Xiaoqian Xu, Oskar Englund, I. Dimitriou, H. Rosenqvist, Guangzhe Liu, Blas Mola‐Yudego
Lignocellulosic energy crops can produce substantial amounts of biomass for energy purposes, but their introduction implies land-use changes as they are mainly cultivated in agriculturally dominated landscapes. This thesis presents a land-use analysis of lignocellulosic energy crops in the agricultural landscape in Sweden, specifically aiming to i) assess different energy crops’ regarding production, location and climatic profiles, ii) characterise and define the surrounding agricultural landscape, and iii) study the overall land-use changes derived from the establishment of energy crops in the country. The analysis is based on empirical data from commercial fast-growing tree plantations (willow, poplar, and hybrid aspen) and energy grasses (reed canary grass) at multiple spatial scales from field to landscape level, during the period 1986-2018. At field level, there is a trend for smaller and more regular fields dedicated to energy crops, with cultivation patterns moving towards more productive lands, reflecting an intensification in the land-use management. Willow was initially established mainly on fallow lands, but many plantations were subsequently replaced by cereals due to changes in global cereal prices. In the case of grasses, this pattern was similar, although changes appeared later and not so markedly. At landscape level, energy crops significantly diversify the agricultural landscape, as fast-growing tree plantations are largely introduced in cereal areas and grasses in forest-dominated landscapes. The methods and analysis of this thesis contribute to a better understanding of land-use changes associated to energy crops, and help define their contribution to diversifying the agricultural landscape.
{"title":"Land-use patterns of energy crops in the agricultural landscape","authors":"Xiaoqian Xu, Oskar Englund, I. Dimitriou, H. Rosenqvist, Guangzhe Liu, Blas Mola‐Yudego","doi":"10.14214/df.337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/df.337","url":null,"abstract":"Lignocellulosic energy crops can produce substantial amounts of biomass for energy purposes, but their introduction implies land-use changes as they are mainly cultivated in agriculturally dominated landscapes. This thesis presents a land-use analysis of lignocellulosic energy crops in the agricultural landscape in Sweden, specifically aiming to i) assess different energy crops’ regarding production, location and climatic profiles, ii) characterise and define the surrounding agricultural landscape, and iii) study the overall land-use changes derived from the establishment of energy crops in the country. The analysis is based on empirical data from commercial fast-growing tree plantations (willow, poplar, and hybrid aspen) and energy grasses (reed canary grass) at multiple spatial scales from field to landscape level, during the period 1986-2018. At field level, there is a trend for smaller and more regular fields dedicated to energy crops, with cultivation patterns moving towards more productive lands, reflecting an intensification in the land-use management. Willow was initially established mainly on fallow lands, but many plantations were subsequently replaced by cereals due to changes in global cereal prices. In the case of grasses, this pattern was similar, although changes appeared later and not so markedly. At landscape level, energy crops significantly diversify the agricultural landscape, as fast-growing tree plantations are largely introduced in cereal areas and grasses in forest-dominated landscapes. The methods and analysis of this thesis contribute to a better understanding of land-use changes associated to energy crops, and help define their contribution to diversifying the agricultural landscape.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129102217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This dissertation examines current collaborative practices in wooden multistorey construction (WMC) projects through a business ecosystem approach to detect effective and ineffective practices when working with novel wooden materials and gaining knowledge of them. Furthermore, it deepens our understanding of citizen perceptions and homeowner experiences towards WMC, to ensure that professionals are able to construct buildings that are not only profitable, but also appreciated by end-users and functional in daily use. Qualitative means are used to provide an in-depth view of the matters. The findings reveal that while construction projects are essentially collaborative efforts, the novelty of WMC materials and methods requires increased communication and learning between the business ecosystem participants. The keystone of a business ecosystem has a fundamental role in enabling deeper, long-term commitment between participants through procurement practices and meetings. These allow participants to work towards a common goal and to accumulate knowledge of wooden construction also between projects. Feedback processes should be improved between the participants, but homeowner experiences should also be utilized more efficiently. The results imply that while the business ecosystem approach provides a usable lens to study collaboration in WMC projects, it should not be seen as a static system concentrating on the design and construction phases, but one that evolves throughout a building’s life cycle, incorporating end-users as the ecosystem keystones when moving to the use phase of the building. Furthermore, the results support previous literature in that end-users appreciate soft aspects of wood material, such as aesthetics and ambiance, while durability and maintenance needs create concerns. However, the qualitative approach used in this study reveals that some aspects are multifaceted, carrying both positive and negative meanings for the end-users. Homeowner experiences indicate the importance of the everyday usability of home materials. Furthermore, the ‘liveliness’ of the wooden material seemed to surprise some of the homeowners, indicating that they are more familiar with other urban construction materials. Communication with end-users should therefore be improved to decrease concerns, but also to inform about the material’s practical benefits such as pleasant soundscapes.
{"title":"Business ecosystem and end-user lenses in wooden multistorey construction","authors":"Noora Viholainen","doi":"10.14214/DF.315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.315","url":null,"abstract":"This dissertation examines current collaborative practices in wooden multistorey construction (WMC) projects through a business ecosystem approach to detect effective and ineffective practices when working with novel wooden materials and gaining knowledge of them. Furthermore, it deepens our understanding of citizen perceptions and homeowner experiences towards WMC, to ensure that professionals are able to construct buildings that are not only profitable, but also appreciated by end-users and functional in daily use. Qualitative means are used to provide an in-depth view of the matters. The findings reveal that while construction projects are essentially collaborative efforts, the novelty of WMC materials and methods requires increased communication and learning between the business ecosystem participants. The keystone of a business ecosystem has a fundamental role in enabling deeper, long-term commitment between participants through procurement practices and meetings. These allow participants to work towards a common goal and to accumulate knowledge of wooden construction also between projects. Feedback processes should be improved between the participants, but homeowner experiences should also be utilized more efficiently. The results imply that while the business ecosystem approach provides a usable lens to study collaboration in WMC projects, it should not be seen as a static system concentrating on the design and construction phases, but one that evolves throughout a building’s life cycle, incorporating end-users as the ecosystem keystones when moving to the use phase of the building. Furthermore, the results support previous literature in that end-users appreciate soft aspects of wood material, such as aesthetics and ambiance, while durability and maintenance needs create concerns. However, the qualitative approach used in this study reveals that some aspects are multifaceted, carrying both positive and negative meanings for the end-users. Homeowner experiences indicate the importance of the everyday usability of home materials. Furthermore, the ‘liveliness’ of the wooden material seemed to surprise some of the homeowners, indicating that they are more familiar with other urban construction materials. Communication with end-users should therefore be improved to decrease concerns, but also to inform about the material’s practical benefits such as pleasant soundscapes.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"72 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120867866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"O3 and NOx interactions with foliage: processes and compounds at the needle-air interface","authors":"J. Joensuu","doi":"10.14214/df.310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/df.310","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130589804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzes the political legitimacy of forest and forest-related nature conservation policies in Finland. Legitimacy is defined here that the forest and nature conservation regimes and related political institutions are perceived as rightful among the people. The major contribution of this study is the comprehensive conceptual framework of legitimacy based on several theories, mainly from political science. The framework analyzes the objects of support, patterns of legitimacy, performance evaluations, and how these relate to one another. In this study, the objects of support refer to forest-related political institutions; these include regulations and public incentives, as well as decisionmaking processes, political programs, and administrative procedures. The framework is intended to be especially useful in the empirical analyses of pluralistic public political discussion and uses a methodology developed for this purpose. The study also analyses the social values of organized political actors. The empirical part of this study explores a data set from Finnish print media discourse, based on letters to editors in three newspapers and in one journal, along with comments given during the preparation of Finland's National Forest Programme 2010. Another empirical data set consists of qualitative semi-structured interviews and the writings of the organized interest groups. Many different groups of citizens were found to participate in public discussion on forests. Quite a large number of individuals shared the overall publicity, despite the fact that there were some very active writers. Nature conservation organizations, researchers, and politicians were well represented. However, the participation of governmental officials from both the forest and environmental sectors can be characterized as insufficient, considering their importance in the implementation of policies. The study of letters to editors found that groups of common social values served as patterns of legitimacy in the performance evaluations of forest policies. These include welfare and wellbeing derived from forests; values related to nature conservation; democratic values; distributive justice; good governance; core regime principles; and fair markets. Of all performance evaluations, 52% were negative while 26% were positive and 22 % were mixed. The welfare of citizens and the nation, export incomes and employment were the most common justifications used in the legitimacy evaluations while economic growth was a topic that divided opinions. Principles related to values of nature and sustainable development were almost as common in the data. A common argument related to the wellbeing of future generations combined the ideas of benefits and nature values with the idea of distributive justice. Democratic values, especially the public participation of the involved groups of people and public deliberation were common sources of legitimacy. Most political actors supported the ideal of
{"title":"Legitimacy of forest policy – concept analysis and empirical applications in Finland","authors":"T. Rantala","doi":"10.14214/df.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/df.309","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the political legitimacy of forest and forest-related nature conservation policies in Finland. Legitimacy is defined here that the forest and nature conservation regimes and related political institutions are perceived as rightful among the people. The major contribution of this study is the comprehensive conceptual framework of legitimacy based on several theories, mainly from political science. The framework analyzes the objects of support, patterns of legitimacy, performance evaluations, and how these relate to one another. In this study, the objects of support refer to forest-related political institutions; these include regulations and public incentives, as well as decisionmaking processes, political programs, and administrative procedures. The framework is intended to be especially useful in the empirical analyses of pluralistic public political discussion and uses a methodology developed for this purpose. The study also analyses the social values of organized political actors. The empirical part of this study explores a data set from Finnish print media discourse, based on letters to editors in three newspapers and in one journal, along with comments given during the preparation of Finland's National Forest Programme 2010. Another empirical data set consists of qualitative semi-structured interviews and the writings of the organized interest groups. Many different groups of citizens were found to participate in public discussion on forests. Quite a large number of individuals shared the overall publicity, despite the fact that there were some very active writers. Nature conservation organizations, researchers, and politicians were well represented. However, the participation of governmental officials from both the forest and environmental sectors can be characterized as insufficient, considering their importance in the implementation of policies. The study of letters to editors found that groups of common social values served as patterns of legitimacy in the performance evaluations of forest policies. These include welfare and wellbeing derived from forests; values related to nature conservation; democratic values; distributive justice; good governance; core regime principles; and fair markets. Of all performance evaluations, 52% were negative while 26% were positive and 22 % were mixed. The welfare of citizens and the nation, export incomes and employment were the most common justifications used in the legitimacy evaluations while economic growth was a topic that divided opinions. Principles related to values of nature and sustainable development were almost as common in the data. A common argument related to the wellbeing of future generations combined the ideas of benefits and nature values with the idea of distributive justice. Democratic values, especially the public participation of the involved groups of people and public deliberation were common sources of legitimacy. Most political actors supported the ideal of","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128169446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Species of the Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (s. l.) complex are causing root and butt rot of conifers. Mycoviruses are usually cryptic, but some of them may cause hypovirulence (reduced virulence) or mutualistic effects on their fungal hosts. We explored new Heterobasidion viruses, and analyzed their taxonomy and effects on their hosts. The viruses were obtained from fungal culture collection of the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) or from newly collected isolates. This thesis addressed the taxonomy of Heterobasidion viruses as well as their transmission, effects on hosts’ phenotypes, and distribution. A new dsRNA virus from H. annosum s.s., Heterobasidion RNA virus 6 (HetRV6), was found taxonomically distant from all previously known viruses of Heterobasidion spp., but related to the mutualistic Curvularia thermal tolerance virus. Populations of this species exhibited a considerable degree of geographical and host-related differentiation. Virus isolates HetRV6-ab6 and Heterobasidion partitivirus 3 (strain HetPV3-ec1) conferred different and conditiondependent effects on different host strains. Four new partitivirus species, HetPV12, HetPV13, HetPV14 and HetPV15, clustered in a clade within the genus Alphapartitivirus that includes also HetPV3 and Helicobasidium mompa partitivirus V70. HetPV13 strains were found to have a high dispersal capacity. A high infection rate by four species of partitiviruses was observed in H. annosum in a heavily infected forest. Two of these species were previously unknown (HetPV16 and HetPV20). Three fungal isolates were co-infected by two different partitiviruses (HetPV13-an2 and HetPV7-an1 or HetPV16-an1 and HetPV20-an1), supporting the view that multiple infections are common. Taken together, the global diversity and prevalence of Heterobasidion viruses is considerable, and their transmission may occur between somatically incompatible strains. They may co-infect single host strains, transmit over species borders and confer variable phenotypic effects on their hosts. Further studies are necessary to determine the biocontrol potential of these viruses.
不同种类的异basbasidion annosum sensu lato (s.l .)复合体引起针叶树根腐病和叶腐病。分枝病毒通常是隐性的，但其中一些可能对其真菌宿主造成低毒力(降低毒力)或互惠作用。我们发现了新的异泡子病毒，并分析了它们的分类和对宿主的影响。这些病毒来自芬兰自然资源研究所(Luke)的真菌培养标本或新收集的分离株。这篇论文讨论了异泡子病毒的分类，以及它们的传播、对宿主表型的影响和分布。研究发现一种新病毒——杂交种RNA病毒6 (HetRV6)，在分类上与杂交种中已知的所有病毒都有一定的距离，但与共生的曲藻耐热病毒有亲缘关系。该物种的居群表现出相当程度的地理和寄主相关分化。病毒分离株HetRV6-ab6和HetPV3-ec1对不同的宿主株具有不同的条件依赖性作用。四种新的部分病毒，HetPV12、HetPV13、HetPV14和HetPV15，聚集在阿尔法部分病毒属的一个分支中，该分支还包括hetpvv3和mompa螺杆菌部分病毒V70。发现HetPV13菌株具有较高的传播能力。在一个重感染的森林中发现了4种部分病毒的高感染率。其中两种以前是未知的(HetPV16和HetPV20)。三株真菌分离株被两种不同的部分病毒(HetPV13-an2和HetPV7-an1或HetPV16-an1和HetPV20-an1)共同感染，支持多重感染常见的观点。综上所述，异瘟瘟病毒的全球多样性和流行率是相当大的，它们的传播可能发生在身体不相容的菌株之间。它们可以共同感染单一宿主菌株，跨物种传播，并对其宿主产生可变的表型影响。需要进一步研究以确定这些病毒的生物防治潜力。
{"title":"Heterobasidion dsRNA viruses: diversity, taxonomy and effects","authors":"Rafiqul Hyder","doi":"10.14214/df.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/df.301","url":null,"abstract":"Species of the Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (s. l.) complex are causing root and butt rot of conifers. Mycoviruses are usually cryptic, but some of them may cause hypovirulence (reduced virulence) or mutualistic effects on their fungal hosts. We explored new Heterobasidion viruses, and analyzed their taxonomy and effects on their hosts. The viruses were obtained from fungal culture collection of the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) or from newly collected isolates. This thesis addressed the taxonomy of Heterobasidion viruses as well as their transmission, effects on hosts’ phenotypes, and distribution. A new dsRNA virus from H. annosum s.s., Heterobasidion RNA virus 6 (HetRV6), was found taxonomically distant from all previously known viruses of Heterobasidion spp., but related to the mutualistic Curvularia thermal tolerance virus. Populations of this species exhibited a considerable degree of geographical and host-related differentiation. Virus isolates HetRV6-ab6 and Heterobasidion partitivirus 3 (strain HetPV3-ec1) conferred different and conditiondependent effects on different host strains. Four new partitivirus species, HetPV12, HetPV13, HetPV14 and HetPV15, clustered in a clade within the genus Alphapartitivirus that includes also HetPV3 and Helicobasidium mompa partitivirus V70. HetPV13 strains were found to have a high dispersal capacity. A high infection rate by four species of partitiviruses was observed in H. annosum in a heavily infected forest. Two of these species were previously unknown (HetPV16 and HetPV20). Three fungal isolates were co-infected by two different partitiviruses (HetPV13-an2 and HetPV7-an1 or HetPV16-an1 and HetPV20-an1), supporting the view that multiple infections are common. Taken together, the global diversity and prevalence of Heterobasidion viruses is considerable, and their transmission may occur between somatically incompatible strains. They may co-infect single host strains, transmit over species borders and confer variable phenotypic effects on their hosts. Further studies are necessary to determine the biocontrol potential of these viruses.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124486627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Process-based soil carbon models can simulate small short-term changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) by reconstructing the response of soil CO2 and CH4 emissions to simultaneously changing environmental factors. However, the models still lack a unifying theory on the effects of soil temperature, moisture, and nutrient status on the boreal landscape. Thus, even a small systematic error in modelled instantaneous soil CO2 emissions and CH4 emissions may increase bias in the predicted long-term SOC stock. We studied the environmental factors that control CO2 and CH4 emissions in Finland in sites along a continuum of ecosystems (forest-mire ecotone) with increasing moisture and SOC (I and II); soil CO2 emissions and SOC in four forest sites in Finland (III); and SOC sequestration at the national scale using 2020 forest sites from the Swedish national forest soil inventory (IV). The environmental controls of CO2 and CH4 emissions, and SOC were evaluated using non-linear regression and correlation analysis with empirical data and by soil C models (Yasso07, Q and CENTURY).In the forest-mire ecotone, the instantaneous variation in soil CO2 emissions was mainly explained by soil temperature (rather than soil moisture), but the SOC stocks were correlated with long-term moisture. During extreme weather events, such as prolonged summer drought, soil CO2 emissions from the upland mineral soil sites and CH4 emissions from the mire sites were significantly reduced. The transition from upland forest to mire did not act as a hot spot for CO2 and CH4 emissions. The CO2 emissions were comparable between forest/mire types but the CH4 emissions changed from small sinks in forests to relatively large emissions in mires. However, the CH4 emissions in mires did not offset their CO2 sinks. In the Swedish data, upland forest SOC stocks clearly increased with higher moisture and nutrient status. The soil carbon models reconstructed SOC stocks well for mesotrophic soils but failed for soils of higher fertility and wetter soils with a peaty humus type. A comparison of measured and modelled SOC stocks and the seasonal CO2 emissions from the soil showed that the accuracy of the estimates varied greatly depending on the mathematical design of the model’s environmental modifiers of decomposition, and their calibration. Inaccuracies in the modeling results indicated that soil moisture and nutrients are mathematically underrepresented (as drivers of long-term boreal forest soil C sequestration) in process-based models, resulting in a mismatch for both SOC stocks and seasonal CO2 emissions. Redesigning these controls in the models to more explicitly account for microbial and enzyme dynamics as catalysts of decomposition would improve the reliability of soil carbon models to predict the effects of climate change on soil C.
{"title":"Environmental controls of boreal forest soil CO2 and CH4 emissions and soil organic carbon accumulation","authors":"B. Ťupek","doi":"10.14214/df.303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/df.303","url":null,"abstract":"Process-based soil carbon models can simulate small short-term changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) by reconstructing the response of soil CO2 and CH4 emissions to simultaneously changing environmental factors. However, the models still lack a unifying theory on the effects of soil temperature, moisture, and nutrient status on the boreal landscape. Thus, even a small systematic error in modelled instantaneous soil CO2 emissions and CH4 emissions may increase bias in the predicted long-term SOC stock. We studied the environmental factors that control CO2 and CH4 emissions in Finland in sites along a continuum of ecosystems (forest-mire ecotone) with increasing moisture and SOC (I and II); soil CO2 emissions and SOC in four forest sites in Finland (III); and SOC sequestration at the national scale using 2020 forest sites from the Swedish national forest soil inventory (IV). The environmental controls of CO2 and CH4 emissions, and SOC were evaluated using non-linear regression and correlation analysis with empirical data and by soil C models (Yasso07, Q and CENTURY).In the forest-mire ecotone, the instantaneous variation in soil CO2 emissions was mainly explained by soil temperature (rather than soil moisture), but the SOC stocks were correlated with long-term moisture. During extreme weather events, such as prolonged summer drought, soil CO2 emissions from the upland mineral soil sites and CH4 emissions from the mire sites were significantly reduced. The transition from upland forest to mire did not act as a hot spot for CO2 and CH4 emissions. The CO2 emissions were comparable between forest/mire types but the CH4 emissions changed from small sinks in forests to relatively large emissions in mires. However, the CH4 emissions in mires did not offset their CO2 sinks. In the Swedish data, upland forest SOC stocks clearly increased with higher moisture and nutrient status. The soil carbon models reconstructed SOC stocks well for mesotrophic soils but failed for soils of higher fertility and wetter soils with a peaty humus type. A comparison of measured and modelled SOC stocks and the seasonal CO2 emissions from the soil showed that the accuracy of the estimates varied greatly depending on the mathematical design of the model’s environmental modifiers of decomposition, and their calibration. Inaccuracies in the modeling results indicated that soil moisture and nutrients are mathematically underrepresented (as drivers of long-term boreal forest soil C sequestration) in process-based models, resulting in a mismatch for both SOC stocks and seasonal CO2 emissions. Redesigning these controls in the models to more explicitly account for microbial and enzyme dynamics as catalysts of decomposition would improve the reliability of soil carbon models to predict the effects of climate change on soil C.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"2020 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131085009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change mitigation aims to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Forest mitigates climate change by accumulating atmospheric carbon to biomass. This biomass can be used to various products which also act as a carbon sink. Carbon sequestration is the opposite of carbon emission, but not fully. Forest carbon storages are uncertain and temporal but the role of forests as temporary carbon storages still has value. However, climate policy must take this into account both in the implementation of policies and in the valuation of carbon sinks. The thesis consists of four articles and a summary chapter. Articles represent different perspectives of the forest sector and the use of forests and wood products to mitigate climate change. They cover the use of forests from the growth of trees to the use of wood products. In the first article we analyze with an age-class model how forest owners will change their forest management if there is a subsidy based on the forest carbon storage. The results show that enhancing investments for forest growth increases and that forest rotation will be longer. We also investigate how subsidies for silvicultural investment will affect carbon sequestration of the forest. The second article analyses wood consumption and HWP carbon stock in Finland until 2050. The main HWP carbon pool consists of products made of sawn wood. The HWP carbon pool in Finland seems to increase until 2050 even in the case of decreasing consumption of sawn wood. The third article deals with optimal forest management where the growth of the forest is described by a size-class model. The results show a feature on size-classified matrix models that significantly reduces the comparability of forest management results of these models. The optimal thinning intensity and rotation length of forest are highly dependent of the specification of the model. The fourth article analyzes the existing climate policy for forestry in the EU. Because the policy only applies to one period, we can use a simple two-period model to describe the impact of the policy. The results show that constraints on current climate policy design reduce the potential of using forests to mitigate climate change. The framework in the summary of the articles complements the conclusions in the articles and builds a view towards a more comprehensive conclusion for governance of forest sector to mitigate climate change.
{"title":"Optimal forestry under climate policy","authors":"Jani Laturi","doi":"10.14214/df.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/df.299","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change mitigation aims to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Forest mitigates climate change by accumulating atmospheric carbon to biomass. This biomass can be used to various products which also act as a carbon sink. Carbon sequestration is the opposite of carbon emission, but not fully. Forest carbon storages are uncertain and temporal but the role of forests as temporary carbon storages still has value. However, climate policy must take this into account both in the implementation of policies and in the valuation of carbon sinks. The thesis consists of four articles and a summary chapter. Articles represent different perspectives of the forest sector and the use of forests and wood products to mitigate climate change. They cover the use of forests from the growth of trees to the use of wood products. In the first article we analyze with an age-class model how forest owners will change their forest management if there is a subsidy based on the forest carbon storage. The results show that enhancing investments for forest growth increases and that forest rotation will be longer. We also investigate how subsidies for silvicultural investment will affect carbon sequestration of the forest. The second article analyses wood consumption and HWP carbon stock in Finland until 2050. The main HWP carbon pool consists of products made of sawn wood. The HWP carbon pool in Finland seems to increase until 2050 even in the case of decreasing consumption of sawn wood. The third article deals with optimal forest management where the growth of the forest is described by a size-class model. The results show a feature on size-classified matrix models that significantly reduces the comparability of forest management results of these models. The optimal thinning intensity and rotation length of forest are highly dependent of the specification of the model. The fourth article analyzes the existing climate policy for forestry in the EU. Because the policy only applies to one period, we can use a simple two-period model to describe the impact of the policy. The results show that constraints on current climate policy design reduce the potential of using forests to mitigate climate change. The framework in the summary of the articles complements the conclusions in the articles and builds a view towards a more comprehensive conclusion for governance of forest sector to mitigate climate change.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134028340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Managed forests play crucial roles in ongoing climatic and environmental changes. Among other things, wood is capable of sinking and storing carbon in both standing timber and wood products. To promote these positive effects, more precise planning is required that will ensure sustainable forest management and maximal deposition of harvested wood for long-term applications. Information on wood properties plays a key role; i.e. the wood properties can impact the carbon stocks in forests and the suitability of wood for structural timber. With respect to the theoretical background of wood formation, stem, crown, and branching constitute potential inputs (i.e. wood quality indicators) to allometric wood property, tree biomass, and wood quality models. Due to the complex nature of wood formation, measurements of wood quality indicators that could predict wood properties along the relevant directions of variation have previously been elusive in forest inventories. However, developments in laser scanning from aerial and terrestrial platforms support more complex mapping and modeling regimes based on dense three-dimensional point clouds. The aim here was to determine how wood properties could be estimated in remotesensing-aided forest inventories. For this purpose, methods for characterizing select wood quality indicators in standing timber, using airborne and terrestrial laser scanning (ALS and TLS, respectively) were developed and evaluated in managed boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests. Firstly, the accuracies of wood quality indicators resolved from TLS point clouds were assessed. Secondly, the results were compared with x-ray tomographic references from sawmills. Thirdly, the accuracies of tree-specific crown features delineated from the ALS data in predictive modeling of the wood quality indicators were evaluated. The results showed that the quality and density of point clouds significantly impacted the accuracies of the extracted wood quality indicators. In the assessment of wood properties, TLS should be considered as a tool for retrieving as dense stem and branching data as possible from carefully selected sample trees. Accurately retrieved morphological data could be applied to allometric wood property models. The models should use tree traits predictable with aerial remote sensing (e.g. tree height, crown dimensions) to enable extrapolations. As an outlook, terrestrial and aerial remote sensing can play an important role in filling in the knowledge gaps regarding the behavior of wood properties over different spatial and temporal extents. Further interdisciplinary cooperation will be needed to fully facilitate the use of remote sensing and spatially transferable wood property models that could become useful in tackling the challenges associated with changing climate, silviculture, and demand for wood.
{"title":"Assessing wood properties in standing timber with laser scanning","authors":"Jiri Pyörälä","doi":"10.14214/df.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/df.295","url":null,"abstract":"Managed forests play crucial roles in ongoing climatic and environmental changes. Among other things, wood is capable of sinking and storing carbon in both standing timber and wood products. To promote these positive effects, more precise planning is required that will ensure sustainable forest management and maximal deposition of harvested wood for long-term applications. Information on wood properties plays a key role; i.e. the wood properties can impact the carbon stocks in forests and the suitability of wood for structural timber. With respect to the theoretical background of wood formation, stem, crown, and branching constitute potential inputs (i.e. wood quality indicators) to allometric wood property, tree biomass, and wood quality models. Due to the complex nature of wood formation, measurements of wood quality indicators that could predict wood properties along the relevant directions of variation have previously been elusive in forest inventories. However, developments in laser scanning from aerial and terrestrial platforms support more complex mapping and modeling regimes based on dense three-dimensional point clouds. The aim here was to determine how wood properties could be estimated in remotesensing-aided forest inventories. For this purpose, methods for characterizing select wood quality indicators in standing timber, using airborne and terrestrial laser scanning (ALS and TLS, respectively) were developed and evaluated in managed boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests. Firstly, the accuracies of wood quality indicators resolved from TLS point clouds were assessed. Secondly, the results were compared with x-ray tomographic references from sawmills. Thirdly, the accuracies of tree-specific crown features delineated from the ALS data in predictive modeling of the wood quality indicators were evaluated. The results showed that the quality and density of point clouds significantly impacted the accuracies of the extracted wood quality indicators. In the assessment of wood properties, TLS should be considered as a tool for retrieving as dense stem and branching data as possible from carefully selected sample trees. Accurately retrieved morphological data could be applied to allometric wood property models. The models should use tree traits predictable with aerial remote sensing (e.g. tree height, crown dimensions) to enable extrapolations. As an outlook, terrestrial and aerial remote sensing can play an important role in filling in the knowledge gaps regarding the behavior of wood properties over different spatial and temporal extents. Further interdisciplinary cooperation will be needed to fully facilitate the use of remote sensing and spatially transferable wood property models that could become useful in tackling the challenges associated with changing climate, silviculture, and demand for wood.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128512553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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