Pub Date : 2020-06-08DOI: 10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8405
C. Pauw
{"title":"Some observations about air quality in dense, low-income settlements","authors":"C. Pauw","doi":"10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8405","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48515424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-07DOI: 10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8420
A. Curto, C. Tonne
Access to affordable, reliable, modern and sustainable energy is one of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) set by the United Nations for 2030. However, estimates indicate that progress towards that goal is not on track: 650 million people worldwide are estimated to remain without access to electricity in 2030 (IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB, WHO, 2019). Nine out of ten of these people will live in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), mostly in rural communities, which face barriers in terms of affordability and supply.
{"title":"Kerosene-based lighting: an overlooked source of exposure to household air pollution?","authors":"A. Curto, C. Tonne","doi":"10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8420","url":null,"abstract":"Access to affordable, reliable, modern and sustainable energy is one of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) set by the United Nations for 2030. However, estimates indicate that progress towards that goal is not on track: 650 million people worldwide are estimated to remain without access to electricity in 2030 (IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB, WHO, 2019). Nine out of ten of these people will live in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), mostly in rural communities, which face barriers in terms of affordability and supply.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41338872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-02DOI: 10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8001
Nick O. Okello, Tom W. Okello, M. Zunckel
Whereas industrial growth is instrumental in unlocking poverty and advancing development, often, the effect of pollution on the environment, particularly air quality, is seldom accurately predicted. The effects, which include mortality, morbidity, and loss of productive time, are demonstrated later after the damage is done. The views of the pollution-exposed public in industrialised centres is important to ascertain if policy intervention is enhancing environmental protection for all and justice by extension. Through an online survey, 215 residents of the rapidly industrialising Richards Bay and surrounding areas in South Africa responded to the questions about their perceptions of air quality and recommendations to improve air quality management. Results indicate a concern over air quality with most residents perceiving the air quality as fair or poor. Industrial emission was cited as the leading cause of pollution followed by sugar cane and agrarian burning. Irritation of the ear, nose and throat, as well as sneezing and coughing, were the health effects experienced by residents for which air pollution can be partly attributed. The public recommends an improvement in air quality monitoring, consequence management, technology and public transport system. In addition, they recommended the introduction of air quality offsets, incentives schemes, more public involvement, coordinated planning and better collaboration as a recipe for success in air quality management.
{"title":"Public perceptions of air quality status and suggestions for improvement: The case of Richards Bay and its surroundings, uMhlathuze Local Municipality, South Africa","authors":"Nick O. Okello, Tom W. Okello, M. Zunckel","doi":"10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8001","url":null,"abstract":"Whereas industrial growth is instrumental in unlocking poverty and advancing development, often, the effect of pollution on the environment, particularly air quality, is seldom accurately predicted. The effects, which include mortality, morbidity, and loss of productive time, are demonstrated later after the damage is done. The views of the pollution-exposed public in industrialised centres is important to ascertain if policy intervention is enhancing environmental protection for all and justice by extension. Through an online survey, 215 residents of the rapidly industrialising Richards Bay and surrounding areas in South Africa responded to the questions about their perceptions of air quality and recommendations to improve air quality management. Results indicate a concern over air quality with most residents perceiving the air quality as fair or poor. Industrial emission was cited as the leading cause of pollution followed by sugar cane and agrarian burning. Irritation of the ear, nose and throat, as well as sneezing and coughing, were the health effects experienced by residents for which air pollution can be partly attributed. The public recommends an improvement in air quality monitoring, consequence management, technology and public transport system. In addition, they recommended the introduction of air quality offsets, incentives schemes, more public involvement, coordinated planning and better collaboration as a recipe for success in air quality management.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43065045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-02DOI: 10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.7566
M. Mpanza, Elhadi Adam, Raeesa Moolla
Mining is important for the South African economy, as it is for many developing African nations. In 2017, mining was reported to contribute 6.8 % to the South African GDP and provided more than 460, 000 jobs. Though mining adds an enormous amount of value to the country, it has significant impacts on the environment and the socio-economic factors of society. The well-documented environmental impact of mining operations on surface and groundwater systems, known as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), is just one of these environmental impacts. There are also other impacts such as the pollution of agricultural soils, the creation of sinkholes and air pollution. For example, airborne dust remains a persistent problem in South African urban areas due to the climatic conditions, extensive surface mining, unrehabilitated tailings storage facilities and mineral processing. However, very little is reported on the socio-economic costs that are due to poor environmental management. Some scholars assert that despite the Mine Health and Safety Act, deposition monitoring guidelines and national dust regulations, South Africa still experiences persistent dust problems, especially in coal and gold mining districts. This paper investigates the effect of gold mining dust pollution in and around a Gold Mining Village, in South Africa. A quantitative and qualitative approach was used, where a questionnaire and interviews were conducted to examine the Gold Mine Village perceptions on dust pollution and their socio-economic environment. This paper further examines how poor and premature mine closure by liquidation results in unrehabilitated mine tailings and how this has significant impacts on the socio-economic status of individuals and surrounding businesses. The community being investigated in this study, perceives the dust fallout impact to be a socio-economic threat. The paper finds that the community believes it incurs medical financial expenditures due to treating respiratory-related diseases triggered by dust fallout.
{"title":"Perceptions of external costs of dust fallout from gold mine tailings: West Wits Basin","authors":"M. Mpanza, Elhadi Adam, Raeesa Moolla","doi":"10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.7566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.7566","url":null,"abstract":"Mining is important for the South African economy, as it is for many developing African nations. In 2017, mining was reported to contribute 6.8 % to the South African GDP and provided more than 460, 000 jobs. Though mining adds an enormous amount of value to the country, it has significant impacts on the environment and the socio-economic factors of society. The well-documented environmental impact of mining operations on surface and groundwater systems, known as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), is just one of these environmental impacts. There are also other impacts such as the pollution of agricultural soils, the creation of sinkholes and air pollution. For example, airborne dust remains a persistent problem in South African urban areas due to the climatic conditions, extensive surface mining, unrehabilitated tailings storage facilities and mineral processing. However, very little is reported on the socio-economic costs that are due to poor environmental management. Some scholars assert that despite the Mine Health and Safety Act, deposition monitoring guidelines and national dust regulations, South Africa still experiences persistent dust problems, especially in coal and gold mining districts. This paper investigates the effect of gold mining dust pollution in and around a Gold Mining Village, in South Africa. A quantitative and qualitative approach was used, where a questionnaire and interviews were conducted to examine the Gold Mine Village perceptions on dust pollution and their socio-economic environment. This paper further examines how poor and premature mine closure by liquidation results in unrehabilitated mine tailings and how this has significant impacts on the socio-economic status of individuals and surrounding businesses. The community being investigated in this study, perceives the dust fallout impact to be a socio-economic threat. The paper finds that the community believes it incurs medical financial expenditures due to treating respiratory-related diseases triggered by dust fallout.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47588179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-05DOI: 10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8282
J. A. Adesina, S. Piketh, M. Qhekwana, R. Burger, B. Language, G. Mkhatshwa
South Africa, like other developing countries, has been facing air quality challenges. As a highly industrialised country, industrial emissions both from power generations and mining activities contribute significantly to ambient air pollution. Other sources of emissions come from the agricultural sector (including dust and biomass burning) and veld fires, especially during winter and spring. In both small and large townships, the major source of air pollution is domestic solid fuel burning both for cooking and space warming. Air quality management, therefore, has to struggle with the complex mix of these sources of emissions.
{"title":"Quantifying the effect of air quality offsets on household air pollution and thermal comfort on the South Africa Highveld","authors":"J. A. Adesina, S. Piketh, M. Qhekwana, R. Burger, B. Language, G. Mkhatshwa","doi":"10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8282","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa, like other developing countries, has been facing air quality challenges. As a highly industrialised country, industrial emissions both from power generations and mining activities contribute significantly to ambient air pollution. Other sources of emissions come from the agricultural sector (including dust and biomass burning) and veld fires, especially during winter and spring. In both small and large townships, the major source of air pollution is domestic solid fuel burning both for cooking and space warming. Air quality management, therefore, has to struggle with the complex mix of these sources of emissions.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45129538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-04DOI: 10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8227
A. Mbandi
The first COVID-19 case was announced in Nairobi, Kenya, on the 12th March 2020. The Ministry of Health in Kenya swiftly advised physical distancing, suspended public gatherings and interschool activities, and imposed travel restrictions. In addition, the Ministry advised regularly and thoroughly washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizer. The Ministry also warned against misinformation; a call echoed by the United Nations Secretary General who cautioned against “a dangerous epidemic of misinformation” (UN News, 2020), as people searched for facts and answers which could save their lives. The coronavirus outbreak has seen these measures escalated to lockdown for many African countries including South Africa, Rwanda, and Uganda, which have been in lockdown since the end of March (Dunford et al., 2020). Other countries across the globe have also implemented different lockdown measures.
{"title":"Air Pollution in Africa in the time of COVID-19: the air we breathe indoors and outdoors","authors":"A. Mbandi","doi":"10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8227","url":null,"abstract":"The first COVID-19 case was announced in Nairobi, Kenya, on the 12th March 2020. The Ministry of Health in Kenya swiftly advised physical distancing, suspended public gatherings and interschool activities, and imposed travel restrictions. In addition, the Ministry advised regularly and thoroughly washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizer. The Ministry also warned against misinformation; a call echoed by the United Nations Secretary General who cautioned against “a dangerous epidemic of misinformation” (UN News, 2020), as people searched for facts and answers which could save their lives. The coronavirus outbreak has seen these measures escalated to lockdown for many African countries including South Africa, Rwanda, and Uganda, which have been in lockdown since the end of March (Dunford et al., 2020). Other countries across the globe have also implemented different lockdown measures.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46646921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.17159/CAJ/2020/30/1.7672
A. Mahlangu, P. Schaberg, Mark Wattrus, P. Forbes
Exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles have recently been receiving global attention, due to potential human health effects associated with exposure to emitted pollutants. In addition, a link has recently been established between unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from diesel engines and photochemical smog. Despite being present at very low concentrations in the exhaust, these HCs may act as precursors in the formation of photochemical smog pollution. While short-chain HCs are easier to characterise and have been successfully reduced in many developed cities, longer chain HCs, most likely arising from diesel exhaust emissions, have been poorly quantified and to date, a limited range of HCs from this source has been studied. In this study, transient cycle tests were conducted to collect exhaust emissions from a Euro 3 compliant, 1.6 L test engine fuelled with three diesel fuels (SAM10, PAR10, and EUR10), using portable denuder samplers which were analysed by thermal desorption-comprehensive 2D gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (TD-GC x GC-TofMS). The SAM10 diesel had the greatest n-alkane emissions with greater emissions observed in the earlier phases (low and medium phase) of the WLTC test cycle. PAR10 diesel had the second highest n-alkane emissions and EUR10 had the lowest n-alkane emissions amongst the three fuels. Substituted alkyl-benzenes were also detected in the gas phase emissions from each fuel. The results showed that long-chain HCs were present at easily detectable concentrations in diesel engine exhaust emissions, which is critical in understanding their contribution to photochemical ozone and informing appropriate mitigation and management strategies.
柴油车的废气排放最近受到了全球的关注，因为暴露在排放的污染物中可能会对人类健康产生影响。此外，最近还建立了柴油发动机未燃烧碳氢化合物（HC）排放与光化学烟雾之间的联系。尽管这些碳氢化合物在废气中的浓度非常低，但它们可能在光化学烟雾污染的形成过程中起到前驱物的作用。虽然短链碳氢化合物更容易表征，并且在许多发达城市已经成功减少，但长链碳氢化合物（最有可能由柴油废气排放引起）的量化很差，迄今为止，已经研究了来自该来源的有限范围的碳氢化合物。在本研究中，使用便携式脱硝采样器进行瞬态循环试验，以收集燃用三种柴油（SAM10、PAR10和EUR10）的符合欧3标准的1.6升试验发动机的废气排放物，该采样器通过热解吸综合2D气相色谱飞行时间质谱法（TD-GC x GC TofMS）进行分析。SAM10柴油的正构烷烃排放量最大，在WLTC试验循环的早期阶段（低阶段和中期阶段）观察到的排放量更大。在这三种燃料中，PAR10柴油的正构烷烃排放量位居第二，EUR10的正构烷排放量最低。在每种燃料的气相排放物中也检测到了取代的烷基苯。结果表明，长链碳氢化合物以易于检测的浓度存在于柴油发动机废气排放中，这对于了解其对光化学臭氧的贡献并为适当的缓解和管理策略提供信息至关重要。
{"title":"Characterisation of semi-volatile hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engines","authors":"A. Mahlangu, P. Schaberg, Mark Wattrus, P. Forbes","doi":"10.17159/CAJ/2020/30/1.7672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/CAJ/2020/30/1.7672","url":null,"abstract":"Exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles have recently been receiving global attention, due to potential human health effects associated with exposure to emitted pollutants. In addition, a link has recently been established between unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from diesel engines and photochemical smog. Despite being present at very low concentrations in the exhaust, these HCs may act as precursors in the formation of photochemical smog pollution. While short-chain HCs are easier to characterise and have been successfully reduced in many developed cities, longer chain HCs, most likely arising from diesel exhaust emissions, have been poorly quantified and to date, a limited range of HCs from this source has been studied. In this study, transient cycle tests were conducted to collect exhaust emissions from a Euro 3 compliant, 1.6 L test engine fuelled with three diesel fuels (SAM10, PAR10, and EUR10), using portable denuder samplers which were analysed by thermal desorption-comprehensive 2D gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (TD-GC x GC-TofMS). The SAM10 diesel had the greatest n-alkane emissions with greater emissions observed in the earlier phases (low and medium phase) of the WLTC test cycle. PAR10 diesel had the second highest n-alkane emissions and EUR10 had the lowest n-alkane emissions amongst the three fuels. Substituted alkyl-benzenes were also detected in the gas phase emissions from each fuel. The results showed that long-chain HCs were present at easily detectable concentrations in diesel engine exhaust emissions, which is critical in understanding their contribution to photochemical ozone and informing appropriate mitigation and management strategies.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45031706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-17DOI: 10.17159/CAJ/2019/29/2.7499
Kristy E. Langerman
Air quality offsets in South Africa are intended to counterbalance the harm caused by atmospheric emissions and deliver a net ambient air quality benefit in the affected airshed. In practice, they are implemented as a condition of leniency from compliance with the Minimum Emission Standards, and they focus on converting solid fuel burning households in low-income communities to cleaner forms of energy. Air quality offsets are not supported by all stakeholders, with non-governmental organisations in particular voicing vociferous objections. To date, there have only been very limited analyses of the ethical dimensions of air quality offsets. In this paper, air quality offsets and the Minimum Emission Standards are examined and compared from the perspective of three notions of environmental justice: distributive justice, which focuses on the distribution of environmental burdens and benefits; procedural justice, which considers inclusion and exclusion in decision- and policy-making processes; and justice as recognition, which focuses on the cultural and institutional processes that determine recognition, misrecognition and non-recognition of various groups. It is found that air quality offsets should guide action which promotes distributive justice because they are focussed on reducing polluting emissions in vulnerable, low-income communities that are exposed to the highest levels of ambient pollution. From a procedural justice perspective, South Africa’s legislative processes provide for involving most stakeholders in decision-making processes. Air quality offset initiatives should be evaluated once they have been implemented at scale to determine whether they have indeed aided in redressing injustices. Assessment criteria could include whether the air quality-related health risk of vulnerable communities has been reduced, whether community members have participated in the design and implementation of interventions, and whether marginalised members of the community have benefitted from the interventions.
{"title":"An Environmental Justice Perspective on Air Quality Offsets","authors":"Kristy E. Langerman","doi":"10.17159/CAJ/2019/29/2.7499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/CAJ/2019/29/2.7499","url":null,"abstract":"Air quality offsets in South Africa are intended to counterbalance the harm caused by atmospheric emissions and deliver a net ambient air quality benefit in the affected airshed. In practice, they are implemented as a condition of leniency from compliance with the Minimum Emission Standards, and they focus on converting solid fuel burning households in low-income communities to cleaner forms of energy. Air quality offsets are not supported by all stakeholders, with non-governmental organisations in particular voicing vociferous objections. To date, there have only been very limited analyses of the ethical dimensions of air quality offsets. In this paper, air quality offsets and the Minimum Emission Standards are examined and compared from the perspective of three notions of environmental justice: distributive justice, which focuses on the distribution of environmental burdens and benefits; procedural justice, which considers inclusion and exclusion in decision- and policy-making processes; and justice as recognition, which focuses on the cultural and institutional processes that determine recognition, misrecognition and non-recognition of various groups. It is found that air quality offsets should guide action which promotes distributive justice because they are focussed on reducing polluting emissions in vulnerable, low-income communities that are exposed to the highest levels of ambient pollution. From a procedural justice perspective, South Africa’s legislative processes provide for involving most stakeholders in decision-making processes. Air quality offset initiatives should be evaluated once they have been implemented at scale to determine whether they have indeed aided in redressing injustices. Assessment criteria could include whether the air quality-related health risk of vulnerable communities has been reduced, whether community members have participated in the design and implementation of interventions, and whether marginalised members of the community have benefitted from the interventions.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42740820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-17DOI: 10.17159/CAJ/2019/29/2.7723
Kristy E. Langerman
Political institutions generally desire to use the best available scientific evidence when formulating policy. In South Africa, the declaration of the Priority Areas where ‘ambient air quality standards are being, or may be, exceeded’ (according to the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004) is an example of a policy initiative that was prompted by quantitative evidence – measurements of ambient air pollution levels. National Priority Areas have been declared in the Vaal Triangle in 2006, in the Highveld in 2007 and in the WaterbergBojanala region in 2012.
{"title":"The use of long-term datasets for informing and evaluating air quality policy initiatives","authors":"Kristy E. Langerman","doi":"10.17159/CAJ/2019/29/2.7723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/CAJ/2019/29/2.7723","url":null,"abstract":"Political institutions generally desire to use the best available scientific evidence when formulating policy. In South Africa, the declaration of the Priority Areas where ‘ambient air quality standards are being, or may be, exceeded’ (according to the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004) is an example of a policy initiative that was prompted by quantitative evidence – measurements of ambient air pollution levels. National Priority Areas have been declared in the Vaal Triangle in 2006, in the Highveld in 2007 and in the WaterbergBojanala region in 2012.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47466244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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