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Wilhelm Knappe’s photo album as an early testimony of German colonization of the Marshall Islands1 威廉·克纳佩的相册是德国殖民马绍尔群岛的早期见证1
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1386/nzps_00037_1
Hermann Mückler
Wilhelm Knappe (1855–1910), the first German administrator (imperial commissioner) assigned to the newly acquired Marshall Islands in 1886, created a photo album with pictures, presumably taken by New Zealand photographer Thomas Andrew in the same year. There are at least three existing copies of these albums and a bundle of loose photographs identical to those in the album in question. At the time of Knappe’s arrival in the Marshall Islands, Germany was still in the process of consolidating its newest colonial acquisition. The photographs show both Marshall Islanders untouched by Christian missions and colonial influence, and already ‘civilized’ Indigenous people from various atoll islands of the Ralik- and Ratak-group. The importance of this album results from the fact that it is one of the earliest pictorial records of the Marshall Islands and it probably represents the first documentation of German activities on the eastern Micronesian archipelago. This article highlights the history of the album and the photographs as well as their importance for a reconstruction of Marshall Islands’ history in the late nineteenth century.
1886年,第一位被派往新获得的马绍尔群岛的德国行政长官(帝国专员)威廉·克纳佩(1855–1910)创作了一本相册,里面有照片,可能是新西兰摄影师托马斯·安德鲁在同年拍摄的。这些相册至少有三本,还有一捆与相关相册中的照片完全相同的散照片。克纳佩抵达马绍尔群岛时,德国仍在巩固其最新的殖民地。这些照片显示,马歇尔岛上的居民没有受到基督教使命和殖民影响,还有来自Ralik和Ratak集团各个环礁岛的已经“文明”的土著人。这本相册的重要性在于,它是马绍尔群岛最早的图片记录之一,可能是德国在密克罗尼西亚群岛东部活动的第一份文献。这篇文章强调了相册和照片的历史,以及它们对重建19世纪末马绍尔群岛历史的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Early photographers encounter Tongans 早期摄影师遇到汤加人
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1386/nzps_00038_1
A. Kaeppler
Four early photographers are examined here in relation to their encounters with Tongans and Tonga. These photographers are Andrew Garrett, Gustav Adolph Riemer, Clarence Gordon Campbell and Walter Stanhope Sherwill. Garrett, an American natural historian who specialized in shells and fish, took two ambrotypes of Tongans in Fiji in 1868, which are two of the earliest Tongan photographs known. Riemer, born in Saarlouis, Germany, was a marine photographer on S.M.S. Hertha on an official diplomatic visit and took at least 28 photographs in Tonga in 1876. Campbell, a tourist from New York, took 25 culturally important photographs in 1902. Sherwill, a British subject born in India, moved to Tonga about the time of the First World War. He probably took many photographs with more modern equipment, but only two have been identified with certainty. This article presents information about the photographers and those depicted, where the original photographs can be found and the research that made it possible to glean cultural information from them. These early photographers are placed in the context of other more well-known early photographers whose works can be found in archives and libraries in New Zealand, Australia, Hawai‘i and Germany. In addition, summary information about two Tongan-born photographers is presented, as well as where their photographs/negatives can be found.
四位早期的摄影师在这里被审视他们与汤加人和汤加人的相遇。这些摄影师是Andrew Garrett、Gustav Adolph Riemer、Clarence Gordon Campbell和Walter Stanhope Sherwill。Garrett是一位专门研究贝壳和鱼类的美国自然历史学家,他于1868年在斐济拍摄了两张汤加人的模型,这是已知最早的两张汤加照片。里默出生于德国萨尔卢伊斯,是赫塔号的一名海洋摄影师,曾进行正式外交访问,1876年在汤加拍摄了至少28张照片。来自纽约的游客坎贝尔在1902年拍摄了25张具有重要文化意义的照片。Sherwill是一名出生在印度的英国人,大约在第一次世界大战期间搬到了汤加。他可能用更现代化的设备拍摄了许多照片,但只有两张照片被确定。本文介绍了摄影师和被描绘者的信息,在哪里可以找到原始照片,以及从中收集文化信息的研究。这些早期摄影师被放在其他更知名的早期摄影师的背景下,他们的作品可以在新西兰、澳大利亚、夏威夷和德国的档案馆和图书馆中找到。此外,还提供了关于两名汤加出生的摄影师的简要信息,以及他们的照片/底片可以在哪里找到。
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引用次数: 0
Exquisite wonder: Colour film, realism and the Yankee voyage, 1936–38 精美的奇迹:彩色电影,现实主义和扬基航行,1936-38
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.1386/NZPS_00015_1
Jeffrey Geiger
This article looks at rare Kodachrome film taken across Oceania, mostly shot by a skilled amateur filmmaker, Edmund Zacher, to document the circumnavigation of the famous clipper Yankee. There are three intertwined lines of inquiry traced here. The first explores relations between US imperialism, moving image media and a popular imaginary, considering how experiences of virtual travel engage with cultural ideology. The second examines how this footage may be interpreted: how might critical frameworks brought to bear on amateur non-fiction differ from those commonly applied to professional and narrative fiction film? A key reference point is the theory of cinematic gesture developed by Giorgio Agamben, who expands on the work of Gilles Deleuze and his notion of the movement image. This stress on gesture and on the mediality of moving images leads towards a third key area under consideration: colour and the (then) new medium of Kodachrome. Homing in on relations between colour stock and motion picture realism, this study explores the ways that Kodachrome colour might have affected broader perceptions of the world itself.
这篇文章着眼于在大洋洲拍摄的罕见的柯达彩色胶片,主要由技术娴熟的业余电影制作人埃德蒙·扎彻拍摄,以记录著名的快船洋基的环球航行。这里有三条相互交织的调查线索。第一部分探讨了美帝国主义、动态图像媒体和大众想象之间的关系,考虑到虚拟旅行体验如何与文化意识形态相结合。第二部分探讨了如何解读这段视频:业余非小说的批评框架与通常应用于专业和叙事小说电影的批评框架有何不同?一个关键的参考点是乔治·阿甘本发展的电影手势理论,他扩展了吉勒·德勒兹的作品和他的运动图像概念。这种对手势和运动图像的媒介性的强调导致了正在考虑的第三个关键领域:色彩和(当时)柯达彩色的新媒介。本研究着眼于色彩存量和电影现实主义之间的关系,探讨柯达色彩可能影响对世界本身的更广泛认知的方式。
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引用次数: 1
Wantok and Lain ‐ a look at two Melanesian cultural concepts in two Tok Pisin texts Wantok和Lain——从两个托克皮辛文本看两个美拉尼西亚文化概念
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1386/nzps_00002_1
Paweł Kornacki
Abstract This article looks at salient interpersonal uses and meanings of two prominent Tok Pisin social relations nouns ‐ wantok ('friend', 'same language speaker') and lain ('group', 'family', 'clan') ‐ which it is proposed exemplify key cultural Melanesian concepts in some anthropological literature of the area. Whereas certain aspects of language use in Tok Pisin were identified as potentially divisive and socially harmful, some scholars endeavoured to identify a group of concepts indicative of culturally specific Melanesian values. For example, the words wantok and lain were claimed to jointly represent 'the value of the clan' across Melanesian societies, while embodying and supporting a distinct world-view of the Melanesian peoples. This article studies two Tok Pisin texts which focus on the cultural significance of concepts of wantok and lain in their rural/traditional environment. While the first text offers a native speaker's insight into the social significance of the cultural expression wantok sistem ('system favouring friends'), the other one details the roles of lain in the passage of a bride-price ceremony. Given that both texts presuppose the cultural background of rural Tok Pisin, a brief look at some characteristic usage of the two words in electronic media suggests that certain aspects of traditional uses and meanings of these words may be extended and employed to conceptualize new social and political phenomena.
摘要本文考察了两个著名的托克皮辛社会关系名词wantok(“朋友”、“同一语言使用者”)和lain(“群体”、“家庭”、“氏族”)在人际关系中的显著使用和含义,并提出这两个名词在该地区的一些人类学文献中体现了美拉尼西亚文化的关键概念。尽管托克皮辛语言使用的某些方面被认为具有潜在的分裂性和社会危害性,但一些学者试图确定一组表明特定文化的美拉尼西亚价值观的概念。例如,wantok和lain两个词被声称共同代表了美拉尼西亚社会的“氏族价值”,同时体现和支持了美拉西亚人民独特的世界观。本文研究了两部托比辛文本,这两部文本聚焦于wantok概念的文化意义,并置于其乡村/传统环境中。虽然第一篇文章让母语人士深入了解了wantok系统(“偏袒朋友的系统”)文化表达的社会意义,但另一篇文章详细介绍了在彩礼过程中的角色。鉴于这两个文本都以农村托克皮辛的文化背景为前提,简单地看一下这两个词在电子媒体中的一些特征用法,就会发现这些词的传统用法和含义的某些方面可能会被扩展并用于概念化新的社会和政治现象。
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引用次数: 0
The silence of the huia: Bird extinction and the archive huia的沉默:鸟类灭绝与档案
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1386/nzps_00008_1
C. Boyle
Abstract In this article, I argue that art can enable a critique of museological conventions, along with related ideas of natural history and extinction, which together have structured practices of preserving and representing departed species as scientific specimens. I draw on the case of the huia specifically, a bird species endemic to New Zealand, which became extinct in the early twentieth century, as a result of multiple ecological, cultural, political and economic forces stemming from colonization. I suggest the preservation of individual huia birds in the form of scientific specimens demonstrates how Victorian aesthetics and ideas about the natural world shaped the modality through which non-human life was, and to some extent still is, recorded and portrayed according to particular archival norms. Utilizing concepts from recent scholarship in the field of extinction studies, I critically consider how the works of two artists which feature the huia, challenge the traditions of the museum and the archive. First, I examine how Fiona Pardington's photography of huia specimens frames the species as a life form that became extinct in a context scarred by the complex and violent entanglement of people and nature. Second, I show how a work of sound art by Sally Ann McIntyre, which is centred on the inaudible recordings of huia specimens played on Kapiti Island, the bird's original habitat, highlights that extinction results in the loss of multispecies relationality.
摘要在这篇文章中,我认为艺术可以批判博物馆学的传统,以及自然史和灭绝的相关思想,这些思想共同构成了将逝去的物种作为科学标本保存和表现的结构化实践。我特别引用了huia的例子,它是新西兰特有的一种鸟类,由于殖民化产生的多种生态、文化、政治和经济力量,在20世纪初灭绝。我认为,以科学标本的形式保存个别辉亚鸟,表明了维多利亚时代的美学和关于自然世界的思想是如何塑造非人类生命过去和现在(在某种程度上)根据特定档案规范记录和描绘的形态的。利用最近灭绝研究领域的学术概念,我批判性地思考了两位艺术家的作品是如何挑战博物馆和档案馆的传统的。首先,我研究了Fiona·帕丁顿(Fiona Pardington)拍摄的huia标本是如何将该物种塑造成一种在人与自然复杂而暴力的纠缠中灭绝的生命形式的。其次,我展示了Sally Ann McIntyre的一件声音艺术作品,该作品以在该鸟的原始栖息地Kapiti岛上播放的huia标本的听不见的录音为中心,强调了灭绝会导致多物种相对性的丧失。
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引用次数: 0
Special Issue: 'Language and Translation in the Pacific' 特刊:“太平洋的语言与翻译”
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1386/nzps_00001_2
A. Marco, E. Federici, Anne Magnan-Park
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引用次数: 0
A critical view of female aggression and the implications of gender, culture and a changing society: A Cook Islands perspective 对女性侵略的批判观点以及性别、文化和不断变化的社会的影响:库克群岛的观点
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1386/nzps_00007_1
Angela Page, A. Ava
Abstract The form and function of female aggression have been for many years an important social issue that demands investigation. Many studies of female aggression have focused on the perpetration and victimization of girls and young women from western countries. As a result, existing theoretical models and empirical foundations of girls' aggression are based on these defining constructs. The purpose of this article is twofold. The present study of adolescent females in the Cook Islands seeks to understand the role that perpetrators play in the type and the target of aggressive behaviour. It also examines the qualitative findings of girls' aggressive behaviour by boys, girls and their teachers and its gendered relationship inside the Cook Islands environment. The outcomes inspect the cultural context of girls in the Cook Islands that make their understanding and experiences of physical aggression and relational aggression unique and highlight the difficulties of young women positioned themselves between Cook Islands traditional values and asserting their contemporary Cook Islands' identity. The discussion highlights that aggression by girls in the Cook Islands is derived from a particular past and present that can in turn shape understandings of addressing aggression in the future.
多年来,女性侵犯行为的形式和功能一直是一个值得研究的重要社会问题。许多关于女性攻击的研究都集中在西方国家的女孩和年轻女性的犯罪和受害上。因此,现有的女孩攻击行为的理论模型和实证基础都是基于这些定义构式。这篇文章的目的是双重的。目前对库克群岛的青春期女性进行的研究旨在了解犯罪者在攻击行为的类型和目标方面所起的作用。它还审查了库克群岛环境中男孩、女孩及其老师对女孩的攻击行为及其性别关系的定性调查结果。研究结果考察了库克群岛女孩的文化背景,这些文化背景使她们对身体攻击和关系攻击有独特的理解和经历,并强调了年轻女性在库克群岛传统价值观和维护当代库克群岛身份之间定位的困难。讨论强调,库克群岛女孩的侵犯行为源于特定的过去和现在,这反过来又会影响人们对未来应对侵犯行为的理解。
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引用次数: 0
A most curious image: Indigeneity, sign language and early Māori postcards 一个最奇怪的图像:土著,手语和早期Māori明信片
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1386/nzps_00006_7
I. Conrich
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引用次数: 1
Sign language interpreting in the Pacific: A snapshot of progress in raising the participation of deaf people 太平洋地区的手语翻译:提高聋人参与度的进展快照
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1386/nzps_00005_1
Rachel McKee, J. Iseli, Angela K. Murray
Abstract Barriers to acquiring and using a shared sign language alienate deaf children and adults from their fundamental human rights to communication, education, social and economic participation, and access to services. International data collected by the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) identify that in economically developing countries, deaf individuals are at particularly high risk of marginalization, which applies to countries in the Pacific region. This report provides a snapshot of the status of deaf people as sign language users in six Pacific nations: Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste and Kiribati. Information was contributed by sign language interpreters from these countries during a panel convened at the first Oceania regional conference of the World Association of Sign Language Interpreters, in Fiji, 2018. The report outlines conditions for education through sign language and the emergence of sign language interpreting as a means of increasing access and social equity for deaf people in these countries, albeit this remains largely on a voluntary basis. While Fiji and PNG governments have recognized the status of sign languages in their respective countries and allocated some resources to the inclusion of sign language users, practical support of deaf sign language users tends to be progressed on grounds of disability rights rather than language rights; e.g., several Pacific countries have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights for People with Disabilities, which includes provisions for sign language users, and deaf advocacy efforts have gained political traction from alliance with disability organizations.
获得和使用共同手语的障碍使失聪儿童和成年人失去了沟通、教育、社会和经济参与以及获得服务的基本人权。世界聋人联合会收集的国际数据表明,在经济发展中的国家,聋人被边缘化的风险特别高,这适用于太平洋地区的国家。本报告简要介绍了斐济、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、东帝汶和基里巴斯六个太平洋国家聋人手语使用者的状况。2018年,在斐济举行的世界手语口译员协会第一届大洋洲区域会议上,来自这些国家的手语口译员在一个小组会议上提供了信息。该报告概述了通过手语进行教育的条件,以及手语口译作为增加这些国家聋人入学机会和社会公平的一种手段的出现,尽管这在很大程度上仍然是自愿的。尽管斐济和巴布亚新几内亚政府已经承认手语在各自国家的地位,并为手语使用者的融入分配了一些资源,但对聋人手语使用者的实际支持往往是基于残疾权利而非语言权利;例如,几个太平洋国家已经批准了《联合国残疾人权利公约》,其中包括对手语使用者的规定,聋人宣传工作也得到了与残疾人组织联盟的政治支持。
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引用次数: 0
Japanese ethnographies of the Pacific: Language, politics and perspective 日本太平洋民族志:语言、政治和视角
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.1386/nzps_00003_1
R. Maggio
Abstract An increasing number of Japanese ethnographers have conducted fieldwork research in Pacific Islands in the last few decades, which has resulted in a growing corpus of ethnographic literature. This is partly related to the historical role that Japan has played in the Pacific and partly to its geographical proximity to the area. While this geo-historical advantage combines with the availability of ethnographic works produced by non-Japanese scholars, the latter remain largely unable to access anthropological literature only available in Japanese. This not only limits the international circulation of ethnographies produced by Japanese anthropologists of the Pacific, but also the possibility of engaging with a larger body of anthropological traditions and, thus, with the overall project of 'World Anthropologies'. This article discusses the reasons why Japanese ethnographies of the Pacific provide not only a technical advantage for non-Japanese scholars of Pacific Islands but also a qualitative difference in terms of anthropological perspectives. In particular, it examines the differential impact of different colonial and postcolonial debates on Japanese and anglophone anthropology in relation to ethnographies of urban Melanesia.
摘要在过去的几十年里,越来越多的日本民族志学者在太平洋岛屿进行了实地调查研究,这导致了越来越多的民族志文献。这在一定程度上与日本在太平洋地区所扮演的历史角色有关,也在某种程度上与该地区的地理位置接近有关。虽然这种地缘历史优势与非日本学者创作的民族志作品相结合,但后者在很大程度上仍然无法获得只有日语版本的人类学文献。这不仅限制了太平洋地区日本人类学家创作的民族志在国际上的传播,也限制了与更广泛的人类学传统接触的可能性,从而也限制了“世界人类学”的整体项目。本文论述了日本太平洋民族志不仅为非日本太平洋岛屿学者提供了技术优势,而且在人类学角度上也存在质的差异的原因。特别是,它考察了不同的殖民和后殖民辩论对日本和英语人类学与美拉尼西亚城市民族志的不同影响。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of New Zealand and Pacific Studies
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