A study of the diversity of gill mushroom was carried out in the primary and secondary forests of Kedjom-keku montane forest, North West region, Cameroon. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative study of the specific diversity of fungi collected in these two forest types. Out of the two hundred and fifteen samples collected, there were strictly twenty-five species in the primary forests, twenty-one species in the secondary forests and fourteen species were common to both forests. In the primary forest, the most represented genera were Mycena, Crepidotus, Pluteus, Crinipellis and Agaricus, and the most abundant families were Mycenaceae, Agaricaceae, Marasmiaceae, Inocybaceae, Psathyrellaceae, while, the most represented genera in the secondary forest were Mycena, Gymnopus, Agaricus, Pluteus, Crepidotus and the most abundant families were Mycenaceae, Agaricaceae, Marasmiaceae, Psathyrelaceae and Omphalotaceae. In terms of ecology, 64% of the species was collected on wood, 40% from soil, 8% on wood and soil, 1% on litter and wood. All species collected were saprotrophs. The trend of this initial study showed that the primary forest had a higher biodiversity of agaric fungi though not significantly different from that of the secondary forest. This makes this forest ideal for the conservation of macrofungi.
{"title":"Diversity of agaricoid mushrooms in the Afromontane forests of Kedjom-Keku, North West Region, Cameroon","authors":"FS Fungwa","doi":"10.5943/cream/11/1/15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/15","url":null,"abstract":"A study of the diversity of gill mushroom was carried out in the primary and secondary forests of Kedjom-keku montane forest, North West region, Cameroon. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative study of the specific diversity of fungi collected in these two forest types. Out of the two hundred and fifteen samples collected, there were strictly twenty-five species in the primary forests, twenty-one species in the secondary forests and fourteen species were common to both forests. In the primary forest, the most represented genera were Mycena, Crepidotus, Pluteus, Crinipellis and Agaricus, and the most abundant families were Mycenaceae, Agaricaceae, Marasmiaceae, Inocybaceae, Psathyrellaceae, while, the most represented genera in the secondary forest were Mycena, Gymnopus, Agaricus, Pluteus, Crepidotus and the most abundant families were Mycenaceae, Agaricaceae, Marasmiaceae, Psathyrelaceae and Omphalotaceae. In terms of ecology, 64% of the species was collected on wood, 40% from soil, 8% on wood and soil, 1% on litter and wood. All species collected were saprotrophs. The trend of this initial study showed that the primary forest had a higher biodiversity of agaric fungi though not significantly different from that of the secondary forest. This makes this forest ideal for the conservation of macrofungi.","PeriodicalId":37611,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74764023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breeding A. bisporus is complicated due to its two pseudohomothallic and heterothallic life cycles resulting from the production of both heterokaryotic and homokaryotic basidiospores, respectively. This makes it difficult to retrieve homokaryotic offspring required for outcrossing. Mexico has a long history of using wild edible mushrooms, and mushroom cultivation, especially A. bisporus, and these practices have steadily increased in recent decades. However, the production of A. bisporus still depends on foreign cultivars. Wild collections of A. bisporus were recently reported from Mexico. This study aimed to obtain new hybrid strains of A. bisporus by crossing homokaryons from these wild strains and the homokaryon U1-7 from the commercial strain U1. Single spore isolates (SSIs) were obtained from spore prints directly from cultivated sporocarps. Putative homokaryotic SSIs were first selected based on culture morphology and confirmed using a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker in the gene mip. Selected homokaryotic SSIs and the homokaryotic strain U1-7 were crossed. Six putative hybrid strains were obtained and tested for fruiting. Their primordia appeared after 40 to 55 days. The variability was recorded for unit weight (5.3 to 44.6 g), pileus diameter (3.3 to 8.5 cm) and pileus firmness (5.01 to 8.77 N). These are the first hybrid strains of A. bisporus obtained by crossing wild strains from Mexico.
{"title":"– Obtaining new hybrid strains of Agaricus bisporus by crossing homokaryons from wild Mexican and commercial strains","authors":"J. Chen","doi":"10.5943/cream/11/1/36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/36","url":null,"abstract":"Breeding A. bisporus is complicated due to its two pseudohomothallic and heterothallic life cycles resulting from the production of both heterokaryotic and homokaryotic basidiospores, respectively. This makes it difficult to retrieve homokaryotic offspring required for outcrossing. Mexico has a long history of using wild edible mushrooms, and mushroom cultivation, especially A. bisporus, and these practices have steadily increased in recent decades. However, the production of A. bisporus still depends on foreign cultivars. Wild collections of A. bisporus were recently reported from Mexico. This study aimed to obtain new hybrid strains of A. bisporus by crossing homokaryons from these wild strains and the homokaryon U1-7 from the commercial strain U1. Single spore isolates (SSIs) were obtained from spore prints directly from cultivated sporocarps. Putative homokaryotic SSIs were first selected based on culture morphology and confirmed using a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker in the gene mip. Selected homokaryotic SSIs and the homokaryotic strain U1-7 were crossed. Six putative hybrid strains were obtained and tested for fruiting. Their primordia appeared after 40 to 55 days. The variability was recorded for unit weight (5.3 to 44.6 g), pileus diameter (3.3 to 8.5 cm) and pileus firmness (5.01 to 8.77 N). These are the first hybrid strains of A. bisporus obtained by crossing wild strains from Mexico.","PeriodicalId":37611,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82573447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper describes and illustrates Conlarium indicum, a new species in the family Conlariaceae (Ascomycota). This taxon was isolated as an epiphyte from decaying Bamboo collected from Western Ghats of India. The isolate was identified based on asexual-morphs, cultural characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of partial nuclear ribosomal 28S large subunit (LSU) and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on ITS+LSU sequences show that the new species form independent monophyletic groups and are well separated from previously known seven species of Conlarium viz. C. dupliciascosporum (as duplumascospora), C. aquaticum, C. thailandense, C. sacchari, C. baiseense, C. nanningense and C. subglobosum. This supports the erection of C. indicum as a new species. A brief description of the morphology of C. indicum with morphological and molecular data is provided. To our understanding, the present taxon has turned out to be hitherto unreported.
{"title":"Conlarium indicum: A novel fungus from Western Ghats of India","authors":"R. Dubey, S. Manikpuri","doi":"10.5943/cream/11/1/9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/9","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper describes and illustrates Conlarium indicum, a new species in the family Conlariaceae (Ascomycota). This taxon was isolated as an epiphyte from decaying Bamboo collected from Western Ghats of India. The isolate was identified based on asexual-morphs, cultural characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of partial nuclear ribosomal 28S large subunit (LSU) and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on ITS+LSU sequences show that the new species form independent monophyletic groups and are well separated from previously known seven species of Conlarium viz. C. dupliciascosporum (as duplumascospora), C. aquaticum, C. thailandense, C. sacchari, C. baiseense, C. nanningense and C. subglobosum. This supports the erection of C. indicum as a new species. A brief description of the morphology of C. indicum with morphological and molecular data is provided. To our understanding, the present taxon has turned out to be hitherto unreported.","PeriodicalId":37611,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84436857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aspergilli screened for antagonistic effect on fungal plant pathogens and for endoglucanase and xylanase activities. Abstract Twenty-six selected Aspergilli isolates were quantitatively pre-screened for endoglucanase and xylanase activities and for antagonistic effect on growth of plant pathogens using a dual plug inoculation method on agar plates. The Aspergilli were identified based on β-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequencing data using GenBank-based BLASTn analysis (NCBI). Antagonistic activity of the Aspergilli against fungal plant pathogens (i.e., Curvularia eragrostidis, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , Neopestalotiopsis clavispora , Fusarium incanatum and Sclerotium rolfsii ) was measured in vitro after seven days of incubation at room temperature. The highest antagonistic Aspergilli against Curvularia eragrostidis , Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , Neopestalotiopsis clavispora , Fusarium incanatum and Sclerotium rolfsii were identified as Aspergillus carbonarius WP 2, A. parasiticus JNF 222, A. carbonarius WP 2, A. carbonarius TBRC 402 and A. giganteus TBRC 400, respectively. The highest enzymatic index (EI) of endoglucanase and xylanase activity found in Aspergillus puniceus TBRC 2711 and A. candidus TBRC 2770 were 2.92 and 2.88, respectively. In this study, the preliminary screening reveals the potential of Aspergilli isolates as sources of endoglucanase and xylanase activity and as effective biocontrol agents against plant pathogenic fungi.
{"title":"Aspergilli screened for antagonistic effect on fungal plant pathogens and for endoglucanase and xylanase activities","authors":"K. Tang","doi":"10.5943/cream/11/1/20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/20","url":null,"abstract":"Aspergilli screened for antagonistic effect on fungal plant pathogens and for endoglucanase and xylanase activities. Abstract Twenty-six selected Aspergilli isolates were quantitatively pre-screened for endoglucanase and xylanase activities and for antagonistic effect on growth of plant pathogens using a dual plug inoculation method on agar plates. The Aspergilli were identified based on β-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequencing data using GenBank-based BLASTn analysis (NCBI). Antagonistic activity of the Aspergilli against fungal plant pathogens (i.e., Curvularia eragrostidis, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , Neopestalotiopsis clavispora , Fusarium incanatum and Sclerotium rolfsii ) was measured in vitro after seven days of incubation at room temperature. The highest antagonistic Aspergilli against Curvularia eragrostidis , Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , Neopestalotiopsis clavispora , Fusarium incanatum and Sclerotium rolfsii were identified as Aspergillus carbonarius WP 2, A. parasiticus JNF 222, A. carbonarius WP 2, A. carbonarius TBRC 402 and A. giganteus TBRC 400, respectively. The highest enzymatic index (EI) of endoglucanase and xylanase activity found in Aspergillus puniceus TBRC 2711 and A. candidus TBRC 2770 were 2.92 and 2.88, respectively. In this study, the preliminary screening reveals the potential of Aspergilli isolates as sources of endoglucanase and xylanase activity and as effective biocontrol agents against plant pathogenic fungi.","PeriodicalId":37611,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82832600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the past few decades, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been applied as effective inoculants to enhance plant growth and productivity. The rhizosphere-inhabiting microorganisms which result in improvement of growth and protection of plant can be collectively defined as plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) improve plant growth and supports the plant to endure abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant growthpromoting fungi (PGPF) are known to colonize the region of the root of plants, and they enhance the plant nutrient uptake. The utilization of proper preparations of beneficial microorganisms is an inevitable demand to diminish the inputs of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides; moreover, it’s one of the most promising trends for sustainable agriculture and maintaining agricultural productivity. The production of strong inhibitory compounds by PGPF affects many plant pathogens. Fungi are omnipresent on organic compounds. The majority is saprobes and decomposes dead organic matter. Many excellent reviews about endophytic fungi in woody plants have already been published. However, only limited studies focused on the rhizosphere free-living fungi efficacy for plant growth promotion. This review will consider the mode of actions of these fungi to better understand the promising contributions of PGPF in enhancing plant growth and protection.
{"title":"Plant protection properties of the Plant GrowthPromoting Fungi (PGPF): Mechanisms and potentiality","authors":"SS El-Maraghy, AT Tohamy, K. Hussein","doi":"10.5943/cream/11/1/29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/29","url":null,"abstract":"For the past few decades, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been applied as effective inoculants to enhance plant growth and productivity. The rhizosphere-inhabiting microorganisms which result in improvement of growth and protection of plant can be collectively defined as plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) improve plant growth and supports the plant to endure abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant growthpromoting fungi (PGPF) are known to colonize the region of the root of plants, and they enhance the plant nutrient uptake. The utilization of proper preparations of beneficial microorganisms is an inevitable demand to diminish the inputs of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides; moreover, it’s one of the most promising trends for sustainable agriculture and maintaining agricultural productivity. The production of strong inhibitory compounds by PGPF affects many plant pathogens. Fungi are omnipresent on organic compounds. The majority is saprobes and decomposes dead organic matter. Many excellent reviews about endophytic fungi in woody plants have already been published. However, only limited studies focused on the rhizosphere free-living fungi efficacy for plant growth promotion. This review will consider the mode of actions of these fungi to better understand the promising contributions of PGPF in enhancing plant growth and protection.","PeriodicalId":37611,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74096075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sofia Quintero Romero, R. Comerio, A. Romero, R. Vitale
In recent years, the incidence and severity of fungal diseases has increased, particularly in populations with a broad list of immunocompromised conditions. Moreover, the emergence of azole resistance is arising. For these reasons and the small number of available antifungal agents, searching for new and effective compounds with antifungal activity is mandatory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of crude extracts from semi-arid soil fungi against strains of clinical molds and yeasts. For screening purposes crude extracts of fifteen isolates, corresponding to ten fungal species, were preliminarily explored against Candida albicans ATCC6414 by diffusion methodology. Special focus was placed on Aspergillus tatenoi, Leiothecium ellipsoideum, Subplenodomus violicola and Trichoderma saturnisporum extracts because of their preceding antifungal performance. Crude extracts of these species were once more examined and assayed against 54 yeast and 24 molds including the genera Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus. Antifungal susceptibility testing by microdilution methodology was performed. Activity, as the percentage of clinical strains inhibited by different extract concentrations, ranged from 60.5% to 100% for A. tatenoi, L. ellipsoideum and T. saturnisporum extracts. On the other hand, S. violicola extract was active against all the strains tested with MIC values ≤ 0.25 μg/mL. This study dealt with active crude extracts; particularly, the extract from S. violicola has shown a potent and promising antifungal activity. The composition of the active fractions and the mechanisms of action involved remain to be studied and warrant further investigations.
{"title":"Evaluation of the activity of crude extracts from semi-arid soil fungi against clinical yeasts and molds","authors":"Sofia Quintero Romero, R. Comerio, A. Romero, R. Vitale","doi":"10.5943/cream/11/1/7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/7","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the incidence and severity of fungal diseases has increased, particularly in populations with a broad list of immunocompromised conditions. Moreover, the emergence of azole resistance is arising. For these reasons and the small number of available antifungal agents, searching for new and effective compounds with antifungal activity is mandatory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of crude extracts from semi-arid soil fungi against strains of clinical molds and yeasts. For screening purposes crude extracts of fifteen isolates, corresponding to ten fungal species, were preliminarily explored against Candida albicans ATCC6414 by diffusion methodology. Special focus was placed on Aspergillus tatenoi, Leiothecium ellipsoideum, Subplenodomus violicola and Trichoderma saturnisporum extracts because of their preceding antifungal performance. Crude extracts of these species were once more examined and assayed against 54 yeast and 24 molds including the genera Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus. Antifungal susceptibility testing by microdilution methodology was performed. Activity, as the percentage of clinical strains inhibited by different extract concentrations, ranged from 60.5% to 100% for A. tatenoi, L. ellipsoideum and T. saturnisporum extracts. On the other hand, S. violicola extract was active against all the strains tested with MIC values ≤ 0.25 μg/mL. This study dealt with active crude extracts; particularly, the extract from S. violicola has shown a potent and promising antifungal activity. The composition of the active fractions and the mechanisms of action involved remain to be studied and warrant further investigations.","PeriodicalId":37611,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82946621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sukhomlyn, N. Tsvyd, I. Poplevicheva, M. Pasailiuk
{"title":"Morphological and growth characteristics of Clathrus ruber P.Micheli ex Pers. vegetative mycelium in vitro condition","authors":"M. Sukhomlyn, N. Tsvyd, I. Poplevicheva, M. Pasailiuk","doi":"10.5943/cream/11/1/25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37611,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74684871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the significant economic and therapeutic potential of different fungi causes the intense cultivation of the prospective species. This review presents the analysis of the basic physicochemical conditions for fungi cultivation that have an influence on basidiomycetes’ mycelia or biomass growth options (maximal mycelial dry weight, maximal mycelial growth, maximal mycelial growth rate, mycelial density, colony diameter, etc.). Not only different species, but different strains of the same fungus require different cultivation conditions, the variability of nutrition media, temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources. Several parameters optimal cultivation can be explained by the geographical and climatic factors. Analysis of literature data and the resulting conclusions will help a deeper understanding of the biological characteristics of fungi, their nutritional needs, optimal temperature and pH, and optimization of the production of fungal biomass. Comparison of the collected information on various fungal strains growth aimed to facilitate the further development and optimization in existing cultivation protocols. According to this, the maximum growth for biotechnological and industrial application is expected to be obtained. Also, the prolongation in safekeeping of viable fungal forms and the preservation of the fungi biodiversity for their re-introduction in nature is expected as one of the benefits after protocol optimization.
{"title":"Review of the basic cultivation conditions influence on the growth of basidiomycetes","authors":"T. Krupodorova, VYu Barshteyn, AS Sekan","doi":"10.5943/cream/11/1/34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/34","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the significant economic and therapeutic potential of different fungi causes the intense cultivation of the prospective species. This review presents the analysis of the basic physicochemical conditions for fungi cultivation that have an influence on basidiomycetes’ mycelia or biomass growth options (maximal mycelial dry weight, maximal mycelial growth, maximal mycelial growth rate, mycelial density, colony diameter, etc.). Not only different species, but different strains of the same fungus require different cultivation conditions, the variability of nutrition media, temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources. Several parameters optimal cultivation can be explained by the geographical and climatic factors. Analysis of literature data and the resulting conclusions will help a deeper understanding of the biological characteristics of fungi, their nutritional needs, optimal temperature and pH, and optimization of the production of fungal biomass. Comparison of the collected information on various fungal strains growth aimed to facilitate the further development and optimization in existing cultivation protocols. According to this, the maximum growth for biotechnological and industrial application is expected to be obtained. Also, the prolongation in safekeeping of viable fungal forms and the preservation of the fungi biodiversity for their re-introduction in nature is expected as one of the benefits after protocol optimization.","PeriodicalId":37611,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88813314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanita citrinoannulata A. (Amanitaceae) Abstract Amanita citrinoannulata and A. pakistanica are reported here as new records for India. Detailed morphological descriptions supported by line drawings, color photo plates and a phylogram based on nrLSU are provided for these two species.
{"title":"New records of Amanita citrinoannulata and A. pakistanica (Amanitaceae) from India","authors":"T. Mehmood","doi":"10.5943/cream/11/1/23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/23","url":null,"abstract":"Amanita citrinoannulata A. (Amanitaceae) Abstract Amanita citrinoannulata and A. pakistanica are reported here as new records for India. Detailed morphological descriptions supported by line drawings, color photo plates and a phylogram based on nrLSU are provided for these two species.","PeriodicalId":37611,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology","volume":"20 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83877156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plastics are synthetic polymers that are widely used in every field of life every day. Along with the increasing use of plastic, the amount of plastic waste produced and accumulated to environment will also increase. If the plastic waste is not handled properly, it will pollute the environment and threaten many living things including humans. Biodegradation is a promising method for dealing with plastic waste. This method includes many microbes including fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. as its biodegradation agents. Some plastics degrading fungi produce many specific enzymes that catalyze the degradation of plastic polymer into simpler and smaller fragments including oligomer, dimer, and monomer through several steps including biodeterioration, depolymerization, assimilation, and mineralization. The fragmented plastic particles are absorbed and used by plastic degrading fungi as their energy and carbon sources. Biodegradation is the appropriate method to overcome the plastics pollution because this method has no side effects as the conventional methods.
{"title":"Biodegradation of plastics waste using fungi: A review","authors":"AP Asiandu, A. Wahyudi, S. Sari","doi":"10.5943/cream/11/1/1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/1","url":null,"abstract":"Plastics are synthetic polymers that are widely used in every field of life every day. Along with the increasing use of plastic, the amount of plastic waste produced and accumulated to environment will also increase. If the plastic waste is not handled properly, it will pollute the environment and threaten many living things including humans. Biodegradation is a promising method for dealing with plastic waste. This method includes many microbes including fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. as its biodegradation agents. Some plastics degrading fungi produce many specific enzymes that catalyze the degradation of plastic polymer into simpler and smaller fragments including oligomer, dimer, and monomer through several steps including biodeterioration, depolymerization, assimilation, and mineralization. The fragmented plastic particles are absorbed and used by plastic degrading fungi as their energy and carbon sources. Biodegradation is the appropriate method to overcome the plastics pollution because this method has no side effects as the conventional methods.","PeriodicalId":37611,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85744415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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