Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/14
Mirvari Gazanfarli
This study investigates the effects of tax reforms carried out by the state to maximize the economic and welfare benefits on the unemployment rate in Azerbaijan from 2000 to 2021. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) empirical model is developed to measure the relationship between unemployment level and major indicators characterizing tax reforms. Initial estimations consider this linkage in both the short-term and the long-run periods, however, further analysis shows that only short-run estimations are statistically significant. The empirical analysis proves that qualitative and quantitative variables that characterize tax reform significantly affect unemployment rate in the short term. Research findings suggest that higher tax burden and application of concessions (after a year) may cause increased unemployment, while implementation of numerous allowances and concessions (within the year), application of an automated tax information system, and changes in legislation can be effective in reducing unemployment in Azerbaijan.
{"title":"How tax reforms impact unemployment: Evidence from Azerbaijan","authors":"Mirvari Gazanfarli","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/14","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effects of tax reforms carried out by the state to maximize the economic and welfare benefits on the unemployment rate in Azerbaijan from 2000 to 2021. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) empirical model is developed to measure the relationship between unemployment level and major indicators characterizing tax reforms. Initial estimations consider this linkage in both the short-term and the long-run periods, however, further analysis shows that only short-run estimations are statistically significant. The empirical analysis proves that qualitative and quantitative variables that characterize tax reform significantly affect unemployment rate in the short term. Research findings suggest that higher tax burden and application of concessions (after a year) may cause increased unemployment, while implementation of numerous allowances and concessions (within the year), application of an automated tax information system, and changes in legislation can be effective in reducing unemployment in Azerbaijan.","PeriodicalId":37591,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Studies","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/11
Marek Potkány, Hussam Musa, Jarmila Schmidtová, Dagmar Bařinová
Controlling is perceived differently in practice and the range of practical tools often determines its essence. The aim of this study is to identify whether the performance indicator of manufacturing enterprises is a classifying factor in that involves the practical use of controlling. A total of 357 manufacturing enterprises were interviewed through a questionnaire by means of stratified sampling in 2021/22 and a Chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used to test the representativeness. Pearson's chi-square test, interval estimates of proportions, and z-test were used to test the hypotheses. The results revealed a significant dependence between the performance level of manufacturing enterprises measured by profit and the use of a wider range of controlling tools, as well as between the capital structure and the complexity of compiling a controlling report. The findings suggest that there are considerable gaps in the potential application of controlling in manufacturing enterprises, both in terms of the many controlling tools and in terms of using a higher level of the control function through controlling reports. Should these gaps be eliminated, the performance potential of enterprises would undoubtedly increase and overall decision-making would improved.
{"title":"How do high-performance manufacturing enterprises differ from others with respect to the essence and use of controlling?","authors":"Marek Potkány, Hussam Musa, Jarmila Schmidtová, Dagmar Bařinová","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/11","url":null,"abstract":"Controlling is perceived differently in practice and the range of practical tools often determines its essence. The aim of this study is to identify whether the performance indicator of manufacturing enterprises is a classifying factor in that involves the practical use of controlling. A total of 357 manufacturing enterprises were interviewed through a questionnaire by means of stratified sampling in 2021/22 and a Chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used to test the representativeness. Pearson's chi-square test, interval estimates of proportions, and z-test were used to test the hypotheses. The results revealed a significant dependence between the performance level of manufacturing enterprises measured by profit and the use of a wider range of controlling tools, as well as between the capital structure and the complexity of compiling a controlling report. The findings suggest that there are considerable gaps in the potential application of controlling in manufacturing enterprises, both in terms of the many controlling tools and in terms of using a higher level of the control function through controlling reports. Should these gaps be eliminated, the performance potential of enterprises would undoubtedly increase and overall decision-making would improved.","PeriodicalId":37591,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Studies","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/4
Péter Kovács, Gábor Bodnár, Imre Lengyel
The divide between the eastern and western parts of the European Union has been widely discussed. However, significant territorial differences are undoubtedly present even within the narrower eastern region of the EU. This study focuses on the competitiveness of regions in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The analysis relies on the pyramid model, the theoretical background of which provides the basis for investigating the factors affecting the competitiveness of the 51 NUTS 2 regions across six CEE countries. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) is applied to examine the relationships and effect mechanisms between the model’s factors (more specifically, between the latent variables representing the factors). We have adapted our general model to the so-called overperforming and underperforming regions described by Iammarino et al. (2019), exploring the connections of their competitiveness factors in this context. Research results reveal that the effect mechanisms observed between the above-mentioned regions are completely different. Various factors can be considered as either important or less decisive in terms of competitiveness development, which could have implications for regional policy moving forward.
{"title":"Relationships between factors of regional competitiveness in Central and Eastern Europe","authors":"Péter Kovács, Gábor Bodnár, Imre Lengyel","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/4","url":null,"abstract":"The divide between the eastern and western parts of the European Union has been widely discussed. However, significant territorial differences are undoubtedly present even within the narrower eastern region of the EU. This study focuses on the competitiveness of regions in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The analysis relies on the pyramid model, the theoretical background of which provides the basis for investigating the factors affecting the competitiveness of the 51 NUTS 2 regions across six CEE countries. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) is applied to examine the relationships and effect mechanisms between the model’s factors (more specifically, between the latent variables representing the factors). We have adapted our general model to the so-called overperforming and underperforming regions described by Iammarino et al. (2019), exploring the connections of their competitiveness factors in this context. Research results reveal that the effect mechanisms observed between the above-mentioned regions are completely different. Various factors can be considered as either important or less decisive in terms of competitiveness development, which could have implications for regional policy moving forward.","PeriodicalId":37591,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/10
Joanna Bednarz, Tomasz Konewka, Tomasz Czuba
The article emphasizes the fact that the perceived values, behaviour and attitude of consumers are among the key elements in the implementation of the electrification policy of the automotive industry in Europe. Customers’ perception differs on several European markets. In Poland, single studies on a small research sample have been carried out so far. The main aim of the paper is to discover the perceived value and intention of adopting EVs by consumers in Poland. The perceived values were divided into functional and non-technical values. The analysis also took into account the socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics of potential buyers and their intentions to adopt EVs. The main data for this study's analysis was obtained from 3,129 respondents. Both the PAPI (Paper and Pen Personal Interview) and CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) research methods were used. The results show that internal factors influencing consumers' decisions to buy an EV (such as charging time, driving range, EV price) are more important than external factors (e.g., fuel prices, consumer characteristics, charging networks, social visibility, and social norms).
{"title":"Perceived value and preferences of purchasing EVs","authors":"Joanna Bednarz, Tomasz Konewka, Tomasz Czuba","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/10","url":null,"abstract":"The article emphasizes the fact that the perceived values, behaviour and attitude of consumers are among the key elements in the implementation of the electrification policy of the automotive industry in Europe. Customers’ perception differs on several European markets. In Poland, single studies on a small research sample have been carried out so far. The main aim of the paper is to discover the perceived value and intention of adopting EVs by consumers in Poland. The perceived values were divided into functional and non-technical values. The analysis also took into account the socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics of potential buyers and their intentions to adopt EVs. The main data for this study's analysis was obtained from 3,129 respondents. Both the PAPI (Paper and Pen Personal Interview) and CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) research methods were used. The results show that internal factors influencing consumers' decisions to buy an EV (such as charging time, driving range, EV price) are more important than external factors (e.g., fuel prices, consumer characteristics, charging networks, social visibility, and social norms).","PeriodicalId":37591,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Studies","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with the topic of communication and trust in leadership which affect the success of cooperation and organizational performance. The paper summarizes the theoretical basis of trust and communication and examines what leaders must do to develop them and achieve the expected results and outcomes. The study focuses on Zenger and Folkman’s model related to the two aspects of leaders’ qualities: warmth and professional competence. The empirical analysis is conducted on a dataset obtained from a Hungarian nationwide omnibus study where 999 responses were collected. The methodology is based on the application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Binary Logistic Regression. The research confirmed that trust and communication are significant factors of leadership success, whereas warmth is measured to have twice as much importance as professional competence in building the former two. This is the first study where the Zenger and Folkman’s model is controlled in a Central and Eastern European country in the context of leaders and employees.
{"title":"Trust and communication in the context of leaders and employees","authors":"Gabriella Kuráth, Edit Bányai, Norbert Sipos, Tímea Venczel-Szakó, Márta Konczos-Szombathelyi","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/9","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the topic of communication and trust in leadership which affect the success of cooperation and organizational performance. The paper summarizes the theoretical basis of trust and communication and examines what leaders must do to develop them and achieve the expected results and outcomes. The study focuses on Zenger and Folkman’s model related to the two aspects of leaders’ qualities: warmth and professional competence. The empirical analysis is conducted on a dataset obtained from a Hungarian nationwide omnibus study where 999 responses were collected. The methodology is based on the application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Binary Logistic Regression. The research confirmed that trust and communication are significant factors of leadership success, whereas warmth is measured to have twice as much importance as professional competence in building the former two. This is the first study where the Zenger and Folkman’s model is controlled in a Central and Eastern European country in the context of leaders and employees.","PeriodicalId":37591,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/2
Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca, Lesław Markowski
This article makes a significant contribution to the existing body of research concerning the subjective evaluations of household financial conditions and the objective analysis of economic circumstances and savings potential within households. The study elucidates the intricate relationships between subjective assessments of household financial situations, broader economic conditions, price trends, and savings potential. Drawing upon data pertaining to households' self-assessments of their current and future financial outlook, this paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of disparities across several European nations. The initial cross-sectional survey study encompassed all member countries of the European Union and Great Britain. The study spanned a timeframe of 32 months, from January 2018 to August 2020, divided into two distinct sub-periods: one preceding the onset of the pandemic and the other during its occurrence. Employing panel models, this research identifies factors significantly influencing subjective evaluations of household financial well-being. The estimations of model parameters during the pandemic period revealed noteworthy trends: assessments of household finances exhibited considerably greater consistency than those observed in the pre-pandemic era. Across both sub-periods, the findings consistently underscored a significant and positive correlation between the evaluation of the overall economic situation within the country and the potential for savings and the subjective assessment of household financial conditions. However, the findings from the pandemic period failed to corroborate a substantial link between assessments of past and future price trends and their impact on household financial evaluations. Furthermore, the regression coefficients within the models describing future financial evaluations demonstrated a pronounced increase when considering the dependent variable as the financial assessment of the preceding year. Given that household opinions hold paramount importance as target variables for economic policies, the investigation into the ramifications of subjective evaluations of household financial situations remains particularly pertinent. These evaluations can exert both direct influence, such as on household welfare, and indirect effects by guiding the formulation of pertinent financial instruments by institutions within the financial sector.
{"title":"Analysing the financial landscape of European households: Insights from panel data","authors":"Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca, Lesław Markowski","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/2","url":null,"abstract":"This article makes a significant contribution to the existing body of research concerning the subjective evaluations of household financial conditions and the objective analysis of economic circumstances and savings potential within households. The study elucidates the intricate relationships between subjective assessments of household financial situations, broader economic conditions, price trends, and savings potential. Drawing upon data pertaining to households' self-assessments of their current and future financial outlook, this paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of disparities across several European nations. The initial cross-sectional survey study encompassed all member countries of the European Union and Great Britain. The study spanned a timeframe of 32 months, from January 2018 to August 2020, divided into two distinct sub-periods: one preceding the onset of the pandemic and the other during its occurrence. Employing panel models, this research identifies factors significantly influencing subjective evaluations of household financial well-being. The estimations of model parameters during the pandemic period revealed noteworthy trends: assessments of household finances exhibited considerably greater consistency than those observed in the pre-pandemic era. Across both sub-periods, the findings consistently underscored a significant and positive correlation between the evaluation of the overall economic situation within the country and the potential for savings and the subjective assessment of household financial conditions. However, the findings from the pandemic period failed to corroborate a substantial link between assessments of past and future price trends and their impact on household financial evaluations. Furthermore, the regression coefficients within the models describing future financial evaluations demonstrated a pronounced increase when considering the dependent variable as the financial assessment of the preceding year. Given that household opinions hold paramount importance as target variables for economic policies, the investigation into the ramifications of subjective evaluations of household financial situations remains particularly pertinent. These evaluations can exert both direct influence, such as on household welfare, and indirect effects by guiding the formulation of pertinent financial instruments by institutions within the financial sector.","PeriodicalId":37591,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lately, there has been a rising awareness of the significance of becoming green and applying different environmental management strategies within the corporate community. This paper endeavours to explore the adoption of Green HRM practices by managers in Patan Industrial Estate. This study addresses the importance of knowledge development in relation to HRM practices and employee behavior. The goal is to see how Green HRM influences EGB in Patan Industrial Estate through mediation of managers' environmental knowledge. Exploratory research design was chosen as the primary study paradigm to determine the truth. The data was evaluated quantitatively by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The associations between the 113 replies were analyzed using SEM. According to the findings of the study, environmental knowledge does not operate as a facilitator between Green HRM and EGB. This result is also theoretically significant in terms of the AMO theory. However, Green HRM is an emerging concept that deserves more attention. Employees and organizations must make even more changes to ensure that greening processes are implemented in all of their activities. General recommendations for successful implementation of Green HRM practices include revising the vision, mission and organization policies of an organization, ensuring its ISO certification, advancement of technologies, and enhancing GHRM practices by providing training and empowering employees, as well as participating in proactive government initiatives.
{"title":"Influence of green human resource management on employees’ behavior through mediation of environmental knowledge of managers","authors":"Ujjwal Bhattarai, Agnieszka Lopatka, Niranjan Devkota, Udaya Raj Paudel, Péter Németh","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/3","url":null,"abstract":"Lately, there has been a rising awareness of the significance of becoming green and applying different environmental management strategies within the corporate community. This paper endeavours to explore the adoption of Green HRM practices by managers in Patan Industrial Estate. This study addresses the importance of knowledge development in relation to HRM practices and employee behavior. The goal is to see how Green HRM influences EGB in Patan Industrial Estate through mediation of managers' environmental knowledge. Exploratory research design was chosen as the primary study paradigm to determine the truth. The data was evaluated quantitatively by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The associations between the 113 replies were analyzed using SEM. According to the findings of the study, environmental knowledge does not operate as a facilitator between Green HRM and EGB. This result is also theoretically significant in terms of the AMO theory. However, Green HRM is an emerging concept that deserves more attention. Employees and organizations must make even more changes to ensure that greening processes are implemented in all of their activities. General recommendations for successful implementation of Green HRM practices include revising the vision, mission and organization policies of an organization, ensuring its ISO certification, advancement of technologies, and enhancing GHRM practices by providing training and empowering employees, as well as participating in proactive government initiatives.","PeriodicalId":37591,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Studies","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/8
Aknur Zhidebekkyzy, Aisulu Moldabekova, Birganym Amangeldiyeva, Petra Šanova
The development of circular economy entails systemic changes at various levels involving all stakeholders. Stakeholders play a crucial role in creating and ensuring the necessary conditions for the establishment and thriving of the circular economy. They set the primary direction for and act as the driving force behind sustainable development. In this regard, this study aimed to determine the readiness of stakeholders for the formation and development of the circular economy in Kazakhstan. An expert survey was conducted among representatives of business, academia and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The survey involved 54 experts, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS 25 software. The analytical findings underscore that the sector of science and education manifests the highest state of readiness among stakeholder segments. Conversely, sectors encompassing society, consumers, governmental bodies, and financial institutions demonstrate relatively modest levels of preparedness. Furthermore, this study delved into distinct statistical variances across stakeholder readiness levels and proffered targeted recommendations aimed at mitigating challenges hampering the establishment of a circular economy framework within Kazakhstan.
{"title":"Transition to a circular economy: Exploring stakeholder perspectives in Kazakhstan","authors":"Aknur Zhidebekkyzy, Aisulu Moldabekova, Birganym Amangeldiyeva, Petra Šanova","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/8","url":null,"abstract":"The development of circular economy entails systemic changes at various levels involving all stakeholders. Stakeholders play a crucial role in creating and ensuring the necessary conditions for the establishment and thriving of the circular economy. They set the primary direction for and act as the driving force behind sustainable development. In this regard, this study aimed to determine the readiness of stakeholders for the formation and development of the circular economy in Kazakhstan. An expert survey was conducted among representatives of business, academia and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The survey involved 54 experts, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS 25 software. The analytical findings underscore that the sector of science and education manifests the highest state of readiness among stakeholder segments. Conversely, sectors encompassing society, consumers, governmental bodies, and financial institutions demonstrate relatively modest levels of preparedness. Furthermore, this study delved into distinct statistical variances across stakeholder readiness levels and proffered targeted recommendations aimed at mitigating challenges hampering the establishment of a circular economy framework within Kazakhstan.","PeriodicalId":37591,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Studies","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/13
Alina Vysochyna, Wiesław Zawadzki, Serhiy Lyeonov, Attila Kovács
The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred transformations aimed at ensuring the effectiveness of the public health system and highlighted the need for a deeper study of the causal relationships between the parameters of healthcare system effectiveness and the national security. The aim of this study is to identify causal and temporal patterns in the impact of various types of healthcare expenditures on the components of national security. The study was conducted on a sample of 34 European countries for 2000-2021. In order to achieve the research objectives, integral indicators of economic, social, and environmental security were developed based on a complex combination of principal component analysis, Fishburn formula and additive convolution. Panel data regression modelling was employed to identify causal relationships between health care expenditures and those integral indicators. Finally, distributional-lag modelling (testing for the presence of a lag of up to 3 years) identified temporal patterns of the relationship between the indicators. Causal and temporal patterns of the relationship between health care expenditures and components of national security of the state were determined according to the modelling results.
{"title":"Public health and national security proxies: Case of European countries","authors":"Alina Vysochyna, Wiesław Zawadzki, Serhiy Lyeonov, Attila Kovács","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/13","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred transformations aimed at ensuring the effectiveness of the public health system and highlighted the need for a deeper study of the causal relationships between the parameters of healthcare system effectiveness and the national security. The aim of this study is to identify causal and temporal patterns in the impact of various types of healthcare expenditures on the components of national security. The study was conducted on a sample of 34 European countries for 2000-2021. In order to achieve the research objectives, integral indicators of economic, social, and environmental security were developed based on a complex combination of principal component analysis, Fishburn formula and additive convolution. Panel data regression modelling was employed to identify causal relationships between health care expenditures and those integral indicators. Finally, distributional-lag modelling (testing for the presence of a lag of up to 3 years) identified temporal patterns of the relationship between the indicators. Causal and temporal patterns of the relationship between health care expenditures and components of national security of the state were determined according to the modelling results.","PeriodicalId":37591,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/7
Teresa H. Bednarczyk, Anna Szymańska, Anna Ostrowska-Dankiewicz, Paulino Silva
Reduction of the public pension system generosity should encourage all future retirees to accumulate private retirement savings. They have many options in this area, both dedicated pension programs (pension pillars), and a whole range of financial market investment instruments (non-pillar solutions). The main objective of the paper was the empirical identification of factors that determine the level and propensity to save in the form of life insurance with insurance capital funds for retirement purposes by self-employed persons in Poland. The microeconomic perspective of considerations was adopted in the research process. On the basis of a review of economic literature, a set of individual characteristics that affect savings decisions of natural persons was distinguished, then an attempt was made to find out whether the same groups of factors also determined the individual decisions of self-employed persons regarding saving for retirement in the form of insurance capital funds. The following research hypothesis was verified: Ownership of retirement savings in the form of life insurance with insurance capital funds by self-employed natural persons in Poland is determined both by social and economic factors, and the impact of these factors varies. The empirical study showed that the accumulation of retirement savings by self-employed persons in the form of life insurance with insurance capital funds was the least important way to supplement the future pension from the public pillar. Self-employed persons are characterized by a relatively high propensity to save for retirement (higher than the average propensity to save in Poland), prefer non-pillar forms of collecting voluntary savings for retirement, primarily in the form of real estate. The strength of the social and economic factors varies.
{"title":"Life insurance with insurance capital funds as a form retirement savings: Determinants for the self-employed","authors":"Teresa H. Bednarczyk, Anna Szymańska, Anna Ostrowska-Dankiewicz, Paulino Silva","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-3/7","url":null,"abstract":"Reduction of the public pension system generosity should encourage all future retirees to accumulate private retirement savings. They have many options in this area, both dedicated pension programs (pension pillars), and a whole range of financial market investment instruments (non-pillar solutions). The main objective of the paper was the empirical identification of factors that determine the level and propensity to save in the form of life insurance with insurance capital funds for retirement purposes by self-employed persons in Poland. The microeconomic perspective of considerations was adopted in the research process. On the basis of a review of economic literature, a set of individual characteristics that affect savings decisions of natural persons was distinguished, then an attempt was made to find out whether the same groups of factors also determined the individual decisions of self-employed persons regarding saving for retirement in the form of insurance capital funds. The following research hypothesis was verified: Ownership of retirement savings in the form of life insurance with insurance capital funds by self-employed natural persons in Poland is determined both by social and economic factors, and the impact of these factors varies. The empirical study showed that the accumulation of retirement savings by self-employed persons in the form of life insurance with insurance capital funds was the least important way to supplement the future pension from the public pillar. Self-employed persons are characterized by a relatively high propensity to save for retirement (higher than the average propensity to save in Poland), prefer non-pillar forms of collecting voluntary savings for retirement, primarily in the form of real estate. The strength of the social and economic factors varies.","PeriodicalId":37591,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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