(0.5 x 2.0 μm)的杆状体。利用分光光度计进行体内吸收光谱分析，发现细菌叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的存在。分离得到的PNSB以丙酮酸盐、苹果酸盐、葡萄糖、乳酸盐、柠檬酸盐和可溶性淀粉为碳源，硫酸铵、蛋白胨和酵母浸膏为氮源。初步鉴定PNSB分离株为红假单胞菌。MPN估计收集的水稻土壤中PNSB的数量较低(2个/ ml)。
{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria (PNSB) from a Rice Paddy Soil in Bulacan, Philippines","authors":"G. Montano, J. S. Chan, Romel E Jarabelo, Allen Brian I Pastor, T. D. Cruz","doi":"10.3860/PJSB.V3I1.1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/PJSB.V3I1.1013","url":null,"abstract":"Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are phenotypically diverse group of microorganisms and are known for their biological nitrogen fixation in flooded rice paddies. Our research study, then, aimed to isolate and characterize PNSB and determine their population count. Rice paddy soil samples were collected from San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, and were inoculated into completely filled culture vials pre-filled with different enrichment media, e.g. Larsen’s medium, Van Niel’s medium, and Acetate Yeast Extract (AYE) medium. Following incubation for 4 weeks under an incandescent bulb, only the AYE medium resulted to bright “red bloom” indicating growth of PNSB. Morphological and cultural characterization of the isolated PNSB showed pinpoint, red colonies and Gram negative, non-spore forming, thin, elongated (0.5 x 2.0 μm) rods. In vivo absorption spectrum using spectrophotometer showed the presence of bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids. The isolated PNSB utilized pyruvate, malate, glucose, lactate, citrate and soluble starch as its carbon sources, and ammonium sulfate, peptone and yeast extract as nitrogen sources. Preliminary identification identified the PNSB isolates as Rhodopseudomonas sp. MPN estimated low number of PNSB (2 cells per ml) in the collected rice paddy soil.","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70067701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Woody plants in Cantipla forest fragments, Barangay Tabunan, Cebu Island, Philippines, were inventoried from three 200 m plots. A total of 45 species were recorded representing 37 genera of 26 families. The most represented families were Euphorbiaceae (5 species) followed by Moraceae (4 species) and Rubiaceae (4 species) while the most represented genus was Ficus (4 species). The fragmented forest is also a habitat of the critically endangered Cinnamomum cebuense Kost. (Lauraceae), locally known as kalingag. The flora of the Cantipla forest fragments is typical of a lowland rainforest vegetation. There is an urgent need to examine and analyze the dynamics of this important ecological heritage and biodiversity corridor so that appropriate forest and environmental management strategies by the local government and the community will be identified and implemented.
{"title":"An Enumeration of the Woody Plants of Cantipla Forest Fragments, Cebu Island, Philippines","authors":"G. O. Cadiz, I. Buot","doi":"10.3860/PJSB.V3I1.1008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/PJSB.V3I1.1008","url":null,"abstract":"Woody plants in Cantipla forest fragments, Barangay Tabunan, Cebu Island, Philippines, were inventoried from three 200 m plots. A total of 45 species were recorded representing 37 genera of 26 families. The most represented families were Euphorbiaceae (5 species) followed by Moraceae (4 species) and Rubiaceae (4 species) while the most represented genus was Ficus (4 species). The fragmented forest is also a habitat of the critically endangered Cinnamomum cebuense Kost. (Lauraceae), locally known as kalingag. The flora of the Cantipla forest fragments is typical of a lowland rainforest vegetation. There is an urgent need to examine and analyze the dynamics of this important ecological heritage and biodiversity corridor so that appropriate forest and environmental management strategies by the local government and the community will be identified and implemented.","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70067569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Twenty three species of lizards were recorded in Mts. PalaypalayMataas-Na-Gulod Protected Landscape. Belonging to four families; Agamidae is represented by three species, Gekkonidae with seven species, Scincidae with twelve species and Varanidae with one species. Fifty two percent of the species in Mts. Palaypalay-Mataas-Na-Gulod Protected Landscape is endemic which is dominated by forest species. Lizard diversity decreases with increase in elevation. Three major habitats (forest, stream and human habitation) were observed to be occupied by the species and habitat overlaps were observed as some species can occupy all habitat types.
{"title":"A TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT OF LIZARDS ALONG ESTABLISHED TRAILS IN MTS. PALAY-PALAY MATAAS-NA-GULOD PROTECTED LANDSCAPE, LUZON ISLAND, PHILIPPINES","authors":"Ronaldo D. Lagat","doi":"10.3860/PJSB.V3I1.1010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/PJSB.V3I1.1010","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty three species of lizards were recorded in Mts. PalaypalayMataas-Na-Gulod Protected Landscape. Belonging to four families; Agamidae is represented by three species, Gekkonidae with seven species, Scincidae with twelve species and Varanidae with one species. Fifty two percent of the species in Mts. Palaypalay-Mataas-Na-Gulod Protected Landscape is endemic which is dominated by forest species. Lizard diversity decreases with increase in elevation. Three major habitats (forest, stream and human habitation) were observed to be occupied by the species and habitat overlaps were observed as some species can occupy all habitat types.","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70067626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. D. Cruz, Rudolf V. Kuhn, A. Javier, C. Parra, T. H. Quimio
The Philippines is considered one of the world’s megahotspots of biodiversity. Among the country’s fungal species, about 4,698 species belonging to 1,031 genera are currently known or described, of which only a small number of myxomycetes were included. At the UPLB-MNH Mycological Herbarium, one of the country’s premier depository institutions of fungal collections, only about 446 myxomycete specimens were recorded. In this review paper, progress made in myxomycete diversity in the Philippines is reported. The conservation status of the myxomycetes specimens deposited at the UPLB-MNH Mycological Herbarium is also assessed. Furthermore, hindrances to the discovery of new myxomycete species and challenges encountered by local researchers are also discussed.
{"title":"Status of the Myxomycete Collection at the UPLB-Museum of Natural History (UPLB-MNH) Mycological Herbarium","authors":"T. D. Cruz, Rudolf V. Kuhn, A. Javier, C. Parra, T. H. Quimio","doi":"10.3860/PJSB.V3I1.1015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/PJSB.V3I1.1015","url":null,"abstract":"The Philippines is considered one of the world’s megahotspots of biodiversity. Among the country’s fungal species, about 4,698 species belonging to 1,031 genera are currently known or described, of which only a small number of myxomycetes were included. At the UPLB-MNH Mycological Herbarium, one of the country’s premier depository institutions of fungal collections, only about 446 myxomycete specimens were recorded. In this review paper, progress made in myxomycete diversity in the Philippines is reported. The conservation status of the myxomycetes specimens deposited at the UPLB-MNH Mycological Herbarium is also assessed. Furthermore, hindrances to the discovery of new myxomycete species and challenges encountered by local researchers are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70067750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orchidaceae is the largest of the monocotyledonous families in the Philippines. There are over 137 genera and about 998 species of orchids so far recorded for the archipelago. This represents about 10% of the total flora of the Philippines. The Philippines ranks second to New Guinea in occurrence of endemic species in the Malesian region. The monotypic endemic genera of orchids are Ceratocentron, Megalotus, Phragmorchis, and Schuitemania. Bogoria, Chelonistele, Lepidogyne, Omoea, Orchipedum are Malesian endemics represented in the Philippines by one species each. The largest genera are Bulbophyllum (137 species), Dendrochilum (89 species), Dendrobium (85 species), Eria (54 species), Liparis (38 species), and Malaxis (33 species).
{"title":"Status of Orchid Taxonomy Research in the Philippines","authors":"E. Agoo","doi":"10.3860/PJSB.V1I1.907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/PJSB.V1I1.907","url":null,"abstract":"Orchidaceae is the largest of the monocotyledonous families in the Philippines. There are over 137 genera and about 998 species of orchids so far recorded for the archipelago. This represents about 10% of the total flora of the Philippines. The Philippines ranks second to New Guinea in occurrence of endemic species in the Malesian region. The monotypic endemic genera of orchids are Ceratocentron, Megalotus, Phragmorchis, and Schuitemania. Bogoria, Chelonistele, Lepidogyne, Omoea, Orchipedum are Malesian endemics represented in the Philippines by one species each. The largest genera are Bulbophyllum (137 species), Dendrochilum (89 species), Dendrobium (85 species), Eria (54 species), Liparis (38 species), and Malaxis (33 species).","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70067389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As one of the megadiverse countries in the world, the Philippines “probably supports the greatest concentration of unique biological diversity currently known on the planet” and has been aptly described as “Galapagos times ten” by Heany (Ong, et al., 2002). However, knowledge of the biodiversity of earthworms in the country is very limited. The literature on the species-taxa that have been reported from the Philippines is practically non-existent; we rely only on the recent publications of James (2004a, 2005) on the earthworms in our country. To date, there are almost no data from the Central Philippines (Visayan region)except for the previous collections from Samar and Cebu (in James, 2004b).
菲律宾是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一，“可能是目前地球上已知的最集中的独特生物多样性”，被Heany恰当地称为“加拉帕戈斯十倍”(Ong, et al.， 2002)。然而，该国对蚯蚓生物多样性的了解非常有限。关于菲律宾所报道的种-分类群的文献几乎不存在;我们只依赖James (2004a, 2005)最近发表的关于我国蚯蚓的文章。迄今为止，除了以前在萨马岛和宿务收集的数据(James, 2004年b)外，几乎没有来自菲律宾中部(维萨扬地区)的数据。
{"title":"Earthworm Distribution in Selected Islands of the Visayan (Central Philippine) Archipelago","authors":"D. Flores","doi":"10.3860/PJSB.V1I1.909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/PJSB.V1I1.909","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the megadiverse countries in the world, the Philippines “probably supports the greatest concentration of unique biological diversity currently known on the planet” and has been aptly described as “Galapagos times ten” by Heany (Ong, et al., 2002). However, knowledge of the biodiversity of earthworms in the country is very limited. The literature on the species-taxa that have been reported from the Philippines is practically non-existent; we rely only on the recent publications of James (2004a, 2005) on the earthworms in our country. To date, there are almost no data from the Central Philippines (Visayan region)except for the previous collections from Samar and Cebu (in James, 2004b).","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70067069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inventory of pteridophytes and gymnosperms in Musuan, Bukidnon revealed 102 species, 52 genera and 24 families of pteridophyes and 8 species and 6 genera of gymnosperms. Of these, 10 species of pteridophytes are endemic, 8 species rare, 8 are depleted, 4 species are new records in terms of locality and 59 are economically important species. Likewise, the gymnosperms have 8 economically important species, 2 rare, and 7 introduced species. Three species of pteridophytes are locally threatened in the wild.
{"title":"Pteridophyte and Gymnosperm Diversity in Musuan, Bukidnon","authors":"V. Amoroso","doi":"10.3860/PJSB.V1I1.906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/PJSB.V1I1.906","url":null,"abstract":"Inventory of pteridophytes and gymnosperms in Musuan, Bukidnon revealed 102 species, 52 genera and 24 families of pteridophyes and 8 species and 6 genera of gymnosperms. Of these, 10 species of pteridophytes are endemic, 8 species rare, 8 are depleted, 4 species are new records in terms of locality and 59 are economically important species. Likewise, the gymnosperms have 8 economically important species, 2 rare, and 7 introduced species. Three species of pteridophytes are locally threatened in the wild.","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70067168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. A. Obico, Carmela Kathrina C Bagay, Amelia S. Asencion, E. Agoo, Melanie M Medecilo
Leaves of 50 specimens under the genera Rhaphidophora and Epipremnum were measured and characterized using the Manual of Leaf Architecture. The leaf characters were compared and subjected to phenetic investigation using cluster analysis with the aid of a computer software, PC-ORD (ver 2.11). Generally, the leaves may be categorized into two groups based on lobation. The results of the cluster analyis support the transfer of R. korthalsii to the genus Epipremnum. Further, the leaf morphology was able to define the interspecific relationship within Rhaphidophora. However, in establishing the intergeneric relationship between Epipremnum and Rhaphidophora, the leaf morphology does not offer conclusive evidence.
{"title":"Comparative Study of the Leaf Morphology of Epipremnum Schott and Rhaphidophora Hassk. (Araceae) in the Philippines","authors":"J. A. Obico, Carmela Kathrina C Bagay, Amelia S. Asencion, E. Agoo, Melanie M Medecilo","doi":"10.3860/PJSB.V1I1.905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/PJSB.V1I1.905","url":null,"abstract":"Leaves of 50 specimens under the genera Rhaphidophora and Epipremnum were measured and characterized using the Manual of Leaf Architecture. The leaf characters were compared and subjected to phenetic investigation using cluster analysis with the aid of a computer software, PC-ORD (ver 2.11). Generally, the leaves may be categorized into two groups based on lobation. The results of the cluster analyis support the transfer of R. korthalsii to the genus Epipremnum. Further, the leaf morphology was able to define the interspecific relationship within Rhaphidophora. However, in establishing the intergeneric relationship between Epipremnum and Rhaphidophora, the leaf morphology does not offer conclusive evidence.","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70067133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Current Status of the Philippine Rubiaceae","authors":"G. Alejandro","doi":"10.3860/PJSB.V1I1.908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/PJSB.V1I1.908","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70067497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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