Iago Turba Costa, C. Wollmann, Luana Writzl, Amanda Comassetto Iensse, Aline Nunes da Silva, Otavio de Freitas Baumhardt, J. Gobo, S. Shooshtarian, A. Matzarakis
The exponential growth of urban populations and city infrastructure globally presents distinct patterns, impacting climate change forecasts and urban climates. This study conducts a systematic review of the literature focusing on human thermal comfort (HTC) in outdoor urban environments. The findings indicate a significant surge in studies exploring HTC in open urban spaces in recent decades. While historically centered on Northern Hemisphere cities, there is a recent shift, with discussions extending to various metropolitan contexts in the Southern Hemisphere. Commonly employed urban categorization systems include Sky View Factor (SVF), Height × Width (H/W) ratio, and the emerging Local Climate Zones (LCZs), facilitating the characterization of urban areas and their usage. Various thermal indices, like Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and Standard Effective Temperature (SET), are frequently utilized in evaluating external HTC in metropolitan areas. These indices have undergone validation in the literature, establishing their reliability and applicability.
{"title":"A Systematic Review on Human Thermal Comfort and Methodologies for Evaluating Urban Morphology in Outdoor Spaces","authors":"Iago Turba Costa, C. Wollmann, Luana Writzl, Amanda Comassetto Iensse, Aline Nunes da Silva, Otavio de Freitas Baumhardt, J. Gobo, S. Shooshtarian, A. Matzarakis","doi":"10.3390/cli12030030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12030030","url":null,"abstract":"The exponential growth of urban populations and city infrastructure globally presents distinct patterns, impacting climate change forecasts and urban climates. This study conducts a systematic review of the literature focusing on human thermal comfort (HTC) in outdoor urban environments. The findings indicate a significant surge in studies exploring HTC in open urban spaces in recent decades. While historically centered on Northern Hemisphere cities, there is a recent shift, with discussions extending to various metropolitan contexts in the Southern Hemisphere. Commonly employed urban categorization systems include Sky View Factor (SVF), Height × Width (H/W) ratio, and the emerging Local Climate Zones (LCZs), facilitating the characterization of urban areas and their usage. Various thermal indices, like Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and Standard Effective Temperature (SET), are frequently utilized in evaluating external HTC in metropolitan areas. These indices have undergone validation in the literature, establishing their reliability and applicability.","PeriodicalId":37615,"journal":{"name":"Climate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140434080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. A. Abeldaño Zuñiga, Gabriela Narcizo de Lima, José Carlos Suarez-Herrera
Background: During 2020 and 2021, over 50.2 million individuals were forced to leave their homes to escape the impacts of climate-related disasters, unable to practice social isolation or self-quarantine. A considerable proportion of them reside in densely populated areas with a lack of basic services such as water and sanitation and limited access to essential healthcare. This study aimed to estimate the internal displacements during 2020 and 2021 due to climate-related events, and review the evidence for proposing policy recommendations. Methods: Data from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre were used for assessing internal displacement by disasters during 2020 and 2021. In addition, the authors conducted a bibliographic review to analyse the responses to internal displacements in climate-related disasters. Results: There were 883 severe storms and 1567 flood events resulting in 50.2 million internal displacements globally. Through the documents reviewed, the legal framework, the vulnerabilities and current challenges of internally displaced persons, and the response policy recommendations were analysed. Conclusions: The increased awareness of displacement and migration, particularly driven by climate-related factors, aligns with international agreements emphasising coordinated action. This recognition becomes even more critical in the context of the convergence of climate-related displacements and the potential for future pandemics.
{"title":"Tackling Complexity: Integrating Responses to Internal Displacements, Extreme Climate Events, and Pandemics","authors":"R. A. Abeldaño Zuñiga, Gabriela Narcizo de Lima, José Carlos Suarez-Herrera","doi":"10.3390/cli12030031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12030031","url":null,"abstract":"Background: During 2020 and 2021, over 50.2 million individuals were forced to leave their homes to escape the impacts of climate-related disasters, unable to practice social isolation or self-quarantine. A considerable proportion of them reside in densely populated areas with a lack of basic services such as water and sanitation and limited access to essential healthcare. This study aimed to estimate the internal displacements during 2020 and 2021 due to climate-related events, and review the evidence for proposing policy recommendations. Methods: Data from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre were used for assessing internal displacement by disasters during 2020 and 2021. In addition, the authors conducted a bibliographic review to analyse the responses to internal displacements in climate-related disasters. Results: There were 883 severe storms and 1567 flood events resulting in 50.2 million internal displacements globally. Through the documents reviewed, the legal framework, the vulnerabilities and current challenges of internally displaced persons, and the response policy recommendations were analysed. Conclusions: The increased awareness of displacement and migration, particularly driven by climate-related factors, aligns with international agreements emphasising coordinated action. This recognition becomes even more critical in the context of the convergence of climate-related displacements and the potential for future pandemics.","PeriodicalId":37615,"journal":{"name":"Climate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140434732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Graziela T. Tejas, D. D. Nunes, Reginaldo M. S. Souza, C. Querino, M. R. Faria, Daiana C. B. Floresta, Emerson Galvani, Michel Watanabe, J. Gobo
This paper aims to analyze the weather conditions in Porto Velho (Rondonia, Brazil, Western Amazon) and the influence of air masses on the climatic elements between 2017 and 2018, using rhythmic analysis. Climatic data were obtained through the official weather station, tabulated and statistically organized, and processed in R Studio programming language. The monitoring of air masses occurred through the synoptic charts of the Navy Hydrography Center. The results were analyzed by dry–rainy transition season, rainy season, wet–dry transition season, and dry season. Thus, the results point out that the Tropical Continental mass (mTc) acted up to 62.9%, responsible for the low precipitation index in October 2017. Although the mass has characteristics of warm and unstable weather, it is even lower than the action of the mEc. In January 2018, there was an 85.5% prevalence of the Continental Equatorial Mass (mEc), added to the action of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (ZCAS), which contributed to an accumulated rainfall of 443 mm/month. In April 2018, the mEC acted with 56.7%, reaching 35.5% in August. Another highlight was the performance of the Tropical Atlantic mass (mTa) (27.4%) and mTc (19.4%), both of which had a crucial role in the dry season, followed by the Polar Atlantic mass (mPa) (17.7%), that contributed to the phenomenon of “coldness” in the region. Therefore, the mEc is extremely important in the control of the relative humidity of the air and the precipitations, while the mTc is a dissipator of winds that, at times, inhibits the performance of the mEc.
{"title":"Atmospheric Patterns in Porto Velho, Rondônia, Southwestern Amazon, in a Rhythmic Context between 2017 and 2018","authors":"Graziela T. Tejas, D. D. Nunes, Reginaldo M. S. Souza, C. Querino, M. R. Faria, Daiana C. B. Floresta, Emerson Galvani, Michel Watanabe, J. Gobo","doi":"10.3390/cli12030028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12030028","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to analyze the weather conditions in Porto Velho (Rondonia, Brazil, Western Amazon) and the influence of air masses on the climatic elements between 2017 and 2018, using rhythmic analysis. Climatic data were obtained through the official weather station, tabulated and statistically organized, and processed in R Studio programming language. The monitoring of air masses occurred through the synoptic charts of the Navy Hydrography Center. The results were analyzed by dry–rainy transition season, rainy season, wet–dry transition season, and dry season. Thus, the results point out that the Tropical Continental mass (mTc) acted up to 62.9%, responsible for the low precipitation index in October 2017. Although the mass has characteristics of warm and unstable weather, it is even lower than the action of the mEc. In January 2018, there was an 85.5% prevalence of the Continental Equatorial Mass (mEc), added to the action of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (ZCAS), which contributed to an accumulated rainfall of 443 mm/month. In April 2018, the mEC acted with 56.7%, reaching 35.5% in August. Another highlight was the performance of the Tropical Atlantic mass (mTa) (27.4%) and mTc (19.4%), both of which had a crucial role in the dry season, followed by the Polar Atlantic mass (mPa) (17.7%), that contributed to the phenomenon of “coldness” in the region. Therefore, the mEc is extremely important in the control of the relative humidity of the air and the precipitations, while the mTc is a dissipator of winds that, at times, inhibits the performance of the mEc.","PeriodicalId":37615,"journal":{"name":"Climate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140446663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. El-Samra, Abeer Haddad, I. Alameddine, E. Bou‐Zeid, Mutasem El-Fadel
Climatic statistical downscaling in arid and topographically complex river basins remains relatively lacking. To address this gap, climatic variables derived from a global climate model (GCM) ensemble were downscaled from a grid resolution of 2.5° × 2.5° down to the station level. For this purpose, a combination of multiple linear and logistic regressions was developed, calibrated and validated with regard to their predictions of monthly precipitation and daily temperature in the Jordan River Basin. Seasonal standardized predictors were selected using a backward stepwise regression. The validated models were used to examine future scenarios based on GCM simulations under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the period 2006–2050. The results showed a cumulative near-surface air temperature increase of 1.54 °C and 2.11 °C and a cumulative precipitation decrease of 100 mm and 135 mm under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, by 2050. This pattern will inevitably add stress to water resources, increasing management challenges in the semi-arid to arid regions of the basin. Moreover, the current application highlights the potential of adopting regression-based models to downscale GCM predictions and inform future water resources management in poorly monitored arid regions at the river basin scale.
{"title":"Downscaling Climatic Variables at a River Basin Scale: Statistical Validation and Ensemble Projection under Climate Change Scenarios","authors":"R. El-Samra, Abeer Haddad, I. Alameddine, E. Bou‐Zeid, Mutasem El-Fadel","doi":"10.3390/cli12020027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12020027","url":null,"abstract":"Climatic statistical downscaling in arid and topographically complex river basins remains relatively lacking. To address this gap, climatic variables derived from a global climate model (GCM) ensemble were downscaled from a grid resolution of 2.5° × 2.5° down to the station level. For this purpose, a combination of multiple linear and logistic regressions was developed, calibrated and validated with regard to their predictions of monthly precipitation and daily temperature in the Jordan River Basin. Seasonal standardized predictors were selected using a backward stepwise regression. The validated models were used to examine future scenarios based on GCM simulations under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the period 2006–2050. The results showed a cumulative near-surface air temperature increase of 1.54 °C and 2.11 °C and a cumulative precipitation decrease of 100 mm and 135 mm under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, by 2050. This pattern will inevitably add stress to water resources, increasing management challenges in the semi-arid to arid regions of the basin. Moreover, the current application highlights the potential of adopting regression-based models to downscale GCM predictions and inform future water resources management in poorly monitored arid regions at the river basin scale.","PeriodicalId":37615,"journal":{"name":"Climate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139777806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. El-Samra, Abeer Haddad, I. Alameddine, E. Bou‐Zeid, Mutasem El-Fadel
Climatic statistical downscaling in arid and topographically complex river basins remains relatively lacking. To address this gap, climatic variables derived from a global climate model (GCM) ensemble were downscaled from a grid resolution of 2.5° × 2.5° down to the station level. For this purpose, a combination of multiple linear and logistic regressions was developed, calibrated and validated with regard to their predictions of monthly precipitation and daily temperature in the Jordan River Basin. Seasonal standardized predictors were selected using a backward stepwise regression. The validated models were used to examine future scenarios based on GCM simulations under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the period 2006–2050. The results showed a cumulative near-surface air temperature increase of 1.54 °C and 2.11 °C and a cumulative precipitation decrease of 100 mm and 135 mm under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, by 2050. This pattern will inevitably add stress to water resources, increasing management challenges in the semi-arid to arid regions of the basin. Moreover, the current application highlights the potential of adopting regression-based models to downscale GCM predictions and inform future water resources management in poorly monitored arid regions at the river basin scale.
{"title":"Downscaling Climatic Variables at a River Basin Scale: Statistical Validation and Ensemble Projection under Climate Change Scenarios","authors":"R. El-Samra, Abeer Haddad, I. Alameddine, E. Bou‐Zeid, Mutasem El-Fadel","doi":"10.3390/cli12020027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12020027","url":null,"abstract":"Climatic statistical downscaling in arid and topographically complex river basins remains relatively lacking. To address this gap, climatic variables derived from a global climate model (GCM) ensemble were downscaled from a grid resolution of 2.5° × 2.5° down to the station level. For this purpose, a combination of multiple linear and logistic regressions was developed, calibrated and validated with regard to their predictions of monthly precipitation and daily temperature in the Jordan River Basin. Seasonal standardized predictors were selected using a backward stepwise regression. The validated models were used to examine future scenarios based on GCM simulations under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the period 2006–2050. The results showed a cumulative near-surface air temperature increase of 1.54 °C and 2.11 °C and a cumulative precipitation decrease of 100 mm and 135 mm under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, by 2050. This pattern will inevitably add stress to water resources, increasing management challenges in the semi-arid to arid regions of the basin. Moreover, the current application highlights the potential of adopting regression-based models to downscale GCM predictions and inform future water resources management in poorly monitored arid regions at the river basin scale.","PeriodicalId":37615,"journal":{"name":"Climate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139837510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar geoengineering (SG) solutions have many advantages compared to the difficulty of carbon dioxide removal (CDR): SG produces fast results, is shown here to have much higher efficiency than CDR, is not related to fossil fuel legislation, reduces the GHG effect including water vapor, and is something we all can participate in by brightening the Earth with cool roofs and roads. SG requirements detailed previously to mitigate global warming (GW) have been concerning primarily because of overwhelming goals and climate circulation issues. In this paper, annual solar geoengineering (ASG) equations and estimated requirements for yearly solar radiation modification (SRM) of areas are provided along with the advantages of annual solar geoengineering (ASG) to mitigate yearly global warming temperature increases. The ASG albedo area modification requirements found here are generally 50 to potentially more than 150 times less compared to the challenge of full SG GW albedo mitigation, reducing circulation concerns and increasing feasibility. These reductions are applied to L1 space sunshading, Earth brightening, and stratosphere aerosol injection (SAI) SRM annual area requirements. However, SAI coverage compared to other methods will have higher yearly increasing maintenance costs in the annual approach. Results also show that because ASG Earth albedo brightening area requirements are much smaller than those needed for full mitigation, there are concerns that worldwide negative SG would interfere with making positive advances for several reasons. That is, negative SG currently dominates yearly practices with the application of dark asphalt roads, roofs, and building sides. This issue is discussed.
{"title":"Annual Solar Geoengineering: Mitigating Yearly Global Warming Increases","authors":"Alec Feinberg","doi":"10.3390/cli12020026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12020026","url":null,"abstract":"Solar geoengineering (SG) solutions have many advantages compared to the difficulty of carbon dioxide removal (CDR): SG produces fast results, is shown here to have much higher efficiency than CDR, is not related to fossil fuel legislation, reduces the GHG effect including water vapor, and is something we all can participate in by brightening the Earth with cool roofs and roads. SG requirements detailed previously to mitigate global warming (GW) have been concerning primarily because of overwhelming goals and climate circulation issues. In this paper, annual solar geoengineering (ASG) equations and estimated requirements for yearly solar radiation modification (SRM) of areas are provided along with the advantages of annual solar geoengineering (ASG) to mitigate yearly global warming temperature increases. The ASG albedo area modification requirements found here are generally 50 to potentially more than 150 times less compared to the challenge of full SG GW albedo mitigation, reducing circulation concerns and increasing feasibility. These reductions are applied to L1 space sunshading, Earth brightening, and stratosphere aerosol injection (SAI) SRM annual area requirements. However, SAI coverage compared to other methods will have higher yearly increasing maintenance costs in the annual approach. Results also show that because ASG Earth albedo brightening area requirements are much smaller than those needed for full mitigation, there are concerns that worldwide negative SG would interfere with making positive advances for several reasons. That is, negative SG currently dominates yearly practices with the application of dark asphalt roads, roofs, and building sides. This issue is discussed.","PeriodicalId":37615,"journal":{"name":"Climate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139784410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar geoengineering (SG) solutions have many advantages compared to the difficulty of carbon dioxide removal (CDR): SG produces fast results, is shown here to have much higher efficiency than CDR, is not related to fossil fuel legislation, reduces the GHG effect including water vapor, and is something we all can participate in by brightening the Earth with cool roofs and roads. SG requirements detailed previously to mitigate global warming (GW) have been concerning primarily because of overwhelming goals and climate circulation issues. In this paper, annual solar geoengineering (ASG) equations and estimated requirements for yearly solar radiation modification (SRM) of areas are provided along with the advantages of annual solar geoengineering (ASG) to mitigate yearly global warming temperature increases. The ASG albedo area modification requirements found here are generally 50 to potentially more than 150 times less compared to the challenge of full SG GW albedo mitigation, reducing circulation concerns and increasing feasibility. These reductions are applied to L1 space sunshading, Earth brightening, and stratosphere aerosol injection (SAI) SRM annual area requirements. However, SAI coverage compared to other methods will have higher yearly increasing maintenance costs in the annual approach. Results also show that because ASG Earth albedo brightening area requirements are much smaller than those needed for full mitigation, there are concerns that worldwide negative SG would interfere with making positive advances for several reasons. That is, negative SG currently dominates yearly practices with the application of dark asphalt roads, roofs, and building sides. This issue is discussed.
{"title":"Annual Solar Geoengineering: Mitigating Yearly Global Warming Increases","authors":"Alec Feinberg","doi":"10.3390/cli12020026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12020026","url":null,"abstract":"Solar geoengineering (SG) solutions have many advantages compared to the difficulty of carbon dioxide removal (CDR): SG produces fast results, is shown here to have much higher efficiency than CDR, is not related to fossil fuel legislation, reduces the GHG effect including water vapor, and is something we all can participate in by brightening the Earth with cool roofs and roads. SG requirements detailed previously to mitigate global warming (GW) have been concerning primarily because of overwhelming goals and climate circulation issues. In this paper, annual solar geoengineering (ASG) equations and estimated requirements for yearly solar radiation modification (SRM) of areas are provided along with the advantages of annual solar geoengineering (ASG) to mitigate yearly global warming temperature increases. The ASG albedo area modification requirements found here are generally 50 to potentially more than 150 times less compared to the challenge of full SG GW albedo mitigation, reducing circulation concerns and increasing feasibility. These reductions are applied to L1 space sunshading, Earth brightening, and stratosphere aerosol injection (SAI) SRM annual area requirements. However, SAI coverage compared to other methods will have higher yearly increasing maintenance costs in the annual approach. Results also show that because ASG Earth albedo brightening area requirements are much smaller than those needed for full mitigation, there are concerns that worldwide negative SG would interfere with making positive advances for several reasons. That is, negative SG currently dominates yearly practices with the application of dark asphalt roads, roofs, and building sides. This issue is discussed.","PeriodicalId":37615,"journal":{"name":"Climate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139844268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to investigate the outbreaks and characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning in the Republic of Korea and the impact of climatic factors on the food poisoning occurrence. All data were obtained from the official statistics of the Republic of Korea (2002 to 2017). A trend analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between the outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning and climatic factors. During the study period, the number of outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning ranked third among bacterial food poisoning. The food poisoning incidences of V. parahaemolyticus occurred mostly from July to September. The average temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, number of days with rainfall, and humidity showed a significant positive correlation with the number of outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning (p < 0.001), but daytime hours showed a negative correlation (p < 0.01). The data further indicated that minimum temperature was the most influential variable on the outbreaks of food poisoning (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning in the Republic of Korea are associated with climatic factors, suggesting that these incidences may have been impacted by climate change, especially due to warming around the Korean peninsula.
{"title":"Influence of Climatic Factors on the Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Food Poisoning in the Republic of Korea","authors":"Jong-Gyu Kim","doi":"10.3390/cli12020025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12020025","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the outbreaks and characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning in the Republic of Korea and the impact of climatic factors on the food poisoning occurrence. All data were obtained from the official statistics of the Republic of Korea (2002 to 2017). A trend analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between the outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning and climatic factors. During the study period, the number of outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning ranked third among bacterial food poisoning. The food poisoning incidences of V. parahaemolyticus occurred mostly from July to September. The average temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, number of days with rainfall, and humidity showed a significant positive correlation with the number of outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning (p < 0.001), but daytime hours showed a negative correlation (p < 0.01). The data further indicated that minimum temperature was the most influential variable on the outbreaks of food poisoning (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning in the Republic of Korea are associated with climatic factors, suggesting that these incidences may have been impacted by climate change, especially due to warming around the Korean peninsula.","PeriodicalId":37615,"journal":{"name":"Climate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139850012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to investigate the outbreaks and characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning in the Republic of Korea and the impact of climatic factors on the food poisoning occurrence. All data were obtained from the official statistics of the Republic of Korea (2002 to 2017). A trend analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between the outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning and climatic factors. During the study period, the number of outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning ranked third among bacterial food poisoning. The food poisoning incidences of V. parahaemolyticus occurred mostly from July to September. The average temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, number of days with rainfall, and humidity showed a significant positive correlation with the number of outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning (p < 0.001), but daytime hours showed a negative correlation (p < 0.01). The data further indicated that minimum temperature was the most influential variable on the outbreaks of food poisoning (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning in the Republic of Korea are associated with climatic factors, suggesting that these incidences may have been impacted by climate change, especially due to warming around the Korean peninsula.
{"title":"Influence of Climatic Factors on the Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Food Poisoning in the Republic of Korea","authors":"Jong-Gyu Kim","doi":"10.3390/cli12020025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12020025","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the outbreaks and characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning in the Republic of Korea and the impact of climatic factors on the food poisoning occurrence. All data were obtained from the official statistics of the Republic of Korea (2002 to 2017). A trend analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between the outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning and climatic factors. During the study period, the number of outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning ranked third among bacterial food poisoning. The food poisoning incidences of V. parahaemolyticus occurred mostly from July to September. The average temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, number of days with rainfall, and humidity showed a significant positive correlation with the number of outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning (p < 0.001), but daytime hours showed a negative correlation (p < 0.01). The data further indicated that minimum temperature was the most influential variable on the outbreaks of food poisoning (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning in the Republic of Korea are associated with climatic factors, suggesting that these incidences may have been impacted by climate change, especially due to warming around the Korean peninsula.","PeriodicalId":37615,"journal":{"name":"Climate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139790383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change adaptation is a critical response to the challenges posed by climate change and is important for building resilience. Progress in adaptation efforts has been made globally, nationally, and locally through international agreements, national plans, and community-based initiatives. However, significant gaps exist in knowledge, capacity, and finance. The Adaptation Gap Report 2023, published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), examines the status of climate change adaptation efforts globally. The report highlights the widening adaptation finance gap and the deepening climate crisis. We analyse the key themes of the report and incorporate an analysis of the wider literature and insights from COP28 to substantiate key points and identify gaps where more work is needed to develop an understanding of climate change adaptation. This paper focuses on the underfinanced and underprepared state of global climate change adaptation efforts, the widening adaptation finance gap, slow progress in adaptation, gender equality and social inclusion issues, and challenges in addressing loss and damage. We provide a way forward for climate change adaptation and offer recommendations for future actions.
{"title":"Addressing the Climate Change Adaptation Gap: Key Themes and Future Directions","authors":"I. Malik, J. Ford","doi":"10.3390/cli12020024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12020024","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change adaptation is a critical response to the challenges posed by climate change and is important for building resilience. Progress in adaptation efforts has been made globally, nationally, and locally through international agreements, national plans, and community-based initiatives. However, significant gaps exist in knowledge, capacity, and finance. The Adaptation Gap Report 2023, published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), examines the status of climate change adaptation efforts globally. The report highlights the widening adaptation finance gap and the deepening climate crisis. We analyse the key themes of the report and incorporate an analysis of the wider literature and insights from COP28 to substantiate key points and identify gaps where more work is needed to develop an understanding of climate change adaptation. This paper focuses on the underfinanced and underprepared state of global climate change adaptation efforts, the widening adaptation finance gap, slow progress in adaptation, gender equality and social inclusion issues, and challenges in addressing loss and damage. We provide a way forward for climate change adaptation and offer recommendations for future actions.","PeriodicalId":37615,"journal":{"name":"Climate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139854485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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