Forests offer various, sometimes contradictory utilities to their owners and all other users on the global societal and ecological levels. In Finland, meeting the industrial requirements for a stable roundwood supply has defined the forestry service market, as it has been widely supported by the forest owners, the industrial buyers, and the national forest policy. Along with the changes among the owners themselves, demand for forestry services has fragmented. Recently, by introducing the new Forest Act, which gives more freedom for forest owners to choose between management practices, Finnish government has triggered a change that aims at the creation of more market-oriented distribution of forestry services. Based on the concepts of institutional transition at the market level, service-orientation as value-creation logic change, and business model thinking as the unit-level logic, the theoretical objective of the thesis is to define the ongoing renewal of the forestry service market. Using public and private owners as customers and the current forestry service organizations as service providers, the practical aim of this dissertation is to identify potential opportunities and barriers with respect to creating new services in the forestry service market. Methodologically both qualitative interview studies on forestry service organizations (n=22 and n=17) and quantitative multivariate analysis based on survey data with private (n=557) and public (n=139) forest owners are used. According to the results, there is a growing tension in the market environment accelerated by institutional transition: private forest owners are fragmented into multifaceted groups with various needs, while public owners (such as municipalities) are facing versatile user pressures on their publicly owned forests. Therefore, it seems that the traditional “roundwood supply” approach may no longer match the needs of versatile customer groups. From structural perspective, the established service market dominated by a small number of players is limiting the successful entry of new enterprises. The lack of dynamic middle-sized companies in the Finnish forest sector coupled with difficulties in adopting a more cooperative mind set is proving to be hindrance for renewal of the forestry service market despite the development of information technology, which can facilitate the use of participative methods in forest management and service marketing.
{"title":"Towards service-dominant thinking in the Finnish forestry service market","authors":"O. Mattila","doi":"10.14214/DF.198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.198","url":null,"abstract":"Forests offer various, sometimes contradictory utilities to their owners and all other users on the global societal and ecological levels. In Finland, meeting the industrial requirements for a stable roundwood supply has defined the forestry service market, as it has been widely supported by the forest owners, the industrial buyers, and the national forest policy. Along with the changes among the owners themselves, demand for forestry services has fragmented. Recently, by introducing the new Forest Act, which gives more freedom for forest owners to choose between management practices, Finnish government has triggered a change that aims at the creation of more market-oriented distribution of forestry services. Based on the concepts of institutional transition at the market level, service-orientation as value-creation logic change, and business model thinking as the unit-level logic, the theoretical objective of the thesis is to define the ongoing renewal of the forestry service market. Using public and private owners as customers and the current forestry service organizations as service providers, the practical aim of this dissertation is to identify potential opportunities and barriers with respect to creating new services in the forestry service market. Methodologically both qualitative interview studies on forestry service organizations (n=22 and n=17) and quantitative multivariate analysis based on survey data with private (n=557) and public (n=139) forest owners are used. According to the results, there is a growing tension in the market environment accelerated by institutional transition: private forest owners are fragmented into multifaceted groups with various needs, while public owners (such as municipalities) are facing versatile user pressures on their publicly owned forests. Therefore, it seems that the traditional “roundwood supply” approach may no longer match the needs of versatile customer groups. From structural perspective, the established service market dominated by a small number of players is limiting the successful entry of new enterprises. The lack of dynamic middle-sized companies in the Finnish forest sector coupled with difficulties in adopting a more cooperative mind set is proving to be hindrance for renewal of the forestry service market despite the development of information technology, which can facilitate the use of participative methods in forest management and service marketing.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116878390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many risks and environmental concerns have been linked with the cultivation of genetically modified (GM) trees. Among the most frequently mentioned risks are the unintentional/pleiotropic effects of transgenes on organisms or plant properties that are not the targets of genetic modification. Risks in forest ecosystems are difficult to predict, due to the long life cycles of trees and their complex ecological interactions. This thesis is focused on the interactions between insect and mammal herbivores and transgenic trees. The studied silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) carried a sugar beet chitinase IV gene and the aspen and hybrid aspen (Populus sp.) carried a pine pinosylvin synthase gene, both aiming to improve the trees’ resistance to fungal diseases, but also potentially affecting insect and mammal herbivores. Tree growth and quality, and insect density and composition were studied during the field trial. The palatability of transgenic trees was studied in the feeding experiments using the lepidopteran herbivores rusty tussock moth and buff-tip (Orgyia antiqua L., Phalera bucephala L.) and the mammalian herbivores mountain hare and roe deer (Lepus timidus L., Capreolus capreolus L.). The studies revealed that sugar beet chitinase IV caused unintentional effects on silver birch: the transgenic trees were smaller and their red leaf colour indicated stress. There were differences in herbivore pressure between transgenic and wild-type birches: GM trees had a higher aphid density but a lower diversity of insect species and visible leaf damages. The relative growth rate of O. antiqua on transgenic birches was lower in comparison to wild-type birches. No difference in the palatability to mammals was found between transgenic and wild-type trees. The results suggest that the impact on herbivores is speciesdependent. The pleiotropic effects of the transgenes affecting plant-herbivore interaction can explain these impacts. These results should be taken into account when considering the biosafety of GM trees.
{"title":"Ecological interactions between herbivores and silver birch and aspen trees genetically modified for fungal disease resistance","authors":"Liisa Vihervuori","doi":"10.14214/DF.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.196","url":null,"abstract":"Many risks and environmental concerns have been linked with the cultivation of genetically modified (GM) trees. Among the most frequently mentioned risks are the unintentional/pleiotropic effects of transgenes on organisms or plant properties that are not the targets of genetic modification. Risks in forest ecosystems are difficult to predict, due to the long life cycles of trees and their complex ecological interactions. This thesis is focused on the interactions between insect and mammal herbivores and transgenic trees. The studied silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) carried a sugar beet chitinase IV gene and the aspen and hybrid aspen (Populus sp.) carried a pine pinosylvin synthase gene, both aiming to improve the trees’ resistance to fungal diseases, but also potentially affecting insect and mammal herbivores. Tree growth and quality, and insect density and composition were studied during the field trial. The palatability of transgenic trees was studied in the feeding experiments using the lepidopteran herbivores rusty tussock moth and buff-tip (Orgyia antiqua L., Phalera bucephala L.) and the mammalian herbivores mountain hare and roe deer (Lepus timidus L., Capreolus capreolus L.). The studies revealed that sugar beet chitinase IV caused unintentional effects on silver birch: the transgenic trees were smaller and their red leaf colour indicated stress. There were differences in herbivore pressure between transgenic and wild-type birches: GM trees had a higher aphid density but a lower diversity of insect species and visible leaf damages. The relative growth rate of O. antiqua on transgenic birches was lower in comparison to wild-type birches. No difference in the palatability to mammals was found between transgenic and wild-type trees. The results suggest that the impact on herbivores is speciesdependent. The pleiotropic effects of the transgenes affecting plant-herbivore interaction can explain these impacts. These results should be taken into account when considering the biosafety of GM trees.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114241904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The precise knowledge of forest structural attributes, such as biomass, logging recoveries and quality of the available timber, play an essential role in decision-making, forest management procedure planning and in wood supply chain optimization. Remote sensing-aided mapping applications are used intensively to acquire required forest resource information. Laser scanning (LS) is one of the most promising remote sensing techniques, which can be used to estimate forest attributes at all levels, from single trees to global applications. The main objectives of the present thesis were to develop LS-based methodologies for mapping and measuring single trees. More specifically, new high-density LS-based models and methodologies were developed for the prediction of aboveground biomass (AGB), logging recovery, stem curve and external tree quality estimation. Multisource remote sensing methodologies were additionally introduced for the detailed next generation forest-inventory process. Substudies I and II concentrated on developing LS-based biomass models. Total AGB was estimated with the relative root mean squared errors (RMSE%) of 12.9% and 11.9% for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.), respectively using terrestrial LS (TLS) -derived predictors in multiple regression modelling. TLS-based AGB models significantly improved the estimation accuracy of AGB components compared to state-of-the-art allometric biomass models. Airborne LS (ALS) resulted in slightly higher RMSE% values of 26.3% and 36.8% for Scots pine and Norway spruce compared to results obtained with TLS. The goal of substudies III and IV was to predict timber assortment and tree quality information using high-density LS data. Sawlog volumes were estimated with RMSE% of 17.5% and 16.8% with TLS and a combination of TLS and ALS, respectively. Tree quality is an important factor for accurate and successful timber assortment estimation. The use of TLS data showed high potential for tree quality assessment. Results in IV showed that trees could be successfully classified in different quality classes based on TLS-measured attributes with accuracies between 76.4% and 83.6% depending on the amount of quality classes. Substudies V and VI presented new automatic processing tools for TLS data and a multisource approach for the more detailed prediction of diameter distribution. Automatic processing of TLS data was demonstrated to be effective and accurate and could be utilized to make future TLS measurements more efficient. Accuracies of ~1 cm were achieved using the automatic stem curve procedure. The multisource single-tree inventory approach combined accurate treemaps produced automatically from the TLS data, and ALS individual tree detection technique for predicting forest preharvest information. Results from diverse forest conditions were promising, resulting in diameter prediction accuracies between 1.4 cm and 4.7 cm depending on tree density and main tree
{"title":"The prediction of single-tree biomass, logging recoveries and quality attributes with laser scanning techniques","authors":"V. Kankare","doi":"10.14214/DF.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.195","url":null,"abstract":"The precise knowledge of forest structural attributes, such as biomass, logging recoveries and quality of the available timber, play an essential role in decision-making, forest management procedure planning and in wood supply chain optimization. Remote sensing-aided mapping applications are used intensively to acquire required forest resource information. Laser scanning (LS) is one of the most promising remote sensing techniques, which can be used to estimate forest attributes at all levels, from single trees to global applications. The main objectives of the present thesis were to develop LS-based methodologies for mapping and measuring single trees. More specifically, new high-density LS-based models and methodologies were developed for the prediction of aboveground biomass (AGB), logging recovery, stem curve and external tree quality estimation. Multisource remote sensing methodologies were additionally introduced for the detailed next generation forest-inventory process. Substudies I and II concentrated on developing LS-based biomass models. Total AGB was estimated with the relative root mean squared errors (RMSE%) of 12.9% and 11.9% for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.), respectively using terrestrial LS (TLS) -derived predictors in multiple regression modelling. TLS-based AGB models significantly improved the estimation accuracy of AGB components compared to state-of-the-art allometric biomass models. Airborne LS (ALS) resulted in slightly higher RMSE% values of 26.3% and 36.8% for Scots pine and Norway spruce compared to results obtained with TLS. The goal of substudies III and IV was to predict timber assortment and tree quality information using high-density LS data. Sawlog volumes were estimated with RMSE% of 17.5% and 16.8% with TLS and a combination of TLS and ALS, respectively. Tree quality is an important factor for accurate and successful timber assortment estimation. The use of TLS data showed high potential for tree quality assessment. Results in IV showed that trees could be successfully classified in different quality classes based on TLS-measured attributes with accuracies between 76.4% and 83.6% depending on the amount of quality classes. Substudies V and VI presented new automatic processing tools for TLS data and a multisource approach for the more detailed prediction of diameter distribution. Automatic processing of TLS data was demonstrated to be effective and accurate and could be utilized to make future TLS measurements more efficient. Accuracies of ~1 cm were achieved using the automatic stem curve procedure. The multisource single-tree inventory approach combined accurate treemaps produced automatically from the TLS data, and ALS individual tree detection technique for predicting forest preharvest information. Results from diverse forest conditions were promising, resulting in diameter prediction accuracies between 1.4 cm and 4.7 cm depending on tree density and main tree ","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121035028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Restoration of ecosystem structure and function in boreal spruce swamp forests","authors":"Liisa Maanavilja","doi":"10.14214/DF.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115060291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Duck habitat use and reproduction in boreal wetlands: importance of habitat quality and population density","authors":"S. Holopainen","doi":"10.14214/DF.190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.190","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133957216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this dissertation is to assess the accuracy of different ground reference methods used to validate satellite based leaf area index (LAI) and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) products. LAI and fPAR are strongly linked, although they principally and practically measure different properties: LAI quantifies the areal interphase between soil and atmosphere, whereas fPAR quantifies the energy available for photosynthesis. Until now, the development of remote sensing based methods to estimate LAI and fPAR in a boreal forest has been hindered by the scarcity of ground data, which is required to validate and develop existing algorithms. The aim of the first part of this dissertation was to assess the impacts of different methodological approaches to estimate LAI in boreal forests, and to validate satellite based LAI products. Results showed that the accuracy of ground based LAI estimates is sensitive to both the retrieval methods and sampling scheme used to collect the optical LAI data. The satellite based measurements of LAI demonstrated a large temporal variability in LAI. The second part of the dissertation focused on measuring and modeling fPAR in a boreal forest. A new scheme for measuring and modeling ground reference fPAR based on photon recollision probability was presented in this dissertation. Ground reference fPAR is usually estimated only for the forest canopy layer. This study is among the first ones to validate the new global satellite based fPAR product called GEOV1 using data of both the forest canopy and understory layers from boreal forests. Results showed that satellite based fPAR products may correspond better with the total fPAR, instead of only the forest canopy fPAR as has often been presumed.
{"title":"Estimation of leaf area index and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation in a boreal forest","authors":"Titta Majasalmi","doi":"10.14214/DF.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.187","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this dissertation is to assess the accuracy of different ground reference methods used to validate satellite based leaf area index (LAI) and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) products. LAI and fPAR are strongly linked, although they principally and practically measure different properties: LAI quantifies the areal interphase between soil and atmosphere, whereas fPAR quantifies the energy available for photosynthesis. Until now, the development of remote sensing based methods to estimate LAI and fPAR in a boreal forest has been hindered by the scarcity of ground data, which is required to validate and develop existing algorithms. The aim of the first part of this dissertation was to assess the impacts of different methodological approaches to estimate LAI in boreal forests, and to validate satellite based LAI products. Results showed that the accuracy of ground based LAI estimates is sensitive to both the retrieval methods and sampling scheme used to collect the optical LAI data. The satellite based measurements of LAI demonstrated a large temporal variability in LAI. The second part of the dissertation focused on measuring and modeling fPAR in a boreal forest. A new scheme for measuring and modeling ground reference fPAR based on photon recollision probability was presented in this dissertation. Ground reference fPAR is usually estimated only for the forest canopy layer. This study is among the first ones to validate the new global satellite based fPAR product called GEOV1 using data of both the forest canopy and understory layers from boreal forests. Results showed that satellite based fPAR products may correspond better with the total fPAR, instead of only the forest canopy fPAR as has often been presumed.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125042027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this work was to study how process innovation can be applied in forest biomass supply chains for reducing costs to add value compared to traditional supply chains. The work consisted of four articles using alternative data and a variety of methods. The process innovation of forest biomass supply chains contains several possibilities. There is a need to identify which processes should be renewed incrementally or completely. The main innovation types determined by the case articles were divided into incremental, radical and network innovation. Achieving cost reduction was possible by innovating traditional forest biomass supply chain processes in a novel way in all cases. The case of network innovation however, presenting the co-operation of an entire supply chain with stakeholders by linking forest management and logistics business systems together in process innovation, provided the highest cost reduction, which can be seen as added value. This is because network innovation includes several structural holes with close connections between processes and systems that offer the possibility of finding more cost reduction potential for the entire supply chain. The main conclusion of this work is that it is not worth implementing innovation solely inside a company ́s own activities, but opening the innovation process for the whole network of a supply chain is crucial. The methods presented in this work could be mainly applied in forest biomass supply chain innovation. The work enhanced the knowledge of innovation usage for forest biomass supply chains.
{"title":"Added-value innovation of forest biomass supply chains","authors":"K. Karttunen","doi":"10.14214/DF.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.186","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was to study how process innovation can be applied in forest biomass supply chains for reducing costs to add value compared to traditional supply chains. The work consisted of four articles using alternative data and a variety of methods. The process innovation of forest biomass supply chains contains several possibilities. There is a need to identify which processes should be renewed incrementally or completely. The main innovation types determined by the case articles were divided into incremental, radical and network innovation. Achieving cost reduction was possible by innovating traditional forest biomass supply chain processes in a novel way in all cases. The case of network innovation however, presenting the co-operation of an entire supply chain with stakeholders by linking forest management and logistics business systems together in process innovation, provided the highest cost reduction, which can be seen as added value. This is because network innovation includes several structural holes with close connections between processes and systems that offer the possibility of finding more cost reduction potential for the entire supply chain. The main conclusion of this work is that it is not worth implementing innovation solely inside a company ́s own activities, but opening the innovation process for the whole network of a supply chain is crucial. The methods presented in this work could be mainly applied in forest biomass supply chain innovation. The work enhanced the knowledge of innovation usage for forest biomass supply chains.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125184880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Knowledge of the quantity of belowground litter carbon (C) input is scarce but highly valued in C budget calculations. Specifically, the turnover rate of fine roots is considered as one of the most important parameters in the estimation of changes in soil C stock. In this thesis Norway spruce (Picea abies L. (Karst.)) fine root lifespan and litter production were studied and their responses to nutrient availability and temperature were examined. Aboveground foliage and understory litter C inputs were also quantified. Furthermore, fine root isotopic C ages were compared to fine root lifespans. Increased nutrient availability and higher temperature shortened spruce fine root lifespan both in the manipulation treatments and along a latitude gradient. Fertilization improved tree growth and the absolute amount of litter production, both belowand aboveground. Soil warming, by contrast, increased the belowground litter production in relation to aboveground foliage litterfall but did not lead to long-term increases in aboveground tree growth. In warmed soil, the changes in spruce short root morphology indicated nutrient deficiency. The results indicated that in nutrient limited forests climate warming is unlikely to increase the aboveground tree growth in the long-term. Fine root litter C input into the soil in relation to the aboveground litter C input was higher towards lower fertility, due particularly to the greater contribution of understory vegetation. The structural 14 C age of fine roots was consistently 3 6 years older than fine root lifespan determined with the minirhizotron method indicating that root growth may use also use stored or recycled C. In almost all stands, fine root litter C input into the soil at least equalled the aboveground input, which confirms the significance of belowground litter production in the boreal forest C cycle. The importance of understory vegetation was also significant. In addition on understory vegetation, different stand age and tree species, more studies should also focus on the shift in the litter production pattern from aboveto belowground along environmental change as this may have an impact on litter C quality and soil C storage in boreal forest soils.
对地下凋落物碳(C)输入量的了解很少，但在碳预算计算中很有价值。其中，细根周转率被认为是估算土壤碳储量变化最重要的参数之一。以挪威云杉(Picea abies L. (Karst.))为研究对象，研究了其细根寿命和凋落物产量及其对养分有效性和温度的响应。地上落叶和林下凋落物C输入量也被量化。此外，细根同位素C年龄与细根寿命进行了比较。在不同纬度梯度和不同处理下，养分有效性的提高和温度的升高缩短了云杉细根的寿命。施肥改善了树木的生长和地上和地下凋落物的绝对数量。相比之下，土壤变暖增加了地上落叶凋落物的地下凋落物产量，但没有导致地上树木生长的长期增加。在温暖土壤中，云杉短根形态的变化表明养分缺乏。结果表明，在营养有限的森林中，气候变暖不太可能长期促进地上树木的生长。细根凋落物对土壤的碳输入相对于地上凋落物对低肥力的碳输入更高，特别是由于林下植被的贡献更大。细根的结构碳年龄始终比用微氮化法测定的细根寿命大36年，这表明根系生长既可以利用储存的碳，也可以利用回收的碳。在几乎所有林分中，细根凋落物向土壤的碳输入至少等于地上的碳输入，这证实了地下凋落物生产在北方森林碳循环中的重要性。林下植被的重要性也显著。除了对林下植被、不同林龄和不同树种的凋落物生产模式，还应更多地关注随环境变化从地上到地下的变化，因为这可能影响凋落物C质量和土壤C储量。
{"title":"Norway spruce fine root dynamics and carbon input into soil in relation to environmental factors","authors":"J. Leppälammi-Kujansuu","doi":"10.14214/DF.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.183","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of the quantity of belowground litter carbon (C) input is scarce but highly valued in C budget calculations. Specifically, the turnover rate of fine roots is considered as one of the most important parameters in the estimation of changes in soil C stock. In this thesis Norway spruce (Picea abies L. (Karst.)) fine root lifespan and litter production were studied and their responses to nutrient availability and temperature were examined. Aboveground foliage and understory litter C inputs were also quantified. Furthermore, fine root isotopic C ages were compared to fine root lifespans. Increased nutrient availability and higher temperature shortened spruce fine root lifespan both in the manipulation treatments and along a latitude gradient. Fertilization improved tree growth and the absolute amount of litter production, both belowand aboveground. Soil warming, by contrast, increased the belowground litter production in relation to aboveground foliage litterfall but did not lead to long-term increases in aboveground tree growth. In warmed soil, the changes in spruce short root morphology indicated nutrient deficiency. The results indicated that in nutrient limited forests climate warming is unlikely to increase the aboveground tree growth in the long-term. Fine root litter C input into the soil in relation to the aboveground litter C input was higher towards lower fertility, due particularly to the greater contribution of understory vegetation. The structural 14 C age of fine roots was consistently 3 6 years older than fine root lifespan determined with the minirhizotron method indicating that root growth may use also use stored or recycled C. In almost all stands, fine root litter C input into the soil at least equalled the aboveground input, which confirms the significance of belowground litter production in the boreal forest C cycle. The importance of understory vegetation was also significant. In addition on understory vegetation, different stand age and tree species, more studies should also focus on the shift in the litter production pattern from aboveto belowground along environmental change as this may have an impact on litter C quality and soil C storage in boreal forest soils.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117136795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With far-reaching impacts of economic globalization, the internationalization process of the forest industry has been accelerated. Particularly since the 1990s, internationalization has progressed intensively through industry consolidation and production relocation. Within the wood and wood products sector, for example, world inward foreign direct investment (FDI) stocks increased from 20 billion US dollars in 1990 to more than 120 billion US dollars in 2011. Forest industry firms have geographically shifted their operations from traditional production bases in developed countries to emerging Asian and Latin American countries. The share of FDI flows into developing and transition economies has grown from 18.8% in 1990–1992 to 73% in 2009–2011. The internationalization process of the forest industry has induced multifaceted concerns from economic, strategic, and environmental perspectives at both country and corporate level. However, the actual consequences of such expansion are still largely unknown. It is therefore important to study the current status of the forest industry’s internationalization process and to explore drivers and goals of this process. The theoretical background of this thesis is mainly based on the internationalization and FDI theories portrayed in international business literature. A systematic literature review, a qualitative case study and cross-sectional regression analysis have been applied methodologically. China is used as an example in two of the empirical studies, as it is the most attractive FDI destination in the global forest sector. This thesis conceptually depicts a framework of the systematic internationalization process of the forest industry. Empirically, three themes are identified as focal topics; namely corporate financial performance, corporate sustainability, and corporate entry mode choice. Managerial implications derived from this thesis indicate that (1) firms could aim for either internationalized or domesticoriented operational strategies to pursue higher financial performance; (2) firms should implement social and environmental assessment to maintain sustainable overseas operations; and (3) firms ought to accumulate operational experience and familiarity with local culture before investing in a wholly owned subsidiary. In general, this thesis concludes that internationalization is a dynamic process of pursuing sustainable development to tackle physical forest resource constraints, socio-economic challenges, and corporate operational risks at the global operations scale. Topics related to the analysis of new innovative products, collaboration with supporting industries, and the consideration of sustainability as corporate core competitive advantages are worthy of future research aiming to analyze the further internationalization process of the forest industry.
{"title":"Internationalization of the forest industry: A corporate-level analysis","authors":"Yijing Zhang","doi":"10.14214/DF.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14214/DF.180","url":null,"abstract":"With far-reaching impacts of economic globalization, the internationalization process of the forest industry has been accelerated. Particularly since the 1990s, internationalization has progressed intensively through industry consolidation and production relocation. Within the wood and wood products sector, for example, world inward foreign direct investment (FDI) stocks increased from 20 billion US dollars in 1990 to more than 120 billion US dollars in 2011. Forest industry firms have geographically shifted their operations from traditional production bases in developed countries to emerging Asian and Latin American countries. The share of FDI flows into developing and transition economies has grown from 18.8% in 1990–1992 to 73% in 2009–2011. The internationalization process of the forest industry has induced multifaceted concerns from economic, strategic, and environmental perspectives at both country and corporate level. However, the actual consequences of such expansion are still largely unknown. It is therefore important to study the current status of the forest industry’s internationalization process and to explore drivers and goals of this process. The theoretical background of this thesis is mainly based on the internationalization and FDI theories portrayed in international business literature. A systematic literature review, a qualitative case study and cross-sectional regression analysis have been applied methodologically. China is used as an example in two of the empirical studies, as it is the most attractive FDI destination in the global forest sector. This thesis conceptually depicts a framework of the systematic internationalization process of the forest industry. Empirically, three themes are identified as focal topics; namely corporate financial performance, corporate sustainability, and corporate entry mode choice. Managerial implications derived from this thesis indicate that (1) firms could aim for either internationalized or domesticoriented operational strategies to pursue higher financial performance; (2) firms should implement social and environmental assessment to maintain sustainable overseas operations; and (3) firms ought to accumulate operational experience and familiarity with local culture before investing in a wholly owned subsidiary. In general, this thesis concludes that internationalization is a dynamic process of pursuing sustainable development to tackle physical forest resource constraints, socio-economic challenges, and corporate operational risks at the global operations scale. Topics related to the analysis of new innovative products, collaboration with supporting industries, and the consideration of sustainability as corporate core competitive advantages are worthy of future research aiming to analyze the further internationalization process of the forest industry.","PeriodicalId":375560,"journal":{"name":"Dissertationes Forestales","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128791998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：