This review shares lessons learned from the establishment of early marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Philippines about the need to establish baseline information, do systematic monitoring of the status of the marine environment, and to progress towards more integrated forms of management that involve key stakeholders in coastal areas. The tendency for human society to change its perception of what is “normal” through the phenomena of “shifting baselines” is pointed to as a reason why more concerted action is not taken to stop the downward trends of Philippine coastal resources and environment. The small MPAs of Apo, Sumilon and Olango Islands as well as the large Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, are cited as examples of how the establishment of baselines and the implementation of effective monitoring over time for both biophysical and governance parameters, has been instrumental in maintaining and improving the quality of the marine environment and bringing benefits to people. The development of integrated coastal management and coastal resource management programs within local government units is explained as a way of harnessing local institutions to lead the way towards improved management and stewardship of coastal resources and provide tangible benefits to coastal communities. And, the role of national government is highlighted as a facilitator and a source of technical support to local governments in the implementation of marine conservation and coastal resources management. Finally, the significant influence of Dr. Angel Alcala in marine conservation in the Philippines is noted through his research and related conservation efforts for small-island and fisheries management and his mode of sharing results with local communities and governments so that they could learn from their own mistakes and successes and become better stewards of their resources. KEYWORDS: Apo, community, coral reefs, Sumilon, tourism, Tubbataha
{"title":"Sustainable marine conservation, baselines, and systematic monitoring—a few lessons from coastal resource management in the Philippines","authors":"Alan T. White","doi":"10.26757/pjsb2020b14008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020b14008","url":null,"abstract":"This review shares lessons learned from the establishment of early marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Philippines about the need to establish baseline information, do systematic monitoring of the status of the marine environment, and to progress towards more integrated forms of management that involve key stakeholders in coastal areas. The tendency for human society to change its perception of what is “normal” through the phenomena of “shifting baselines” is pointed to as a reason why more concerted action is not taken to stop the downward trends of Philippine coastal resources and environment. The small MPAs of Apo, Sumilon and Olango Islands as well as the large Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, are cited as examples of how the establishment of baselines and the implementation of effective monitoring over time for both biophysical and governance parameters, has been instrumental in maintaining and improving the quality of the marine environment and bringing benefits to people. The development of integrated coastal management and coastal resource management programs within local government units is explained as a way of harnessing local institutions to lead the way towards improved management and stewardship of coastal resources and provide tangible benefits to coastal communities. And, the role of national government is highlighted as a facilitator and a source of technical support to local governments in the implementation of marine conservation and coastal resources management. Finally, the significant influence of Dr. Angel Alcala in marine conservation in the Philippines is noted through his research and related conservation efforts for small-island and fisheries management and his mode of sharing results with local communities and governments so that they could learn from their own mistakes and successes and become better stewards of their resources. KEYWORDS: Apo, community, coral reefs, Sumilon, tourism, Tubbataha","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69122323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Focusing on the phylogenetic relationships of puddle frog populations spanning the biogeographic interface between Sundaland (Borneo) and the Philippines, we demonstrate, for the first time, a widespread geographic pattern involving the existence of multiple divergent and co-distributed (sympatric) evolutionary lineages, most of which are not each other’s closest relatives, and all of which we interpret as probable distinct species. This pattern of co-occurrence in the form of pairs of ecologically distinct puddle frog forms (dyads), prevails throughout northern Borneo, Palawan, Tawi-Tawi, the Sulu Archipelago, and western Mindanao (Zamboanga). Previously obscured by outdated taxonomy and logistical, legal, and security obstacles to field-based natural history studies, this pattern has remained hidden from biogeographers and amphibian biologists by an uncontested proposal that Philippine Occidozyga laevis is a single, “widespread,” and “highly variable” species. In this paper we use an integrative synthesis of new genetic data, organismal phenotypic data, historical literature reports, and ecological observations to elucidate an interesting and potentially widespread pattern of puddle frog species coexistence at the Sundaland–Philippine biogeographic interface. Calling attention to this pattern opens promising possibilities for future research aimed at understanding the scope of this dyads pattern, and whether it extends to the more northern reaches of the Philippines. On either side of Huxley’s and Wallace’s lines, data suggest that the majority of puddle frog dyads at a given locality are not each other’s closest relatives (are more distantly related, or non-monophyletic) and, thus, assembled ecologically, likely coexisting now as a result of their ecological tendencies toward distinct microhabitats (warmer stagnant pools in open areas, versus cool, flowing streams enclosed in forest). If these pairs of species types are determined to be the geographic norm among the more isolated, central, and northern, Philippine faunas, an obvious question will be whether they have evolved into dual ecological forms, possibly in response to ecological opportunity and/or reduced competition. KEYWORDS: biogeography, taxonomy, microhabitat, cryptic species
{"title":"Molecular systematic investigation of Philippine puddle frogs (Anura: Dicroglossidae: Occidozyga Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822) reveals new candidate species and a novel pattern of species dyads","authors":"K. Chan, S. Schoppe, E. L. B. Rico, Rafe M. Brown","doi":"10.26757/pjsb2020b14007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020b14007","url":null,"abstract":"Focusing on the phylogenetic relationships of puddle frog populations spanning the biogeographic interface between Sundaland (Borneo) and the Philippines, we demonstrate, for the first time, a widespread geographic pattern involving the existence of multiple divergent and co-distributed (sympatric) evolutionary lineages, most of which are not each other’s closest relatives, and all of which we interpret as probable distinct species. This pattern of co-occurrence in the form of pairs of ecologically distinct puddle frog forms (dyads), prevails throughout northern Borneo, Palawan, Tawi-Tawi, the Sulu Archipelago, and western Mindanao (Zamboanga). Previously obscured by outdated taxonomy and logistical, legal, and security obstacles to field-based natural history studies, this pattern has remained hidden from biogeographers and amphibian biologists by an uncontested proposal that Philippine Occidozyga laevis is a single, “widespread,” and “highly variable” species. In this paper we use an integrative synthesis of new genetic data, organismal phenotypic data, historical literature reports, and ecological observations to elucidate an interesting and potentially widespread pattern of puddle frog species coexistence at the Sundaland–Philippine biogeographic interface. Calling attention to this pattern opens promising possibilities for future research aimed at understanding the scope of this dyads pattern, and whether it extends to the more northern reaches of the Philippines. On either side of Huxley’s and Wallace’s lines, data suggest that the majority of puddle frog dyads at a given locality are not each other’s closest relatives (are more distantly related, or non-monophyletic) and, thus, assembled ecologically, likely coexisting now as a result of their ecological tendencies toward distinct microhabitats (warmer stagnant pools in open areas, versus cool, flowing streams enclosed in forest). If these pairs of species types are determined to be the geographic norm among the more isolated, central, and northern, Philippine faunas, an obvious question will be whether they have evolved into dual ecological forms, possibly in response to ecological opportunity and/or reduced competition. KEYWORDS: biogeography, taxonomy, microhabitat, cryptic species","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69122311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mt. Tago, F. Coritico, Noel E. Lagunday, J. Galindon, D. Tandang, V. Amoroso
Mt. Tago Range in Bukidnon has been subjected to deforestation and forest fragmentation due to logging ca. 35–40 years ago or as direct result of land conversion for agriculture, human settlements and wildlife product harvesting. It is currently not a protected area. This study aimed to provide data on the tree species diversity, structure, composition, conservation status and threats of the forest habitats in the site. Tree survey in the range was conducted in 2018–2019 using thirty-nine 20 x 20 m sampling plots and six one-kilometer transect lines. A total of 1,032 tree individuals from 54 families, 85 genera and 121 species were documented. The site is composed of four tropical forest habitat types namely: lower montane rainforest, upper montane rainforest, mossy-pygmy and forest over ultramafic rocks. These forest habitats also differed in species composition, elevation, substrate, dominance and structure in terms of height and diameter at breast height. The highest diversity index was observed in the mid-elevation and decreasing toward the peak. The diversity pattern herein is attributed to elevation, forest degradation due to anthropogenic activities and nature of habitat. The most abundant families were the Myrtaceae (23%), Podocarpaceae (12.8%) and Fagaceae (12.6%). At the family level the most dominant taxa included the Moraceae (8.7%), Rubiaceae (6.5%) and Myrtaceae (5.8%). Highest importance value index (IVI) in all forest types fell within the range of IVI’s for tropical forests. Assessment of conservation and ecological status revealed that 11 species (8%) are threatened, 28 (22%) Least Concern (LC) and 16 (12%) are Philippine endemics. Threats to tree diversity in Mt. Tago Range included land conversion for agriculture and settlement, illegal logging and lack of legislative protection. The implementation of conservation strategies by stakeholders is recommended to protect the tree species communities and population across the forest habitat types in the site. KEYWORDS: biodiversity, flora, Shannon-Weiner Index, Importance Value Index, non-Protected Area
由于大约35-40年前的伐木，或者由于农业、人类住区和野生动物产品收割的土地转换的直接结果，Bukidnon的塔戈山山脉一直遭受着森林砍伐和碎片化。它目前不是一个保护区。本研究旨在提供有关该地区森林栖息地的树种多样性、结构、组成、保护状况和威胁的数据。2018年至2019年，该范围内的树木调查使用了39个20 x 20米的采样点和6条1公里的样线。共记录了来自54科、85属、121种的1032个树木个体。该场地由四种热带森林栖息地类型组成，即：下山地雨林、上山地雨林、苔藓侏儒和超镁铁质岩石上的森林。这些森林栖息地在物种组成、海拔、基质、优势度和结构方面也存在差异，如高度和胸径。多样性指数在海拔中段最高，并向顶峰递减。这里的多样性模式归因于海拔、人为活动导致的森林退化和栖息地的性质。最丰富的科是杨梅科（23%）、荚果科（12.8%）和壳斗科（12.6%）。在科水平上，最具优势的分类群包括桑科（8.7%）、茜草科（6.5%）和杨梅科（5.8%）。所有森林类型中的最高重要值指数（IVI）均在热带森林的IVI范围内。对保护和生态状况的评估显示，11个物种（8%）受到威胁，28个（22%）最不受关注物种（LC）和16个（12%）是菲律宾特有物种。对塔戈山山脉树木多样性的威胁包括将土地转用于农业和定居、非法砍伐和缺乏立法保护。建议利益相关者实施保护策略，以保护现场不同森林栖息地类型的树木群落和种群。关键词：生物多样性，植物群，Shannon Weiner指数，重要性值指数，非保护区
{"title":"Diversity of trees and structure of forest habitat types in Mt. Tago Range, Mindanao, Philippines","authors":"Mt. Tago, F. Coritico, Noel E. Lagunday, J. Galindon, D. Tandang, V. Amoroso","doi":"10.26757/pjsb2020c14006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020c14006","url":null,"abstract":"Mt. Tago Range in Bukidnon has been subjected to deforestation and forest fragmentation due to logging ca. 35–40 years ago or as direct result of land conversion for agriculture, human settlements and wildlife product harvesting. It is currently not a protected area. This study aimed to provide data on the tree species diversity, structure, composition, conservation status and threats of the forest habitats in the site. Tree survey in the range was conducted in 2018–2019 using thirty-nine 20 x 20 m sampling plots and six one-kilometer transect lines. A total of 1,032 tree individuals from 54 families, 85 genera and 121 species were documented. The site is composed of four tropical forest habitat types namely: lower montane rainforest, upper montane rainforest, mossy-pygmy and forest over ultramafic rocks. These forest habitats also differed in species composition, elevation, substrate, dominance and structure in terms of height and diameter at breast height. The highest diversity index was observed in the mid-elevation and decreasing toward the peak. The diversity pattern herein is attributed to elevation, forest degradation due to anthropogenic activities and nature of habitat. The most abundant families were the Myrtaceae (23%), Podocarpaceae (12.8%) and Fagaceae (12.6%). At the family level the most dominant taxa included the Moraceae (8.7%), Rubiaceae (6.5%) and Myrtaceae (5.8%). Highest importance value index (IVI) in all forest types fell within the range of IVI’s for tropical forests. Assessment of conservation and ecological status revealed that 11 species (8%) are threatened, 28 (22%) Least Concern (LC) and 16 (12%) are Philippine endemics. Threats to tree diversity in Mt. Tago Range included land conversion for agriculture and settlement, illegal logging and lack of legislative protection. The implementation of conservation strategies by stakeholders is recommended to protect the tree species communities and population across the forest habitat types in the site.\u0000\u0000KEYWORDS: biodiversity, flora, Shannon-Weiner Index, Importance Value Index, non-Protected Area","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45684449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corticolous myxomycetes are a specialized guild of myxomycetes thriving on the bark of living trees. In this study, we explored the bark-inhabiting myxomycetes from selected trees in the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve, Bulacan, Philippines. Pieces of dead tree barks were carefully removed from selected mature trees — Gmelina arborea (“gmelina” or “yemane”), Mangifera indica (“mango”), Parkia timoriana (“kupang”), Pinus sp. (“pine tree”), Pterocarpus indicus (“narra”), Samanea saman (“acacia” or “rain tree”), and Shorea contorta (“white lauan”), within the accessible forest area and used for the preparation of moist chamber culture. Following incubation for 8–12 weeks, fruiting bodies from the moist chambers were identified. Results showed a total of 17 species belonging to 10 genera from five orders. The identified corticolous myxomycetes were Arcyria cinerea, A. denudata, Comatricha pulchella, C. tenerrima, Cribraria microcarpa, C. violacea, Diderma effusum, D. hemisphaericum, Hemitrichia pardina, Lamproderma scintillans, Licea operculata, Licea sp.1, Perichaena chrysosperma, P. pedata, Physarum album, P. leucophaeum, and Trichia decipiens. This is the first report of corticolous myxomycetes in the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve. KEYWORDS: bark, moist chamber culture, Paleotropics, plasmodial slime molds, species list
{"title":"Records of corticolous myxomycetes from selected trees in Angat Watershed Forest Reserve, Bulacan, Philippines","authors":"Monica S. Policina, T. D. Cruz","doi":"10.26757/pjsb2020c14007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020c14007","url":null,"abstract":"Corticolous myxomycetes are a specialized guild of myxomycetes thriving on the bark of living trees. In this study, we explored the bark-inhabiting myxomycetes from selected trees in the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve, Bulacan, Philippines. Pieces of dead tree barks were carefully removed from selected mature trees — Gmelina arborea (“gmelina” or “yemane”), Mangifera indica (“mango”), Parkia timoriana (“kupang”), Pinus sp. (“pine tree”), Pterocarpus indicus (“narra”), Samanea saman (“acacia” or “rain tree”), and Shorea contorta (“white lauan”), within the accessible forest area and used for the preparation of moist chamber culture. Following incubation for 8–12 weeks, fruiting bodies from the moist chambers were identified. Results showed a total of 17 species belonging to 10 genera from five orders. The identified corticolous myxomycetes were Arcyria cinerea, A. denudata, Comatricha pulchella, C. tenerrima, Cribraria microcarpa, C. violacea, Diderma effusum, D. hemisphaericum, Hemitrichia pardina, Lamproderma scintillans, Licea operculata, Licea sp.1, Perichaena chrysosperma, P. pedata, Physarum album, P. leucophaeum, and Trichia decipiens. This is the first report of corticolous myxomycetes in the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve.\u0000\u0000KEYWORDS: bark, moist chamber culture, Paleotropics, plasmodial slime molds, species list","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45872942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abner A. Bucol, R. Manalo, A. Alcala, Paulina S. Aspilla
Crocodilians have been assumed to influence aquatic primary productivity and fishery yield. However, strong empirical evidence to support such claims is lacking. The long-standing assumption first hypothesized by Fittkau (1970), is that local fisheries (secondary productivity) in areas inhabited by crocodilians would be expected to improve. We tested this hypothesis at two locations in the Philippines, inhabited by the Philippine Crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) in Paghungawan Marsh in Siargao Island Protected Landscape & Seascape (SIPLAS), Jaboy, Pilar, Surigao Del Norte, and the Indo-Pacific Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) in the Rio Tuba River, Bataraza, southern Palawan Island. Water chemistry parameters, with emphasis on nutrient (nitrate and phosphate) levels, were determined using using standard protocols. Catch-per-Unit Effort (CPUE) of gillnets in sites with crocodiles was compared with corresponding control sites without crocodiles. CPUE was higher in areas inhabited by crocodiles, but appeared not to be directly influenced by nutrient levels. Increased fish catches in areas inhabited by crocodiles might be attributed to several factors, such as reduced fishing pressure due to the presence of crocodiles which discouraged the local fishermen to fish intensively. Overall, while fish catch was higher in areas inhabited by crocodiles, it is too early to attribute this to the nutrient output from crocodiles due to several confounding factors. KEYWORDS: estuarine, fish catch, freshwater, nutrient
{"title":"Crocodilians and fisheries in the Philippines: revisiting Fittkau’s hypothesis","authors":"Abner A. Bucol, R. Manalo, A. Alcala, Paulina S. Aspilla","doi":"10.26757/pjsb2020b14004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020b14004","url":null,"abstract":"Crocodilians have been assumed to influence aquatic primary productivity and fishery yield. However, strong empirical evidence to support such claims is lacking. The long-standing assumption first hypothesized by Fittkau (1970), is that local fisheries (secondary productivity) in areas inhabited by crocodilians would be expected to improve. We tested this hypothesis at two locations in the Philippines, inhabited by the Philippine Crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) in Paghungawan Marsh in Siargao Island Protected Landscape & Seascape (SIPLAS), Jaboy, Pilar, Surigao Del Norte, and the Indo-Pacific Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) in the Rio Tuba River, Bataraza, southern Palawan Island. Water chemistry parameters, with emphasis on nutrient (nitrate and phosphate) levels, were determined using using standard protocols. Catch-per-Unit Effort (CPUE) of gillnets in sites with crocodiles was compared with corresponding control sites without crocodiles. CPUE was higher in areas inhabited by crocodiles, but appeared not to be directly influenced by nutrient levels. Increased fish catches in areas inhabited by crocodiles might be attributed to several factors, such as reduced fishing pressure due to the presence of crocodiles which discouraged the local fishermen to fish intensively. Overall, while fish catch was higher in areas inhabited by crocodiles, it is too early to attribute this to the nutrient output from crocodiles due to several confounding factors.\u0000\u0000KEYWORDS: estuarine, fish catch, freshwater, nutrient","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46922417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
North Cotabato, Cherie Cano, Mangaoang, B. L. P. Bretaňa, V. Amoroso
Pteridophytes are potential indicators of climate change and environmental disturbances because of their sensitivity to the changes in the environment such as sunlight intensities and humidity levels. The study was conducted to document the species and compare the diversity of epiphytic pteridophytes in two sites–the undisturbed and disturbed areas of Mt. Apo Natural Park, North Cotabato Province in the Philippines. In each site, four stations were established, each with four 20 m × 20 m plots that are at least 20 m apart from each other. Between stations, at least 100 m was maintained. In this study, 102 species of epiphytic pteridophytes belonging to 33 genera and 14 families were identified. Seven species are lycophytes and 95 species are ferns. The number of species recorded represents 10 % of all species of pteridophytes in the Philippines. Polypodiaceae was the most dominant family consisting of 13 genera and 33 species. Among these, Prosaptia was the largest genus represented by nine species followed by Selliguea with five species. Based on the Species Importance Value (SIV), Lindsaea pulchella was the most abundant species in the area studied. Abundance of epiphytic pteridophytes vary between two sites but other parameters such as species richness, evenness, Shannon-Weiner and Simpson diversity indices showed no significant differences. There were three main assemblages of epiphytic pteridophytes based on species composition with 50% overall similarity. Of the 102 species identified, 11 were threatened which represent 6.08% of the total threatened pteridophytes of the Philippines. Noteworthy is the new species record of Asplenium beccarianum for the Philippines. Unique composition of epiphytic pteridophytes was evident and the results showed that Mt. Apo is an important location for the conservation of these communities. KEYWORDS: abundance, Asplenium beccarianum, conservation, phorophtye, epiphyte
{"title":"Rapid assessment of epiphytic pteridophyte biodiversity in Mt. Apo Natural Park, North Cotabato Province, Philippines: a comparison of disturbed and undisturbed forests","authors":"North Cotabato, Cherie Cano, Mangaoang, B. L. P. Bretaňa, V. Amoroso","doi":"10.26757/pjsb2020c14004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020c14004","url":null,"abstract":"Pteridophytes are potential indicators of climate change and environmental disturbances because of their sensitivity to the changes in the environment such as sunlight intensities and humidity levels. The study was conducted to document the species and compare the diversity of epiphytic pteridophytes in two sites–the undisturbed and disturbed areas of Mt. Apo Natural Park, North Cotabato Province in the Philippines. In each site, four stations were established, each with four 20 m × 20 m plots that are at least 20 m apart from each other. Between stations, at least 100 m was maintained. In this study, 102 species of epiphytic pteridophytes belonging to 33 genera and 14 families were identified. Seven species are lycophytes and 95 species are ferns. The number of species recorded represents 10 % of all species of pteridophytes in the Philippines. Polypodiaceae was the most dominant family consisting of 13 genera and 33 species. Among these, Prosaptia was the largest genus represented by nine species followed by Selliguea with five species. Based on the Species Importance Value (SIV), Lindsaea pulchella was the most abundant species in the area studied. Abundance of epiphytic pteridophytes vary between two sites but other parameters such as species richness, evenness, Shannon-Weiner and Simpson diversity indices showed no significant differences. There were three main assemblages of epiphytic pteridophytes based on species composition with 50% overall similarity. Of the 102 species identified, 11 were threatened which represent 6.08% of the total threatened pteridophytes of the Philippines. Noteworthy is the new species record of Asplenium beccarianum for the Philippines. Unique composition of epiphytic pteridophytes was evident and the results showed that Mt. Apo is an important location for the conservation of these communities.\u0000\u0000KEYWORDS: abundance, Asplenium beccarianum, conservation, phorophtye, epiphyte","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41550239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacterial infections are high-risk factors in fisheries, with reports of high mortality among diseased fish stocks posing a threat to both capture and aquaculture fisheries in inland waters. Diseases-causing bacteria in fishes may lead to decreased yield and economic loss to fishers, whose livelihood primarily depends on landed catch. Lake fisheries are most affected by such disruptive changes because of limitations in water turnover aggravated by wastewater inputs. In this study, we isolated and characterized gut bacteria from landed catch of the gobiid Glossogobius aureus from Lake Sampaloc, a small but commercially important aquaculture area in Luzon. Isolated axenic gut bacteria were identified through Gram stain reaction, microscopy, API biochemical tests, and 16s rRNA gene sequencing. From these, we identified two species with known fish pathogenicity, namely Aeromonas veronii and Plesiomonas shigelloides which are known to thrive in disrupted and nutrient-rich habitats and cause visible damage to fish health. Interestingly, our samples have shown no such visible signs of the disease. It is therefore important for future researches to determine what conservation and management practices in small inland waters like lakes will limit potential environmental stressors that may trigger susceptibility of both capture and farmed fish species to infection. Ultimately, rehabilitation of inland water aquaculture areas such as Lake Sampaloc is essential not only to fish conservation but also to public health and local food security.
{"title":"Aeromonas veronii and Plesiomonas shigelloides (Gammaproteobacteria) isolated from Glossogobius aureus (Gobiidae) in Lake Sampaloc, Laguna, Philippines","authors":"J. L. J. Gacad, J. C. Briones","doi":"10.26757/pjsb2020a14009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020a14009","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial infections are high-risk factors in fisheries, with reports of high mortality among diseased fish stocks posing a threat to both capture and aquaculture fisheries in inland waters. Diseases-causing bacteria in fishes may lead to decreased yield and economic loss to fishers, whose livelihood primarily depends on landed catch. Lake fisheries are most affected by such disruptive changes because of limitations in water turnover aggravated by wastewater inputs. In this study, we isolated and characterized gut bacteria from landed catch of the gobiid Glossogobius aureus from Lake Sampaloc, a small but commercially important aquaculture area in Luzon. Isolated axenic gut bacteria were identified through Gram stain reaction, microscopy, API biochemical tests, and 16s rRNA gene sequencing. From these, we identified two species with known fish pathogenicity, namely Aeromonas veronii and Plesiomonas shigelloides which are known to thrive in disrupted and nutrient-rich habitats and cause visible damage to fish health. Interestingly, our samples have shown no such visible signs of the disease. It is therefore important for future researches to determine what conservation and management practices in small inland waters like lakes will limit potential environmental stressors that may trigger susceptibility of both capture and farmed fish species to infection. Ultimately, rehabilitation of inland water aquaculture areas such as Lake Sampaloc is essential not only to fish conservation but also to public health and local food security.","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46212441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camarines Sur, J. A. Paguirigan, Bjorn Adrian P. David, Rjan Nichole Marie S. Elsisura, R. AlissaJane, Gamboa, Reyzen Francis P. Gardaya, Josh Patrick N. Ilagan, Julianne Paula L. Mendiola, Patricia B. Pineda, River N. Samelin, M. V. Pangilinan
The Philippines is known for its environmental diversity due to its ideal climatic conditions. Scientists have studied various species of flora and fauna in the country, including macrofungi. However, not all regions have been studied and explored for macrofungi such as Mount Isarog in Camarines Sur. To add to Philippine macrofungal diversity, this study accounted for naturally occurring macrofungi collected in April 2018 at Consocep Mountain Resort in Tigaon and Mount Isarog National Park in Goa, Camarines Sur. The samples collected were identified based on their morpho-anatomical characteristics, as well as their substrate with the aid of published taxonomic keys. A total of 36 taxa were identified from the two sites and classified under eight orders, 17 families, and 26 genera. Order Polyporales had the most number of specimens. The number of species provided evidence for the high diversity of macrofungal species in the area with most of them attached to bark substrates.
{"title":"Species listing and distribution of macrofungi in Consocep Mountain Resort, Tigaon and Mount Isarog National Park, Goa, Camarines Sur","authors":"Camarines Sur, J. A. Paguirigan, Bjorn Adrian P. David, Rjan Nichole Marie S. Elsisura, R. AlissaJane, Gamboa, Reyzen Francis P. Gardaya, Josh Patrick N. Ilagan, Julianne Paula L. Mendiola, Patricia B. Pineda, River N. Samelin, M. V. Pangilinan","doi":"10.26757/pjsb2020a14005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020a14005","url":null,"abstract":"The Philippines is known for its environmental diversity due to its ideal climatic conditions. Scientists have studied various species of flora and fauna in the country, including macrofungi. However, not all regions have been studied and explored for macrofungi such as Mount Isarog in Camarines Sur. To add to Philippine macrofungal diversity, this study accounted for naturally occurring macrofungi collected in April 2018 at Consocep Mountain Resort in Tigaon and Mount Isarog National Park in Goa, Camarines Sur. The samples collected were identified based on their morpho-anatomical characteristics, as well as their substrate with the aid of published taxonomic keys. A total of 36 taxa were identified from the two sites and classified under eight orders, 17 families, and 26 genera. Order Polyporales had the most number of specimens. The number of species provided evidence for the high diversity of macrofungal species in the area with most of them attached to bark substrates.","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46841122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent curation of the butterfly collections in the National Museum of Natural History in Manila, Philippines, and the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, USA, resulted in new island records of Ideopsis juventa luzonica (Nymphalidae: Danainae) from Mabog Island in the Babuyan Islands, Philippines, Cheritra freja pallida (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) from Sebuku Island, Borneo, and Eurema hiurai (Pieridae: Coliadinae) in Zambales (Luzon) and Cotabato (Mindanao), Philippines. KEYWORDS: butterflies, range, Philippines, Indonesia
{"title":"Butterfly range extensions in the Philippines and Indonesia","authors":"J. A. Badon, David J. Lohman","doi":"10.26757/pjsb2020c14001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020c14001","url":null,"abstract":"Recent curation of the butterfly collections in the National Museum of Natural History in Manila, Philippines, and the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, USA, resulted in new island records of Ideopsis juventa luzonica (Nymphalidae: Danainae) from Mabog Island in the Babuyan Islands, Philippines, Cheritra freja pallida (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) from Sebuku Island, Borneo, and Eurema hiurai (Pieridae: Coliadinae) in Zambales (Luzon) and Cotabato (Mindanao), Philippines.\u0000\u0000KEYWORDS: butterflies, range, Philippines, Indonesia","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43900806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The chitinous exoskeleton of copepods serves as a scaffold for microepibionts such as protozoa. Although copepods are highly cosmopolitan, their associated epibionts in the tropics are poorly known. This study presents the first account in the Philippines of the ciliate Vorticella on calanoid copepod Arctodiaptomus dorsalis and both Vorticella and the euglenoid Colacium on the cyclopoid copepods Thermocyclops crassus and Mesocyclops microlasius in the Pasig River. Infestation, however, was low at 0.83% (108 out of 13,039) observed copepods from four collection sites in January-May and July-December 2018. Interestingly, Vorticella and Colacium were frequently observed in cyclopoid than on calanoid copepods, predominantly on the urosome, thorax, cephalosome of copepodites and adult stages of copepods. Colacium was also found attached on the antennules, swimming legs, caudal rami and setae. Prevalence of epibionts was site-related; Vorticella being more abundant in waters near Manila Bay (Site 1) where high salinity, conductivity and total dissolved solids were recorded while Colacium was found more near Laguna de Bay (Site 4). Both were abundantly present in September and absent in May, due to increased inflow of seawater from Manila Bay. Nevertheless, overall low infestation resulted in neither significant spatial nor temporal variation of epibiosis in Pasig River, probably due to heavy loadings of wastewater from nearby tributaries, noticeable algal blooms, detachment of epibionts by predations and changes in water chemistry.
桡足类的壳状外骨骼是原生动物等微生物的支架。尽管桡足类是高度国际化的，但它们在热带的相关表生生物却鲜为人知。这项研究首次在菲律宾报道了在帕西格河中，类桡足类圆背蛛（Arctodiaptomus dorsalis）上的纤毛虫Vorticella，以及类桡足纲热剑水蚤（Thermocycops crassus）和中剑水豚（Mesocyclops microlasius）上的Vorticell和眼虫Colacium。然而，在2018年1月至5月和7月至12月的四个采集点观察到的桡足类感染率较低，为0.83%（13039个中有108个）。有趣的是，Vorticella和Colacium在剑足类动物中比在蛛形桡足类动物上更常见，主要分布在桡足类的尿体、胸部、头体和桡足类成年期。Colacium也被发现附着在触角、游泳腿、尾支和刚毛上。表皮生物的患病率与部位有关；Vorticella在马尼拉湾（1号地点）附近的水域更为丰富，那里记录到高盐度、电导率和总溶解固体，而Colacium在Laguna de Bay附近（4号地点）发现得更多。由于马尼拉湾的海水流入量增加，两者在9月大量存在，5月缺席。尽管如此，总体而言，低侵扰率并没有导致帕西格河表生生物的显著空间和时间变化，这可能是由于附近支流的大量废水、明显的藻类水华、表生生物因捕食而分离以及水化学的变化。
{"title":"Vorticella and Colacium as epibionts of copepods in Pasig river, Philippines","authors":"","doi":"10.26757/pjsb2020a14008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020a14008","url":null,"abstract":"The chitinous exoskeleton of copepods serves as a scaffold for microepibionts such as protozoa. Although copepods are highly cosmopolitan, their associated epibionts in the tropics are poorly known. This study presents the first account in the Philippines of the ciliate Vorticella on calanoid copepod Arctodiaptomus dorsalis and both Vorticella and the euglenoid Colacium on the cyclopoid copepods Thermocyclops crassus and Mesocyclops microlasius in the Pasig River. Infestation, however, was low at 0.83% (108 out of 13,039) observed copepods from four collection sites in January-May and July-December 2018. Interestingly, Vorticella and Colacium were frequently observed in cyclopoid than on calanoid copepods, predominantly on the urosome, thorax, cephalosome of copepodites and adult stages of copepods. Colacium was also found attached on the antennules, swimming legs, caudal rami and setae. Prevalence of epibionts was site-related; Vorticella being more abundant in waters near Manila Bay (Site 1) where high salinity, conductivity and total dissolved solids were recorded while Colacium was found more near Laguna de Bay (Site 4). Both were abundantly present in September and absent in May, due to increased inflow of seawater from Manila Bay. Nevertheless, overall low infestation resulted in neither significant spatial nor temporal variation of epibiosis in Pasig River, probably due to heavy loadings of wastewater from nearby tributaries, noticeable algal blooms, detachment of epibionts by predations and changes in water chemistry.","PeriodicalId":37378,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46826122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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