Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-1ds.en
D. Spaan, G. Ramos-Fernández, Martha Bonilla-Moheno, C. Schaffner, F. Aureli
{"title":"The impact of the establishment of Otoch Ma’ax Yetel Kooh protected area (Yucatán, Mexico) on populations of two neotropical primates","authors":"D. Spaan, G. Ramos-Fernández, Martha Bonilla-Moheno, C. Schaffner, F. Aureli","doi":"10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-1ds.en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-1ds.en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37571,"journal":{"name":"Parks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44025863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-1je.en
Juliana Echeverri, Alejandra Cely-Gómez, Noelia Zafra‐Calvo, Junner González, C. Matallana‐Tobón, M. Santamaría, Sandra Galán
Governance is a fundamental aspect and precondition for conservation strategies, such as protected areas or OECMs. A methodology for Site-level Assessment of Governance and Equity (SAGE) has been proposed by IUCN to explore different aspects of governance, based on ten principles. This article describes the application of SAGE to a candidate OECM for what we believe is the first time: the Andakí Municipal Natural Park in the Amazon region of Colombia. The application of SAGE generated useful insights into different aspects of governance, including the importance of good communication and recognising and respecting the rights and responsibilities of different actors. Based on this experience, we believe that the SAGE methodology could be a useful tool not only to identify priorities for improving governance, but also to assess governance and equity in order to evaluate if an area meets the criteria for an OECM – that it is governed and managed to achieve sustained and effective contributions to in situ conservation of biodiversity, associated ecosystem functions and services, and cultural, spiritual, socio-economic and other locally relevant values.
{"title":"Application of site-level assessment of governance and equity (SAGE) methodology to a candidate OECM: Andakí Municipal Natural Park, Caquetá, Colombia","authors":"Juliana Echeverri, Alejandra Cely-Gómez, Noelia Zafra‐Calvo, Junner González, C. Matallana‐Tobón, M. Santamaría, Sandra Galán","doi":"10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-1je.en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-1je.en","url":null,"abstract":"Governance is a fundamental aspect and precondition for conservation strategies, such as protected areas or OECMs. A methodology for Site-level Assessment of Governance and Equity (SAGE) has been proposed by IUCN to explore different aspects of governance, based on ten principles. This article describes the application of SAGE to a candidate OECM for what we believe is the first time: the Andakí Municipal Natural Park in the Amazon region of Colombia. The application of SAGE generated useful insights into different aspects of governance, including the importance of good communication and recognising and respecting the rights and responsibilities of different actors. Based on this experience, we believe that the SAGE methodology could be a useful tool not only to identify priorities for improving governance, but also to assess governance and equity in order to evaluate if an area meets the criteria for an OECM – that it is governed and managed to achieve sustained and effective contributions to in situ conservation of biodiversity, associated ecosystem functions and services, and cultural, spiritual, socio-economic and other locally relevant values.","PeriodicalId":37571,"journal":{"name":"Parks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45021764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-1jl.en
Jeremy Lin, A. Ormsby
{"title":"Evaluating the impact of volunteers serving public lands","authors":"Jeremy Lin, A. Ormsby","doi":"10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-1jl.en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-1jl.en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37571,"journal":{"name":"Parks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49480109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1HJ.EN
Harry D. Jonas, G. Ahmadia, H. Bingham, J. Briggs, D. Butchart, J. Cariño, O. Chassot, S. Chaudhary, E. Darling, A. DeGemmis, N. Dudley, J. Fa, J. Fitzsimons, S. Garnett, J. Geldmann, Rachel E. Golden Kroner, G. Gurney, A. Harrington, A. Himes‐Cornell, M. Hockings, H. Jonas, S. Jupiter, N. Kingston, E. Lee, S. Lieberman, S. Mangubhai, D. Marnewick, C. Matallana‐Tobón, S. Maxwell, F. Nelson, J. Parrish, R. Ranaivoson, M. Rao, M. Santamaría, O. Venter, P. Visconti, J. Waithaka, K. W. Painemilla, J. Watson, C. V. Weizsäcker
In 2018, the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted a decision on protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs). It contains the definition of an OECM and related scientific and technical advice that has broadened the scope of governance authorities and areas that can be engaged and recognised in global conservation efforts. The voluntary guidance on OECMs and protected areas, also included in the decision, promotes the use of diverse, effective and equitable governance models, the integration of protected areas and OECMs into wider landscapes and seascapes, and mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation across sectors. Taken as a whole, the advice and voluntary guidance provides further clarity about the CBD Parties’ understanding of what constitutes equitable and effective area-based conservation measures within and beyond protected areas and provides standardised criteria with which to measure and report areas’ attributes and performance. This policy perspective suggests that this CBD decision represents further evidence of the evolution from the ‘new paradigm for protected areas’ to a broader ‘conserved areas paradigm’ that embodies good governance, equity and effective conservation outcomes and is inclusive of a diversity of contributions to conservation within and beyond protected areas.
{"title":"Equitable and effective area-based conservation: towards the conserved areas paradigm","authors":"Harry D. Jonas, G. Ahmadia, H. Bingham, J. Briggs, D. Butchart, J. Cariño, O. Chassot, S. Chaudhary, E. Darling, A. DeGemmis, N. Dudley, J. Fa, J. Fitzsimons, S. Garnett, J. Geldmann, Rachel E. Golden Kroner, G. Gurney, A. Harrington, A. Himes‐Cornell, M. Hockings, H. Jonas, S. Jupiter, N. Kingston, E. Lee, S. Lieberman, S. Mangubhai, D. Marnewick, C. Matallana‐Tobón, S. Maxwell, F. Nelson, J. Parrish, R. Ranaivoson, M. Rao, M. Santamaría, O. Venter, P. Visconti, J. Waithaka, K. W. Painemilla, J. Watson, C. V. Weizsäcker","doi":"10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1HJ.EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1HJ.EN","url":null,"abstract":"In 2018, the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted a decision on protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs). It contains the definition of an OECM and related scientific and technical advice that has broadened the scope of governance authorities and areas that can be engaged and recognised in global conservation efforts. The voluntary guidance on OECMs and protected areas, also included in the decision, promotes the use of diverse, effective and equitable governance models, the integration of protected areas and OECMs into wider landscapes and seascapes, and mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation across sectors. Taken as a whole, the advice and voluntary guidance provides further clarity about the CBD Parties’ understanding of what constitutes equitable and effective area-based conservation measures within and beyond protected areas and provides standardised criteria with which to measure and report areas’ attributes and performance. This policy perspective suggests that this CBD decision represents further evidence of the evolution from the ‘new paradigm for protected areas’ to a broader ‘conserved areas paradigm’ that embodies good governance, equity and effective conservation outcomes and is inclusive of a diversity of contributions to conservation within and beyond protected areas.","PeriodicalId":37571,"journal":{"name":"Parks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42448842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-11DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-SIOH.EN
Olivier Hymas, Bruna Rocha, N. Guerrero, Mauricio Torres, K. Ndong, Gretchen Walters
In many industrialised societies, the COVID-19 pandemic has been painted as an unprecedented moment caused by human abuse of nature. Responses to it have, in turn, temporarily slowed down human impacts upon nature. This has led to a rallying cry against human encroachment into what are claimed to be pristine wildernesses. Reflecting upon historic, archaeological and palaeoecological evidence relating to the impacts of past epidemics within a wider historical timeframe from Africa and South America, we show that though COVID-19 is a novel disease, the pandemic itself does not represent a novel event, since diseases brought by Europeans have previously decimated the peoples living in these areas. The ‘pristine wilderness’ is a myth, which falsely held that these places had always been empty of people, thus helping to legitimate the creation of protected areas, and their political control by both colonial and national administrations. We therefore question the assumption behind what has been termed the ‘anthropause’ – that the supposed reduction in anthropogenic activities caused by the current pandemic presents a new opportunity to study anthropogenic impacts on nature: numerous previous occasions exist where depopulation resulted in anthropauses. Such responses to COVID-19 suggest further interdisciplinarity is needed in the field of conservation, in spite of advances in this direction.
{"title":"There’s nothing new under the sun – lessons conservationists could learn from previous pandemics","authors":"Olivier Hymas, Bruna Rocha, N. Guerrero, Mauricio Torres, K. Ndong, Gretchen Walters","doi":"10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-SIOH.EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-SIOH.EN","url":null,"abstract":"In many industrialised societies, the COVID-19 pandemic has been painted as an unprecedented moment caused by human abuse of nature. Responses to it have, in turn, temporarily slowed down human impacts upon nature. This has led to a rallying cry against human encroachment into what are claimed to be pristine wildernesses. Reflecting upon historic, archaeological and palaeoecological evidence relating to the impacts of past epidemics within a wider historical timeframe from Africa and South America, we show that though COVID-19 is a novel disease, the pandemic itself does not represent a novel event, since diseases brought by Europeans have previously decimated the peoples living in these areas. The ‘pristine wilderness’ is a myth, which falsely held that these places had always been empty of people, thus helping to legitimate the creation of protected areas, and their political control by both colonial and national administrations. We therefore question the assumption behind what has been termed the ‘anthropause’ – that the supposed reduction in anthropogenic activities caused by the current pandemic presents a new opportunity to study anthropogenic impacts on nature: numerous previous occasions exist where depopulation resulted in anthropauses. Such responses to COVID-19 suggest further interdisciplinarity is needed in the field of conservation, in spite of advances in this direction.","PeriodicalId":37571,"journal":{"name":"Parks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45496815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Reaser, G. Tabor, Daniel J. Becker, P. Muruthi, A. Witt, S. Woodley, M. Ruiz‐Aravena, J. Patz, V. Hickey, P. Hudson, H. Locke, R. Plowright
Earth systems are under ever greater pressure from human population expansion and intensifying natural resource use. Consequently, novel micro-organisms that cause disease are emerging, dynamics of pathogens in wildlife are altered by land use change bringing wildlife and people in closer contact. We provide a brief overview of the processes governing ‘land use-induced spillover’, emphasising ecological conditions that foster ‘landscape immunity’ and reduce the likelihood of wildlife that host pathogens coming into contact with people. If ecosystems remain healthy, wildlife , and people are more likely to remain healthy too. We recommend practices to reduce the risk of future pandemics through protected and conserved area management. Our proposals reinforce existing conservation strategies while elevating biodiversity conservation as a priority health measure. Pandemic prevention requires that human health be regarded as an ecological service. We call on multi-lateral conservation frameworks to recognise that protected area managers are in the frontline of public health safety.
{"title":"Land use-induced spillover: priority actions for protected and conserved area managers","authors":"J. Reaser, G. Tabor, Daniel J. Becker, P. Muruthi, A. Witt, S. Woodley, M. Ruiz‐Aravena, J. Patz, V. Hickey, P. Hudson, H. Locke, R. Plowright","doi":"10.32942/osf.io/bmfhw","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32942/osf.io/bmfhw","url":null,"abstract":"Earth systems are under ever greater pressure from human population expansion and intensifying natural resource use. Consequently, novel micro-organisms that cause disease are emerging, dynamics of pathogens in wildlife are altered by land use change bringing wildlife and people in closer contact. We provide a brief overview of the processes governing ‘land use-induced spillover’, emphasising ecological conditions that foster ‘landscape immunity’ and reduce the likelihood of wildlife that host pathogens coming into contact with people. If ecosystems remain healthy, wildlife , and people are more likely to remain healthy too. We recommend practices to reduce the risk of future pandemics through protected and conserved area management. Our proposals reinforce existing conservation strategies while elevating biodiversity conservation as a priority health measure. Pandemic prevention requires that human health be regarded as an ecological service. We call on multi-lateral conservation frameworks to recognise that protected area managers are in the frontline of public health safety.","PeriodicalId":37571,"journal":{"name":"Parks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44088568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-06DOI: 10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.parks-26-1jo.en
James Omoding, Gretchen Walters, Salete Carvalho
Landscape approaches are intended to resolve conflicts and address land and resource scarcity and competition. Often guided by 10 principles, numerous examples exist in the field but remain poorly documented. As a result, it remains difficult to learn about their implementation. This paper provides an example of the implementation of a landscape approach in a protected area landscape. We ask: How were landscape approach principles used in the implementation? What were the challenges and opportunities of using the landscape approach? We focus on the Agoro-Agu Landscape in the East Acholi area of Uganda. We find that some principles were critical for guiding the process, while others were outcomes of the landscape approach. Challenges included inadequate data, difficulties in addressing multiple planning units, limited resources to implement multi-stakeholder workshops, and politicisation of some issues. Opportunities included the mainstreaming of agreed actions into strategies and plans, increased resident capacity, conflict resolution, and clarified roles and responsibilities. Based on this example, landscape approaches may be used in future governmental projects.
{"title":"Implementing a landscape approach in the Agoro‐Agu region of Uganda","authors":"James Omoding, Gretchen Walters, Salete Carvalho","doi":"10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.parks-26-1jo.en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.parks-26-1jo.en","url":null,"abstract":"Landscape approaches are intended to resolve conflicts and address land and resource scarcity and competition. Often guided by 10 principles, numerous examples exist in the field but remain poorly documented. As a result, it remains difficult to learn about their implementation. This paper provides an example of the implementation of a landscape approach in a protected area landscape. We ask: How were landscape approach principles used in the implementation? What were the challenges and opportunities of using the landscape approach? We focus on the Agoro-Agu Landscape in the East Acholi area of Uganda. We find that some principles were critical for guiding the process, while others were outcomes of the landscape approach. Challenges included inadequate data, difficulties in addressing multiple planning units, limited resources to implement multi-stakeholder workshops, and politicisation of some issues. Opportunities included the mainstreaming of agreed actions into strategies and plans, increased resident capacity, conflict resolution, and clarified roles and responsibilities. Based on this example, landscape approaches may be used in future governmental projects.","PeriodicalId":37571,"journal":{"name":"Parks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47766388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.PARKS-26-1MH.EN
M. Hockings, N. Dudley, Wendy A. Elliott, M. N. Ferreira, K. Mackinnon, M. Pasha, A. Phillips, S. Stolton, S. Woodley, M. Appleton, O. Chassot, J. Fitzsimons, Chris Galliers, Rachel E. Golden Kroner, J. Goodrich, Joan Hopkins, W. Jackson, Harry D. Jonas, B. Long, M. Mumba, J. Parrish, M. Paxton, Carol Phua, R. Plowright, M. Rao, K. Redford, John G. Robinson, C. Rodríguez, T. Sandwith, A. Spenceley, Candice M. D. Stevens, G. Tabor, S. Troëng, S. Willmore, Angela Yang
The COVID-19 pandemic is having a dramatic impact on the global community; on people’s lives and health, livelihoods, economies, and behaviours. Most zoonotic disease pandemics, including COVID-19, arise from the unsustainable exploitation of nature. This special editorial provides a snapshot of how protected and conserved areas around the world are being impacted by COVID-19. For many protected and conserved areas, negative impacts on management capacity, budgets and effectiveness are significant, as are impacts on the livelihoods of communities living in and around these areas. We provide a commentary on how effectively and equitably managed systems of protected and conserved areas can be part of a response to the pandemic that both lessens the chance of a recurrence of similar events and builds a more sustainable future for people and nature. We conclude the editorial with a Call for Action for the rescue, recovery, rebuilding and expansion of the global network of protected and conserved areas.
{"title":"Editorial Essay: COVID-19 and protected and conserved areas","authors":"M. Hockings, N. Dudley, Wendy A. Elliott, M. N. Ferreira, K. Mackinnon, M. Pasha, A. Phillips, S. Stolton, S. Woodley, M. Appleton, O. Chassot, J. Fitzsimons, Chris Galliers, Rachel E. Golden Kroner, J. Goodrich, Joan Hopkins, W. Jackson, Harry D. Jonas, B. Long, M. Mumba, J. Parrish, M. Paxton, Carol Phua, R. Plowright, M. Rao, K. Redford, John G. Robinson, C. Rodríguez, T. Sandwith, A. Spenceley, Candice M. D. Stevens, G. Tabor, S. Troëng, S. Willmore, Angela Yang","doi":"10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.PARKS-26-1MH.EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.PARKS-26-1MH.EN","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic is having a dramatic impact on the global community; on people’s lives and health, livelihoods, economies, and behaviours. Most zoonotic disease pandemics, including COVID-19, arise from the unsustainable exploitation of nature. This special editorial provides a snapshot of how protected and conserved areas around the world are being impacted by COVID-19. For many protected and conserved areas, negative impacts on management capacity, budgets and effectiveness are significant, as are impacts on the livelihoods of communities living in and around these areas. We provide a commentary on how effectively and equitably managed systems of protected and conserved areas can be part of a response to the pandemic that both lessens the chance of a recurrence of similar events and builds a more sustainable future for people and nature. We conclude the editorial with a Call for Action for the rescue, recovery, rebuilding and expansion of the global network of protected and conserved areas.","PeriodicalId":37571,"journal":{"name":"Parks","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42471916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-05DOI: 10.2305/iucn.ch.2019.parks-25-2mh.en
M. Hockings, J. Hardcastle, S. Woodley, T. Sandwith, Joanne R. Wilson, Marnie Bammert, Sandra Valenzuela, Béatrice Chataigner, Thierry Lefebvre, Fiona Leverington, N. Lopoukhine, K. MacKinnon, Julia Miranda Lodoño
{"title":"The IUCN Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas: Setting the standard for\u0000 effective conservation","authors":"M. Hockings, J. Hardcastle, S. Woodley, T. Sandwith, Joanne R. Wilson, Marnie Bammert, Sandra Valenzuela, Béatrice Chataigner, Thierry Lefebvre, Fiona Leverington, N. Lopoukhine, K. MacKinnon, Julia Miranda Lodoño","doi":"10.2305/iucn.ch.2019.parks-25-2mh.en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2019.parks-25-2mh.en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37571,"journal":{"name":"Parks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48874049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：