{"title":"On the optimal regulation of land use sector climate impacts","authors":"A. Rautiainen","doi":"10.14214/DF.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.274","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116956090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information needs associated with forest monitoring have become increasingly complex. Data to support these information needs are required to be systematically generated, spatially exhaustive, spatially explicit, and to capture changes at a spatial and temporal resolution that is commensurate with both natural and anthropogenic impacts. Moreover, reporting obligations impose additional expectations of transparency, repeatability, and data provenance. The overall objective of this dissertation was to address these needs and improve capacity for large-area monitoring of forest disturbance and subsequent recovery. Landsat time series (LTS) enhance opportunities for forest monitoring, particularly for post-disturbance recovery assessments, while best-available pixel (BAP) compositing approaches allow LTS approaches to be applied over large forest extents. In substudies I and IV, forest monitoring information needs were identified and linked to image compositing criteria and data availability in Canada and Finland. In substudy II, methods were developed and demonstrated for generating large-area, gap-filled Landsat BAP image composites that preserve detected changes, generate continuous change metrics, and provide foundational, annual data to support forest monitoring. In substudy III a national monitoring framework was prototyped at scale over the 650 Mha of Canada’s forest ecosystems, providing a detailed analysis of areas disturbed by wildfire and harvest for a 25-year period (1985–2010), as well as characterizing shortand long-term recovery. New insights on spectral recovery metrics were provided by substudies V and VI. In substudies V, the utility of spectral measures of recovery were evaluated and confirmed against benchmarks of forest cover and height derived from airborne laser scanning data. In substudy VI the influence of field-measured structure and composition on spectral recovery were examined and quantified. By focusing on four key aspects of forest monitoring systems: information needs, data availability, methods development, and information outcomes, the component studies demonstrated that combining BAP compositing and LTS analysis approaches provides data with the requisite characteristics to support large-area forest monitoring, while also enabling a more comprehensive assessment of forest disturbance and recovery.
{"title":"Improving capacity for large-area monitoring of forest disturbance and recovery","authors":"Joanne C. White","doi":"10.14214/DF.272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.272","url":null,"abstract":"Information needs associated with forest monitoring have become increasingly complex. Data to support these information needs are required to be systematically generated, spatially exhaustive, spatially explicit, and to capture changes at a spatial and temporal resolution that is commensurate with both natural and anthropogenic impacts. Moreover, reporting obligations impose additional expectations of transparency, repeatability, and data provenance. The overall objective of this dissertation was to address these needs and improve capacity for large-area monitoring of forest disturbance and subsequent recovery. Landsat time series (LTS) enhance opportunities for forest monitoring, particularly for post-disturbance recovery assessments, while best-available pixel (BAP) compositing approaches allow LTS approaches to be applied over large forest extents. In substudies I and IV, forest monitoring information needs were identified and linked to image compositing criteria and data availability in Canada and Finland. In substudy II, methods were developed and demonstrated for generating large-area, gap-filled Landsat BAP image composites that preserve detected changes, generate continuous change metrics, and provide foundational, annual data to support forest monitoring. In substudy III a national monitoring framework was prototyped at scale over the 650 Mha of Canada’s forest ecosystems, providing a detailed analysis of areas disturbed by wildfire and harvest for a 25-year period (1985–2010), as well as characterizing shortand long-term recovery. New insights on spectral recovery metrics were provided by substudies V and VI. In substudies V, the utility of spectral measures of recovery were evaluated and confirmed against benchmarks of forest cover and height derived from airborne laser scanning data. In substudy VI the influence of field-measured structure and composition on spectral recovery were examined and quantified. By focusing on four key aspects of forest monitoring systems: information needs, data availability, methods development, and information outcomes, the component studies demonstrated that combining BAP compositing and LTS analysis approaches provides data with the requisite characteristics to support large-area forest monitoring, while also enabling a more comprehensive assessment of forest disturbance and recovery.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117014224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fungal species complex Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (s.l.) is considered one of the most devastating conifer pathogens in the boreal forest region. They affect European coniferous forests with root and butt rot, causing annual economic losses of €800 million. Despite several efforts in practical forestry to control the disease, the economic loss remains considerable. Therefore, it is still necessary to introduce alternate control measures for Heterobasidion infection. Heterobasidion spp. are infected by a diverse community of mycoviruses, mostly partitiviruses. Here, these viruses were studied to find potential viruses for biocontrol purposes. We described six novel Heterobasidion partitivirus (HetPV) species phylogenetically related to Helicobasidium mompa partitivirus V70 that infect four pathogenic Heterobasidion species. Interestingly, our study revealed that HetPV13-an1 causes severe phenotypic debilitation in its native and exotic fungal host. The RNA sequencing of isogenic virus infected and cured fungal strains showed that HetPV13-an1 affected the transcription of 683 genes. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that the response toward HetPV13-an1 infection varied between H. annosum and H. parviporum. Moreover, the wood colonization efficacy of H. parviporum infected by HetPV13-an1 was restricted in living Norway spruce trees. The ratio of polymerase and coat protein genome segments/transcripts of eight partitiviruses analysed was highly variable in mycelia. All the virus species had unique ratios of the genome segments, which were stable over different temperatures and hosts. The co-infection with HetPV13-an1 and HetPV15-pa1 reduced host growth up to 95%. Regarding the transmission efficacy of mycoviruses, HetPV15-pa1 transmission to a preinfected host was elevated from zero to 50% by the presence of HetPV13-an1, and a double infection of these viruses in the donor resulted in an overall transmission rate of 90%. Altogether, the study demonstrated that the interplay between co-infecting viruses and their host is highly complex and that partitiviruses show potential for biocontrol.
复合真菌种杂交种(Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato, s.l.)被认为是北方针叶林地区最具破坏性的针叶林病原体之一。它们影响欧洲针叶林，造成根部和根部腐烂，每年造成8亿欧元的经济损失。尽管林业在实际控制该病方面作出了若干努力，但经济损失仍然相当大。因此，仍有必要引入其他防治措施。异黑柱头虱受多种分枝病毒感染，主要是部分病毒。在这里，对这些病毒进行了研究，以寻找潜在的生物防治病毒。我们描述了6种与mompa Helicobasidium partitivirus V70在系统发育上相关的新型HetPV，它们可以感染4种致病的异basidia种。有趣的是，我们的研究表明，HetPV13-an1在其原生和外来真菌宿主中引起严重的表型衰弱。等基因病毒感染和治愈真菌株的RNA测序结果显示，HetPV13-an1影响683个基因的转录。RT-qPCR分析结果显示，对HetPV13-an1感染的反应在绒螟和小孢子螟之间存在差异。此外，感染HetPV13-an1的小孢子虫在挪威云杉的木材定殖效果受到限制。所分析的8种部分病毒在菌丝中聚合酶和外壳蛋白基因组片段/转录本的比例变化很大。所有的病毒种类都有独特的基因组片段比例，在不同的温度和宿主下都是稳定的。与HetPV13-an1和HetPV15-pa1共同感染可使宿主生长降低95%。关于分枝病毒的传播效率，HetPV13-an1的存在使HetPV15-pa1在预感染宿主中的传播率从零提高到50%，而这些病毒在供体中的双重感染导致总传播率为90%。总之，该研究表明，共同感染的病毒与其宿主之间的相互作用是高度复杂的，部分病毒具有生物防治的潜力。
{"title":"Mycoviruses infecting the forest pathogen Heterobasidion annosum - mutual interactions and host reactions","authors":"M. Kashif","doi":"10.14214/DF.271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.271","url":null,"abstract":"The fungal species complex Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (s.l.) is considered one of the most devastating conifer pathogens in the boreal forest region. They affect European coniferous forests with root and butt rot, causing annual economic losses of €800 million. Despite several efforts in practical forestry to control the disease, the economic loss remains considerable. Therefore, it is still necessary to introduce alternate control measures for Heterobasidion infection. Heterobasidion spp. are infected by a diverse community of mycoviruses, mostly partitiviruses. Here, these viruses were studied to find potential viruses for biocontrol purposes. We described six novel Heterobasidion partitivirus (HetPV) species phylogenetically related to Helicobasidium mompa partitivirus V70 that infect four pathogenic Heterobasidion species. Interestingly, our study revealed that HetPV13-an1 causes severe phenotypic debilitation in its native and exotic fungal host. The RNA sequencing of isogenic virus infected and cured fungal strains showed that HetPV13-an1 affected the transcription of 683 genes. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that the response toward HetPV13-an1 infection varied between H. annosum and H. parviporum. Moreover, the wood colonization efficacy of H. parviporum infected by HetPV13-an1 was restricted in living Norway spruce trees. The ratio of polymerase and coat protein genome segments/transcripts of eight partitiviruses analysed was highly variable in mycelia. All the virus species had unique ratios of the genome segments, which were stable over different temperatures and hosts. The co-infection with HetPV13-an1 and HetPV15-pa1 reduced host growth up to 95%. Regarding the transmission efficacy of mycoviruses, HetPV15-pa1 transmission to a preinfected host was elevated from zero to 50% by the presence of HetPV13-an1, and a double infection of these viruses in the donor resulted in an overall transmission rate of 90%. Altogether, the study demonstrated that the interplay between co-infecting viruses and their host is highly complex and that partitiviruses show potential for biocontrol.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"2011 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132964831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sawmill industry’s current business strategies are based on traditional, productionoriented business logic. However, the ruling sources of competitiveness (lower prices and higher production volumes) are no longer sufficient to maintain the industry’s profitability. A shift from manufacturing to service economy includes vast potential to improve customer value and, hence, business performance. The service view suggests that instead of being created by production, customer value derives from processes in which the provider supports the customer’s value creation. This view positions the customer at the core of the business and challenges prevailing business approaches within traditional industries. The goal of this thesis is to explore the sawmill industry’s business transformation toward customer orientation and service-based business. As firms do not operate in isolation from their surrounding business environment, the entire wood products industry is considered. Service logic was used as the research frame to accentuate the value-based business approach. The novelty of this thesis is applying customer orientation to improve the forest industry’s innovation and competitiveness. Digitalization is a core of innovation and offers potential to take customer orientation to a new level. Therefore, two closely connected concepts with customer orientation, innovation and digitalization, were also studied. Both interviews and case studies were used, comprising a total of 36 semi-structured interviews. This thesis suggests that by positioning customers at the core of the business and by applying service-based business practices, the sawmill industry is in better position to achieve longterm competitiveness. This idea, however, necessitates significant strategic changes, questioning existing practices and principles of the entire wood products industry. The first step in the change toward a customer-oriented business (i.e., service-based business) is to gain more understanding of customer orientation and embrace this approach as an organization-wide attitude, not only within the sawmill industry, but throughout wood value chains.
{"title":"Renewing the sawmill industry: studies on innovation, customer value and digitalization","authors":"M. Makkonen","doi":"10.14214/DF.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.269","url":null,"abstract":"The sawmill industry’s current business strategies are based on traditional, productionoriented business logic. However, the ruling sources of competitiveness (lower prices and higher production volumes) are no longer sufficient to maintain the industry’s profitability. A shift from manufacturing to service economy includes vast potential to improve customer value and, hence, business performance. The service view suggests that instead of being created by production, customer value derives from processes in which the provider supports the customer’s value creation. This view positions the customer at the core of the business and challenges prevailing business approaches within traditional industries. The goal of this thesis is to explore the sawmill industry’s business transformation toward customer orientation and service-based business. As firms do not operate in isolation from their surrounding business environment, the entire wood products industry is considered. Service logic was used as the research frame to accentuate the value-based business approach. The novelty of this thesis is applying customer orientation to improve the forest industry’s innovation and competitiveness. Digitalization is a core of innovation and offers potential to take customer orientation to a new level. Therefore, two closely connected concepts with customer orientation, innovation and digitalization, were also studied. Both interviews and case studies were used, comprising a total of 36 semi-structured interviews. This thesis suggests that by positioning customers at the core of the business and by applying service-based business practices, the sawmill industry is in better position to achieve longterm competitiveness. This idea, however, necessitates significant strategic changes, questioning existing practices and principles of the entire wood products industry. The first step in the change toward a customer-oriented business (i.e., service-based business) is to gain more understanding of customer orientation and embrace this approach as an organization-wide attitude, not only within the sawmill industry, but throughout wood value chains.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122647102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-induced disturbances may change vegetation and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) processes in the forest floor and the soil beneath it. The aim of this dissertation was to study the effects of physical and chemical disturbance on boreal forest soil and vegetation. The specific aims were to evaluate the rate and direction of the forest ecosystem recovery from the disturbance and to assess how C and N processes are affected by different disturbances regimes. Two contrasting soil-affecting treatments – stump harvesting and sprinkling infiltration – were studied as case studies representing a disturbance. Sprinkling infiltration alters the chemical composition of forest soil, whereas stump harvesting results in changes especially in the physical structure of the forest soil. Furthermore, in contrast to stump harvesting where C and nutrients are removed from the soil with the removed biomass, sprinkling infiltration adds large quantities of C and nutrient-rich surface water into the forest soil. As stump harvesting and sprinkling infiltration are relatively newly introduced land use practices, very little is known of their long-term effects on boreal forest soil and vegetation. The effects of stump harvesting on forest soil surface disturbance, C and N pools and mineralization rates, understory vegetation, seedling growth and coarse woody debris (CWD) were studied in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands located in Central and Southern Finland. The results of this study indicate that stump harvesting causes soil mixing and relocation of organic matter in the soil profile, which in turn is reflected to the soil C and N dynamics as soil C and N pools tended to be lower following stump harvesting. Stump harvesting combined with site preparation tends to cause more extensive soil surface disturbance than site preparation alone, and the mixing effect of stump harvesting persists on soil surface after a decade since harvest. Furthermore, this study underlines that stumps, coarse roots and fine coarse roots represent a significant portion of the CWD, belowground biomass and nutrients in a forested stand, and thus their extraction results in substantial and direct removal of biomass, C and nutrients from the stand. The effects of sprinkling infiltration on forest soil, tree growth and understory vegetation and their respective recovery were studied in an experimental stand that had been infiltrated with surface water in order to produce artificial groundwater. The study revealed that the previously observed changes soil chemistry had persisted in the experimental stand; soil pH and base cation concentration as well as the rate of net N mineralization were still significantly higher at the infiltrated plots after a 12–15-year recovery period. These results lead to the conclusion that sprinkling infiltration results in the long-term neutralization of the forest soil. In contrast to tree growth, the
{"title":"Soil changes and long-term ecosystem recovery from physical and chemical load – stump harvesting and sprinkling infiltration as case studies","authors":"Lilli Kaarakka","doi":"10.14214/df.260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/df.260","url":null,"abstract":"Human-induced disturbances may change vegetation and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) processes in the forest floor and the soil beneath it. The aim of this dissertation was to study the effects of physical and chemical disturbance on boreal forest soil and vegetation. The specific aims were to evaluate the rate and direction of the forest ecosystem recovery from the disturbance and to assess how C and N processes are affected by different disturbances regimes. Two contrasting soil-affecting treatments – stump harvesting and sprinkling infiltration – were studied as case studies representing a disturbance. Sprinkling infiltration alters the chemical composition of forest soil, whereas stump harvesting results in changes especially in the physical structure of the forest soil. Furthermore, in contrast to stump harvesting where C and nutrients are removed from the soil with the removed biomass, sprinkling infiltration adds large quantities of C and nutrient-rich surface water into the forest soil. As stump harvesting and sprinkling infiltration are relatively newly introduced land use practices, very little is known of their long-term effects on boreal forest soil and vegetation. The effects of stump harvesting on forest soil surface disturbance, C and N pools and mineralization rates, understory vegetation, seedling growth and coarse woody debris (CWD) were studied in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands located in Central and Southern Finland. The results of this study indicate that stump harvesting causes soil mixing and relocation of organic matter in the soil profile, which in turn is reflected to the soil C and N dynamics as soil C and N pools tended to be lower following stump harvesting. Stump harvesting combined with site preparation tends to cause more extensive soil surface disturbance than site preparation alone, and the mixing effect of stump harvesting persists on soil surface after a decade since harvest. Furthermore, this study underlines that stumps, coarse roots and fine coarse roots represent a significant portion of the CWD, belowground biomass and nutrients in a forested stand, and thus their extraction results in substantial and direct removal of biomass, C and nutrients from the stand. The effects of sprinkling infiltration on forest soil, tree growth and understory vegetation and their respective recovery were studied in an experimental stand that had been infiltrated with surface water in order to produce artificial groundwater. The study revealed that the previously observed changes soil chemistry had persisted in the experimental stand; soil pH and base cation concentration as well as the rate of net N mineralization were still significantly higher at the infiltrated plots after a 12–15-year recovery period. These results lead to the conclusion that sprinkling infiltration results in the long-term neutralization of the forest soil. In contrast to tree growth, the","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128169933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The artificial regeneration of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in the Nordic countries relies on planting containerized seedlings originating from seeds collected from either seed orchards or forest stands. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of seed quality attributes on seedling production and to study whether it is possible to enhance germinability and seedling health through seed soaking treatments. The variation in seed quality among individual trees and clones and the components of seed weight variance are also studied. Commercial seed lots were screened for microbes and the effect of soaking treatment on microbial abundance was analyzed. The three seed lots contained some pathogenic fungi, but most fungi found were saprophytic. The seed lots differed in their likelihood to suffer from damping-off when germinated in water agar medium but not in peat. With current production methods seed-borne fungi do not have a great impact for seedling health, but altering for example the growing media may increase their importance. Seedling quality declined with increasing emergence time in an experiment on 1-yearold seedlings in the nursery, thus emphasizing the importance of fast germination. Seed soak-sorting hastened the emergence and increased seedling size more in 1.5-year-old containerized seedlings compared to the 1-year-old seedling crop in addition of decreasing the proportion of cull seedlings. The proportion of full seeds varied between individual trees and clones in cones collected from a forest stand and from a seed orchard. The average seed weights differed between trees or clones, but intracone variation was the greatest source of seed weight variance. This indicates that weight-based seed sorting may have a smaller impact on the genetic diversity of seed lots than previously thought. Seed and seedling producers as well as society have different preferences for seed quality attributes and different tools for quality management.
{"title":"Seed quality attributes in seedling production of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)","authors":"K. Himanen","doi":"10.14214/DF.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.261","url":null,"abstract":"The artificial regeneration of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in the Nordic countries relies on planting containerized seedlings originating from seeds collected from either seed orchards or forest stands. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of seed quality attributes on seedling production and to study whether it is possible to enhance germinability and seedling health through seed soaking treatments. The variation in seed quality among individual trees and clones and the components of seed weight variance are also studied. Commercial seed lots were screened for microbes and the effect of soaking treatment on microbial abundance was analyzed. The three seed lots contained some pathogenic fungi, but most fungi found were saprophytic. The seed lots differed in their likelihood to suffer from damping-off when germinated in water agar medium but not in peat. With current production methods seed-borne fungi do not have a great impact for seedling health, but altering for example the growing media may increase their importance. Seedling quality declined with increasing emergence time in an experiment on 1-yearold seedlings in the nursery, thus emphasizing the importance of fast germination. Seed soak-sorting hastened the emergence and increased seedling size more in 1.5-year-old containerized seedlings compared to the 1-year-old seedling crop in addition of decreasing the proportion of cull seedlings. The proportion of full seeds varied between individual trees and clones in cones collected from a forest stand and from a seed orchard. The average seed weights differed between trees or clones, but intracone variation was the greatest source of seed weight variance. This indicates that weight-based seed sorting may have a smaller impact on the genetic diversity of seed lots than previously thought. Seed and seedling producers as well as society have different preferences for seed quality attributes and different tools for quality management.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129614261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This dissertation explores the governance, local impacts and costs of community-owned renewable energy (CRE). The objective is to understand if and in what context collective local ownership models represent a feasible and effective means to operationalising a more ‘sustainable development’ in the renewable energy sector and beyond. The articles draw on a range of fields, from energy governance and project economics to impact evaluation. Specific methodologies used are systematic literature review, discourse analysis, historical institutional analysis and risk-extended net present valuation. Unique contributions of this work are a meta-level understanding of the community energy sector in the UK and an understanding of its emergence in context of technological and institutional change. In addition, it provides an explicit assessment of Quality of Evidence problems in this subfield of energy and social science research, placing it firmly in the context of current literature and methods in project economics and impact evaluation. Findings show that ownership patterns in the energy sector are precarious and subject to changing narratives that emerge in response to domestic socio-economic and political dilemma’s, exogenous shocks, and emerging economic schools of thought. CRE projects have the potential to generate a variety of positive local impacts that vary depending on the motivation and management of projects and project revenues. Under certain conditions CRE can empower community organisations to address systemic socio-economic problems in the public domain. Finally, in a competitive market setting and where CRE is implemented by newly-established grassroots organisations, projects face a range of risks that commercial projects do not, and that erode their financial viability. As such, the development and expansion of community renewable energy as a substantial proportion of the energy sector requires policy makers to assign it special status and provide policy support on the basis of its local social, economic and environmental benefits. Policy support for community renewable energy requires a willingness to integrate energy and social policy domains.
{"title":"Communitarian approaches to sustainable development: the governance, local impacts and costs of community energy.","authors":"Anna L. Berka","doi":"10.14214/DF.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.254","url":null,"abstract":"This dissertation explores the governance, local impacts and costs of community-owned renewable energy (CRE). The objective is to understand if and in what context collective local ownership models represent a feasible and effective means to operationalising a more ‘sustainable development’ in the renewable energy sector and beyond. The articles draw on a range of fields, from energy governance and project economics to impact evaluation. Specific methodologies used are systematic literature review, discourse analysis, historical institutional analysis and risk-extended net present valuation. Unique contributions of this work are a meta-level understanding of the community energy sector in the UK and an understanding of its emergence in context of technological and institutional change. In addition, it provides an explicit assessment of Quality of Evidence problems in this subfield of energy and social science research, placing it firmly in the context of current literature and methods in project economics and impact evaluation. Findings show that ownership patterns in the energy sector are precarious and subject to changing narratives that emerge in response to domestic socio-economic and political dilemma’s, exogenous shocks, and emerging economic schools of thought. CRE projects have the potential to generate a variety of positive local impacts that vary depending on the motivation and management of projects and project revenues. Under certain conditions CRE can empower community organisations to address systemic socio-economic problems in the public domain. Finally, in a competitive market setting and where CRE is implemented by newly-established grassroots organisations, projects face a range of risks that commercial projects do not, and that erode their financial viability. As such, the development and expansion of community renewable energy as a substantial proportion of the energy sector requires policy makers to assign it special status and provide policy support on the basis of its local social, economic and environmental benefits. Policy support for community renewable energy requires a willingness to integrate energy and social policy domains.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127676683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants synthesise thousands of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) as part of their secondary metabolism. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) particularly produces monoand sesquiterpenes, which are mainly stored in oleoresin in resin ducts. In this study, the monoterpene emission rate from stems was found to increase as a function of increasing resin pressure, which was positively correlated with the air temperature and foliage transpiration rate. Monoterpene synthase activity describes the maximum monoterpene production potential. The seasonal cycle and needle age were observed to explain the majority of the variation in needle monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and monoterpene emissions from shoots. Variation in the monoterpene concentration between seasons, different needle age classes and different trees was observed to be minor. Monoterpene synthase activity was higher in <1-year-old needles compared to older ones. Within a single tree, the compound-specific composition of monoterpene synthase activities and monoterpene storages was not reflected in the composition of emissions. For example, the share of δ-3-carene was substantially higher in the emissions than in the storage pools and synthase activities. An automated enclosure measurement system including a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer was utilized to follow the VOC emissions from the woody compartments of trees over several years. This was the first study to quantify such emissions for an extended period. Scots pine stems were observed to emit monoterpenes and methanol into the ambient air. The fluxes displayed a seasonal cycle: methanol emissions were highest in the midst of the growing season, whereas monoterpene emissions peaked not only on the hottest summer days, but also in the spring when the photosynthetic capacity of trees recovered. The emissions of some monoterpenes exhibited distinct diurnal patterns in their enantiomeric compositions. The above-canopy air terpene concentrations reflected the emission rates from trees, the atmospheric reactivities of the compounds, the tree species composition of the measurement site and the abundances of different tree chemotypes.
{"title":"Long-term dynamics of BVOC production, storage and emission in boreal Scots pine","authors":"A. Vanhatalo","doi":"10.14214/DF.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.253","url":null,"abstract":"Plants synthesise thousands of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) as part of their secondary metabolism. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) particularly produces monoand sesquiterpenes, which are mainly stored in oleoresin in resin ducts. In this study, the monoterpene emission rate from stems was found to increase as a function of increasing resin pressure, which was positively correlated with the air temperature and foliage transpiration rate. Monoterpene synthase activity describes the maximum monoterpene production potential. The seasonal cycle and needle age were observed to explain the majority of the variation in needle monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and monoterpene emissions from shoots. Variation in the monoterpene concentration between seasons, different needle age classes and different trees was observed to be minor. Monoterpene synthase activity was higher in <1-year-old needles compared to older ones. Within a single tree, the compound-specific composition of monoterpene synthase activities and monoterpene storages was not reflected in the composition of emissions. For example, the share of δ-3-carene was substantially higher in the emissions than in the storage pools and synthase activities. An automated enclosure measurement system including a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer was utilized to follow the VOC emissions from the woody compartments of trees over several years. This was the first study to quantify such emissions for an extended period. Scots pine stems were observed to emit monoterpenes and methanol into the ambient air. The fluxes displayed a seasonal cycle: methanol emissions were highest in the midst of the growing season, whereas monoterpene emissions peaked not only on the hottest summer days, but also in the spring when the photosynthetic capacity of trees recovered. The emissions of some monoterpenes exhibited distinct diurnal patterns in their enantiomeric compositions. The above-canopy air terpene concentrations reflected the emission rates from trees, the atmospheric reactivities of the compounds, the tree species composition of the measurement site and the abundances of different tree chemotypes.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"49 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132463217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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