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Popular and Scholarly Primordialism: The Politics of Ukrainian History during Russia's 2022 Invasion of Ukraine 大众与学术的原始主义:俄罗斯2022年入侵乌克兰期间的乌克兰历史政治
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.2478/jnmlp-2022-0008
Alexander Maxwell
Abstract While nationalism theorists have mostly rejected primordialism, politicians and the wider public typically have a primordialist and essentialist understanding of national history. On the eve of Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Vladimir Putin invoked several primordialist tropes so as to justify military action, which is unsurprising in a politician. Yet Western scholars criticizing Putin's historical narratives in newspaper editorials or in scholarly talks posted to YouTube only rarely suggest modernist or social constructivist historical narratives. Several posit counter-primordialisms instead. Primordialism, then, enjoys more support than is widely realized, even among scholars who ought to be familiar with its problems. Meanwhile modernist theorists of nationalism, however popular among nationalism theorists, require more vigorous promotion in academic circles.
虽然民族主义理论家大多反对原始主义,但政治家和广大公众对民族历史的理解通常是原始主义和本质主义的。在俄罗斯2022年入侵乌克兰前夕,弗拉基米尔•普京(Vladimir Putin)援引了几个原始主义的比喻,为军事行动辩护,这在政治家身上并不奇怪。然而,西方学者在报纸社论或发布在YouTube上的学术演讲中批评普京的历史叙事,却很少提到现代主义或社会建构主义的历史叙事。相反,有几个假定了反原始主义。因此,原始论得到的支持比人们普遍认识到的要多,甚至在那些应该熟悉原始论问题的学者中也是如此。与此同时,现代主义的民族主义理论虽然在民族主义理论家中颇受欢迎,但在学术界仍需大力推广。
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引用次数: 1
The Dangerous Discourse of “Us” vs. “Them:” Spain's VOX Discursive Practices “我们”与“他们”的危险话语:西班牙的VOX话语实践
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2478/jnmlp-2022-0005
Francisco Navarro, Aiden Yeh
Abstract Since the entry of the far-right party VOX into the Spanish government administrations in 2018, Spain's political scene has gone through a deep transformation. The disparity in opinions among the different parties concerning migration seems to tear the country's democratic foundation apart. This paper is a study of the language and discursive strategies used by VOX's leader, Santiago Abascal, articulating the party's populist propaganda for a united country to “make Spain great again.” The analysis was grounded on the theoretical underpinnings of Wodak's (2001) discursive strategies and Van Dijk's (1993) “Us” vs. “Them” framework. The data were based on Abascal's closing political campaign speech during the Madridlenian elections, which was televised in May 2021. The 30-minute video recording was transcribed, annotated, coded, and analyzed. The findings suggest a pattern of discursive practices aimed at diminishing other political parties and their representatives, vilify immigrants, and impugn government measures that were against VOX's authoritarian conservatism and nationalism. There was a predominant use of predication strategies to positively present VOX while denigrating its political rivals. Referential/nomination strategies were also used to divide the society between in-groups and out-groups. Strongly embedded in these strategies were perlocutionary acts used to incite hate toward the out-groups and evoke fear and anxiety toward the in-group, strategically employed as tools to gain votes in the elections.
自极右翼政党VOX于2018年进入西班牙政府以来,西班牙的政治舞台经历了深刻的变革。不同党派在移民问题上的意见分歧似乎正在撕裂这个国家的民主基础。这篇论文是对VOX领导人圣地亚哥·阿巴斯卡尔(Santiago Abascal)使用的语言和话语策略的研究,他阐明了该党的民粹主义宣传,即一个统一的国家,“让西班牙再次伟大”。该分析以Wodak(2001)的话语策略和Van Dijk(1993)的“我们”与“他们”框架的理论基础为基础。这些数据是基于阿巴斯卡尔在2021年5月马德里选举期间的政治竞选演讲,该演讲在电视上播出。对30分钟的录像进行转录、注释、编码和分析。研究结果表明,一种旨在削弱其他政党及其代表、诋毁移民、抨击反对VOX威权主义保守主义和民族主义的政府措施的话语实践模式。主要使用预测策略来正面呈现VOX,同时诋毁其政治对手。参考/提名策略也被用来划分内群体和外群体。在这些策略中,深深嵌入的是言语行为,用来煽动对外部群体的仇恨,唤起对内部群体的恐惧和焦虑,战略性地用作在选举中获得选票的工具。
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引用次数: 2
The Basque Language (Euskera) As an Ideological Instrument in the Historical Construction of Basque Ethnic Identity 巴斯克语作为巴斯克民族认同历史建构中的意识形态工具
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2478/jnmlp-2022-0007
Francisco Javier Ullán de la Rosa
Abstract This paper analyzes how studies of a language and the language itself can be used as symbolic instruments to construct or support a differential ideological identity. The analyses of these studies have allowed us to undertake a sort of “archaeology” of the process of Basque ethnogenesis. All the authors instrumentalized philological studies as a way of expressing and claiming their ethnic identity, building their arguments on the basis of previous works (the “archaeological” layer being immediately underneath) at the same time that they reformulated them in order to better suit their specific conception of Basque identity as well as their particular sociopolitical interests. As if we were looking at a stratigraphic cut of an uninterrupted human settlement, the research unravels the existence of a narrative thread that, stratum upon stratum (that is, author upon author) connects the Basque chroniclers of the 16th to 18th centuries with the romantic fuerista writers of the 19th century, as well as Sabino de Arana-Goiri, the founder of the contemporary Basque Nationalist Party.
摘要本文分析了语言研究和语言本身如何作为符号工具来构建或支持一种差异的意识形态认同。对这些研究的分析使我们能够对巴斯克民族形成的过程进行某种“考古”。所有的作者都将语言学研究作为一种表达和主张其民族身份的方式,在先前作品的基础上建立他们的论点(“考古”层在其下方),同时他们重新制定这些研究,以便更好地适应他们对巴斯克身份的特定概念以及他们特定的社会政治利益。就好像我们在看一个不间断的人类居住的地层切面,这项研究揭示了一条叙事线索的存在,这条叙事线索层层相连(即作者与作者相连),将16至18世纪的巴斯克编年史家与19世纪的浪漫主义狂热作家,以及当代巴斯克民族主义党的创始人萨比诺·德·阿拉纳-戈里(Sabino de Arana-Goiri)联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Legal Performativity: Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in the Czech Republic 法律表演:承认在捷克共和国发生的亚美尼亚种族灭绝
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2478/jnmlp-2022-0006
Gor Vartazaryan
Abstract Research on the political aspect of the recognition of the Armenian genocide has mostly focused on the realpolitik and its impact in terms of legislation and relations between political actors. A new dimension in research regarding the Armenian genocide occurred by presenting legal performativity within memory laws in France and Germany. Here, I build on the understanding that performative analysis may help us uncover the deeper circumstances of the recognition of the Armenian genocide, going beyond the classical dichotomy—recognition/nonrecognition. The case of the Czech Republic revealed the problem in the division of executive power regarding foreign policy between the government and the president. Furthermore, the analysis revealed the parliamentary instruments legitimizing the recognition of the Armenian genocide.
关于承认亚美尼亚种族灭绝的政治方面的研究主要集中在现实政治及其在立法和政治行为者之间关系方面的影响。关于亚美尼亚种族灭绝的研究出现了一个新的维度,即在法国和德国的记忆法中提出法律行为。在这里,我建立在这样一种理解的基础上,即行为分析可以帮助我们揭示承认亚美尼亚种族灭绝的更深层次的情况,超越经典的二分法-承认/不承认。捷克共和国的例子揭示了政府和总统在外交政策方面行政权力分配的问题。此外,分析还揭示了使承认亚美尼亚种族灭绝合法化的议会文书。
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引用次数: 0
Turning Ukrainians into a separate nation 把乌克兰人变成一个独立的国家
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.2478/jnmlp-2022-0009
Domagoj Krpan
Abstract Ukraine's national identity was born out of historical events which impacted the regions in Ukraine differently. In western and central parts of Ukraine, the people tend to be more pro-Western, while in the eastern and southern parts of the country, the people are more pro-Russian. This difference emerged from two approaches to the Ukrainian identity. The pro-Western part of the country believes that they were a separate nation from the Russians and should break ties with Russia. The pro-Russian part believes that the Ukrainians and the Russians are the same nation or two brotherhood nations that should stand together against outside threats. This paper will analyze which key historical events were the roots of the Ukrainian national identity and where the differences between the regional approaches are laying. This difference between pro-Western and pro-Russian attitudes influenced the Ukrainian political landscape from its independence until 2014. After the Revolution of Dignity, the occupation of Crimea, and the war in Donbas, the political situation started to change towards more pro-Western policies. The invasion in 2022 could be the final nail in the coffin of the Ukrainian-Russian brotherhood, and it might erase the last difference between the two parts of Ukraine.
乌克兰的民族认同产生于对乌克兰各地区产生不同影响的历史事件。在乌克兰的西部和中部地区,人们倾向于更亲西方,而在该国的东部和南部地区,人们更亲俄罗斯。这种差异源于对待乌克兰身份的两种方式。该国亲西方的部分人认为,他们是一个独立于俄罗斯的国家,应该与俄罗斯断绝关系。亲俄派认为,乌克兰人和俄罗斯人是同一个国家,或者是两个兄弟国家,应该站在一起对抗外部威胁。本文将分析哪些关键的历史事件是乌克兰民族认同的根源,以及区域方法之间的差异在哪里。亲西方和亲俄罗斯态度的差异影响了乌克兰从独立到2014年的政治格局。在尊严革命、克里米亚被占领和顿巴斯战争之后,政治局势开始向更亲西方的政策转变。2022年的入侵可能是乌克兰-俄罗斯兄弟情谊棺材上的最后一颗钉子,它可能会抹去乌克兰两个部分之间的最后区别。
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引用次数: 0
“They Are Khawārij of Our Time:” Relying on Background Knowledge and Long-Term Memory to Justify Fighting ISIS in Jordanian Political Discourse “他们是我们时代的Khawārij:”依靠背景知识和长期记忆来证明在约旦政治话语中打击ISIS是合理的
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jnmlp-2022-0004
Ahmad El-Sharif
Abstract This study focuses on a discourse practice that metaphorically associates ISIS with an early Islamic sect known as the Kharijites. This practice constructs a discourse that calls back the background knowledge and memory of historical narratives and experiences that create conceptual frames that communicate meanings of war and atrocities. These meanings were used by King Abdullah II of Jordan to justify Jordan’s military participation against ISIS (circa 2014–2018). On the basis of the “blending theory” of conceptual metaphor, this study shows how the discourse practice of depicting ISIS as the Kharijites has undergone selective associations with the ideological aim of constructing persuasive and coercive discourses to justify military intervention against ISIS, primarily by foregrounding scripts of threat and victimization. That, in turn, leads to the instigation of illusive and incomplete associations.
摘要:本研究关注的是一种将ISIS与早期伊斯兰教派哈里吉特(Kharijites)隐喻性地联系起来的话语实践。这种实践构建了一种话语,它唤起了历史叙事和经验的背景知识和记忆,这些知识和记忆创造了传达战争和暴行意义的概念框架。约旦国王阿卜杜拉二世(King Abdullah II)曾用这些含义来为约旦军事参与打击ISIS辩护(大约在2014-2018年)。在概念隐喻的“混合理论”的基础上,本研究揭示了将ISIS描述为哈里吉特的话语实践如何与构建具有说服力和强制性的话语以证明对ISIS的军事干预是合理的意识形态目标有选择性地联系在一起,主要是通过突出威胁和受害的脚本。这反过来又会引发虚幻和不完整的联想。
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引用次数: 0
Defining National Memories: The Cases of Popular Rebellions in Ireland and Québec 定义民族记忆:爱尔兰和quacimbec的民众叛乱案例
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.2478/jnmlp-2022-0003
C. Davis
Abstract While studies on nations and nationalism have brilliantly demonstrated the influence of collective memory on national development, few studies have examined the reciprocity of this relationship. This article is therefore concerned with the laborious processes of memorizing the founding myths of both the Irish and Québécois nations. Indeed, while today the rebellion of 1798 in Ireland and those of 1837–1838 in Québec are central to their respective processes of identity-building, it has not been a calm process; the 1798 rebellion was buried in collective amnesia for almost a century and in Québec, the Patriotes rebellions have constantly moved in and out of collective memory. I argue, in this article, that the unstable definition of both nations harmed the process of remembrance. I am therefore interested in the long and conflicting journey that has enabled the Irish and Québécois nations to define themselves, respectively, by their religion and their language. Through a historiographical analysis of the speeches from several leaders of these two nationalist movements, this article shows how nations define and redefine themselves and how memories are also altered to meet those changes.
虽然关于国家和民族主义的研究出色地证明了集体记忆对国家发展的影响,但很少有研究考察这种关系的互惠性。因此,本文关注的是记忆爱尔兰和quacimbsamcois两国建国神话的艰难过程。事实上,尽管今天1798年的爱尔兰叛乱和1837年至1838年的魁梅塞克叛乱是他们各自身份建构过程的核心,但这并不是一个平静的过程;1798年的叛乱被集体遗忘了近一个世纪,而在quacimbec,爱国者党叛乱不断地在集体记忆中进进出出。在这篇文章中,我认为这两个国家不稳定的定义损害了纪念的过程。因此,我感兴趣的是使爱尔兰和quacimbassicois两国能够分别以其宗教和语言来定义自己的漫长和相互冲突的旅程。通过对这两个民族主义运动的几位领导人的演讲进行史学分析,本文展示了民族如何定义和重新定义自己,以及记忆如何被改变以适应这些变化。
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引用次数: 0
Renarrating the “western territories:” training programs for college students in China’s Far West 重塑“西部疆域”:中国西部地区大学生培训项目
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.2478/jnmlp-2022-0002
Alessandra Cappelletti
Abstract This paper shows how history is rewritten in China by shaping the memories of its youth, who create new communities by sharing and renarrating new memories. They can become a powerful channel to convey an official interpretation of local histories to a larger public, by marginalizing and appropriating local narratives. The idea behind the program for voluntary narrators under analysis “Explaining Dunhuang – 2019 University students’ summer programme to become voluntary narrator at Mogao grottoes”. The original name of the program in Chinese is Jieshuo Dunhuang – 2019 Mogao ku gaoxiao shuqi zhiyuan jiangjieyuan 解说敦煌·2019莫高窟高校暑期志愿讲解员. is to shape memories of China’s young and wealthy students about a place, by transforming its rich cross-cultural fundamentals, symbolic and inner meanings, into a representation of the Nation, able to convey powerful declinations of official narratives on the history of China. The analysis is conducted in consideration of the larger context of the construction and transmission of the official discourse on national identity in contemporary PRC. Specifically, the author provides evidence of how young Chinese internalize and disseminate the party line on Chineseness, and the subordinate role assigned within this process to “minorities.” Minorities are seen both as a threat and an opportunity: a threat to the Party and social cohesion as carriers of diverse identities, an opportunity for contrasting Chineseness with the Other, a backward entity, inadequate and unable to embrace—if not help—the path to modernity.
摘要:本文展示了中国是如何通过塑造年轻人的记忆来改写历史的,年轻人通过分享和重新描述新的记忆来创建新的社区。它们可以成为一个强大的渠道,通过边缘化和挪用当地叙事,向更大的公众传达官方对当地历史的解释。“解读敦煌——2019大学生暑期莫高窟志愿解说员”项目背后的理念正在分析中。节目的中文原名为《解琐敦煌- 2019莫高库高小书气知远江结园》。是通过将一个地方丰富的跨文化基础、象征意义和内在意义转化为一个国家的代表,从而塑造中国年轻而富有的学生对这个地方的记忆,能够传达对中国历史官方叙述的强烈抵制。这一分析是在当代中国国家认同官方话语建构和传播的大背景下进行的。具体来说,作者提供了证据,证明中国年轻人如何内化和传播党的中国路线,以及在这个过程中“少数民族”的从属地位。少数民族既被视为威胁,也被视为机遇:作为不同身份的载体,它对党和社会凝聚力构成威胁,是中国与他者对比的机会,是一个落后的实体,不充分也无法拥抱——如果不是帮助——现代化之路。
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引用次数: 0
Neither Civic nor Ethnic: Analyzing Right-Wing Politics Using a Theoretical Expansion of Kohn's “Dichotomy of Nationalism” 既非公民也非民族:从科恩“民族主义二分法”的理论拓展分析右翼政治
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-02-27 DOI: 10.2478/jnmlp-2022-0001
Matteo Iddo Cohen
Abstract Comparative research looks for “ethnic nationalism” to classify a party as either “extreme right” or “radical right.” “Ethnic nationalism” has turned into a common theoretical concept by way of various interpretations of Hans Kohn's work, developing a theoretical ethnic/civic contrast of national ideologies. The application of this dichotomy has been criticized for lack of theoretical depth that resulted in inaccurate analysis and, in some cases, harmful normative judgment. This article claims that this simple contrast between two types of national ideology omits complex theoretical views of nationalism that are neither civic nor ethnic, which are promoted mainly by the conservative right. By expanding Kohn's dichotomy into an “axis of ideological nationalism,” it offers a normative theoretical tool to be used in comparative politics, paving the way for a more comprehensive model of right-wing national ideology.
摘要比较研究寻求用“民族主义”来划分政党为“极右翼”或“激进右翼”。通过对汉斯·科恩作品的各种解读,“种族民族主义”已经成为一个共同的理论概念,形成了民族意识形态的理论种族/公民对比。这种二分法的应用被批评为缺乏理论深度,导致不准确的分析,在某些情况下,有害的规范性判断。本文认为,这两种民族意识形态之间的简单对比忽略了主要由保守右翼推动的既非公民也非种族的民族主义复杂理论观点。通过将科恩的二分法扩展为“意识形态民族主义轴心”,它为比较政治学提供了一个规范性的理论工具,为右翼民族意识形态的更全面的模型铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 1
The Politics of Identity and Regional Integration – Updating Global Perspectives 身份政治与区域一体化——更新的全球视角
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jnmlp-2021-0012
Manuel Montoya, Lucio Lanucara
Abstract Regional integration (RI) is an essential part of the discourse on the global economy, viewed often as a “stumbling block” or “building block.” However, little research exists that connects RI in the context of a politics of identity (PoI), which can be used to describe the evolving tensions between national sentiment and regional economic cooperation. This paper performs a Web of Science and Google Scholar review of 136 articles to determine how RI is discussed in the context of PoI. Our review demonstrated that the conceptual frameworks normally used to think about PoI are underexpressed in the context of RI. We discuss why this is the case and identify themes to illustrate the connection. We then suggest conceptual frameworks to enhance the discussion of PoI as it relates to RI, particularly as it relates to the teaching of RI across learning groups.
区域一体化(RI)是全球经济讨论的重要组成部分,经常被视为“绊脚石”或“基石”。然而,很少有研究将RI与身份政治(PoI)联系起来,这可以用来描述民族情绪与区域经济合作之间不断演变的紧张关系。本文对Web of Science和Google Scholar的136篇文章进行了回顾,以确定如何在PoI的背景下讨论RI。我们的回顾表明,通常用于思考PoI的概念框架在RI的背景下表达不足。我们将讨论为什么会出现这种情况,并确定主题来说明这种联系。然后,我们提出概念框架,以加强与国际扶轮相关的PoI讨论,特别是与跨学习小组的国际扶轮教学相关的PoI讨论。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Nationalism Memory and Language Politics
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