An Analytical Review of John Locke's “An essay concerning toleration”
约翰-洛克《宽容论》分析评论
{"title":"Analytical review of John Locke’s An essay concerning toleration","authors":"Iryna Holovashenko","doi":"10.31649/sent07.03.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31649/sent07.03.299","url":null,"abstract":"An Analytical Review of John Locke's “An essay concerning toleration”","PeriodicalId":37673,"journal":{"name":"Sententiae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139131668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article is devoted to the role of language, conceptual schemes, ontology and epistemic losses in the works of Thomas Hobbes. The author highlights two types of interpretive schemes: (1) emphasis on systematic unity and integrity in Hobbes's work, (2) consideration of Hobbes' works as a set of individual parts. Two ways of justifying the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes are also investigated: based on prudence and definitive (scientific). The author justifies that philosophia prima is Hobbes's theory of experience and that it is human experience that makes science possible.
文章专门讨论了托马斯-霍布斯作品中语言、概念方案、本体论和认识论损失的作用。作者强调了两种解释方案：(1) 强调霍布斯作品的系统统一性和完整性，(2) 将霍布斯的作品视为一组单独的部分。此外，还探讨了为托马斯-霍布斯政治哲学辩护的两种方式：基于审慎和确定性（科学性）。作者认为 prima 哲学是霍布斯的经验理论，正是人类的经验使科学成为可能。
{"title":"The foundations of the historical-philosophical reconstruction of the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes","authors":"Natalia Spasenko","doi":"10.31649/sent12.01.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31649/sent12.01.054","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the role of language, conceptual schemes, ontology and epistemic losses in the works of Thomas Hobbes. The author highlights two types of interpretive schemes: (1) emphasis on systematic unity and integrity in Hobbes's work, (2) consideration of Hobbes' works as a set of individual parts. Two ways of justifying the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes are also investigated: based on prudence and definitive (scientific). The author justifies that philosophia prima is Hobbes's theory of experience and that it is human experience that makes science possible.","PeriodicalId":37673,"journal":{"name":"Sententiae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139133250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The modern legacy of contemporary tolerance","authors":"O. Khoma","doi":"10.31649/sent07.03.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31649/sent07.03.208","url":null,"abstract":"Commentary on the translation of Revel, J.-F. (1992). Le Regain démocratique. Paris: Fayard.","PeriodicalId":37673,"journal":{"name":"Sententiae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139133753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author examines the role of discourse in a democratically organized society, where socially significant issues are resolved through collective discussion and criticism of the parties' claims. Discourse is considered as a practice of communicative relations aimed at achieving social harmony. It appears as the highest instance of social life, which determines norms, values and individual aspects of social life. However, there are also difficulties that Karl Otto Apel faces in justifying democracy, in particular in the context of the existence of "institutions of discourse". It is assumed that discourse as an institution should overcome the limits of other institutions. The author infers the ultimate nature of philosophical reasoning in transcendental pragmatics and insists on the defined institution of the transcendental language game as a meta-institution that encompasses rational conventions between social subjects.
{"title":"Ultimate grounding in transcendental philosophy: main complications and ways to overcome them. Article 2 (The transformation of Kant's transcendentalism in the discursive ethics of Apel and Habermas)","authors":"Mikola Tur","doi":"10.31649/sent12.01.093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31649/sent12.01.093","url":null,"abstract":"The author examines the role of discourse in a democratically organized society, where socially significant issues are resolved through collective discussion and criticism of the parties' claims. Discourse is considered as a practice of communicative relations aimed at achieving social harmony. It appears as the highest instance of social life, which determines norms, values and individual aspects of social life. However, there are also difficulties that Karl Otto Apel faces in justifying democracy, in particular in the context of the existence of \"institutions of discourse\". It is assumed that discourse as an institution should overcome the limits of other institutions. The author infers the ultimate nature of philosophical reasoning in transcendental pragmatics and insists on the defined institution of the transcendental language game as a meta-institution that encompasses rational conventions between social subjects.","PeriodicalId":37673,"journal":{"name":"Sententiae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139135045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to the author, T. Hobbes' theory of experience should be viewed in the context of his new ontological assumptions made under the influence of G. Galilei and the operational concept of science. Limiting the influence of final causes to the sphere of motivation leads to a material ontology of the mind. This makes it impossible to build a balanced theory of experience: Hobbes focuses too much on the criteria of individualisation of the subject of experience (based on the body principle) at the expense of the unity of common experience. Concluding on the specificity of Hobbes' political ontology, the author argues that the specificity arises from the radical atomisation of the speech ontology with the removal of the principle of causality from it.
{"title":"Hobbes’ theory of the experience: the man’s body and the body of the country on the background of the thing antology","authors":"Natalija Spasenko","doi":"10.31649/sent13.02.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31649/sent13.02.054","url":null,"abstract":"According to the author, T. Hobbes' theory of experience should be viewed in the context of his new ontological assumptions made under the influence of G. Galilei and the operational concept of science. Limiting the influence of final causes to the sphere of motivation leads to a material ontology of the mind. This makes it impossible to build a balanced theory of experience: Hobbes focuses too much on the criteria of individualisation of the subject of experience (based on the body principle) at the expense of the unity of common experience. Concluding on the specificity of Hobbes' political ontology, the author argues that the specificity arises from the radical atomisation of the speech ontology with the removal of the principle of causality from it.","PeriodicalId":37673,"journal":{"name":"Sententiae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139135876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, the author analyses and compares the views of Kant, Heidegger, Husserl, Brodsky and Bakhtin, and examines the problem of time, space, and contemplation. Another subject of consideration is the finitude of being, which combines the three previous aspects.
{"title":"Transcendental anthropology and poetry (metaphysical parallels)","authors":"Sergii Shevtsov","doi":"10.31649/sent06.02.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31649/sent06.02.041","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the author analyses and compares the views of Kant, Heidegger, Husserl, Brodsky and Bakhtin, and examines the problem of time, space, and contemplation. Another subject of consideration is the finitude of being, which combines the three previous aspects.","PeriodicalId":37673,"journal":{"name":"Sententiae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139136003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author states the negative nature of Pascal's attitude towards the theories of natural law and social contract due to their fundamental inability to offer a positive maxim of human behavior. Author argues that one of the grounds for Pascal's criticism is that the theories of social contract and natural law rather fix and cement the negative aspects of man manifested in his natural state. Reconstructing the deeper foundations of this critique, the author argues that it is rather not Christianity in itself, but the existential spirit of Pascal's philosophy that makes him an opponent to the idea of the social contract and determines his negative position towards sociality. Pascal does not create a teaching in the field of social philosophy that can become an alternative to the social contract theory. His thoughts are characterized by the author rather as notes in the margins of the latter. These notes clearly show a line of criticism and a tendency towards the rejection of sociality, which is opposed to the social constructivism of the last two centuries of European history.
{"title":"Pascal's negative image of sociality","authors":"Victoria Shamrai","doi":"10.31649/sent01.01.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31649/sent01.01.140","url":null,"abstract":"The author states the negative nature of Pascal's attitude towards the theories of natural law and social contract due to their fundamental inability to offer a positive maxim of human behavior. Author argues that one of the grounds for Pascal's criticism is that the theories of social contract and natural law rather fix and cement the negative aspects of man manifested in his natural state. Reconstructing the deeper foundations of this critique, the author argues that it is rather not Christianity in itself, but the existential spirit of Pascal's philosophy that makes him an opponent to the idea of the social contract and determines his negative position towards sociality. Pascal does not create a teaching in the field of social philosophy that can become an alternative to the social contract theory. His thoughts are characterized by the author rather as notes in the margins of the latter. These notes clearly show a line of criticism and a tendency towards the rejection of sociality, which is opposed to the social constructivism of the last two centuries of European history.","PeriodicalId":37673,"journal":{"name":"Sententiae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139136168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article describes and partially compares Walter Benjamin's theory of sorrow and Lucien Goldman's theory of tragic vision. The comparison is made in the light of the connections between both theories and Pascal's philosophy. The author concludes that these theories are essentially analogous and complementary. In the author's opinion, both theories, despite all the differences, clarify sadness and tragedy by addressing the paradox of human existence that consists in the discovery of the vast infinity of the world and the inaccessibility of transcendence, in the light of which, however, we are forced to think about our own existence. Based on the results of the review, the author emphasizes the essential parallelism and connection of both theories with Pascal's philosophy, which to some extent can be seen as their common ground.
{"title":"Benjamin and Goldman as the readers of Pascal. Benjamin's theory of sorrow and Goldman's theory of tragic vision","authors":"Marc Sagnol","doi":"10.31649/sent01.01.084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31649/sent01.01.084","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes and partially compares Walter Benjamin's theory of sorrow and Lucien Goldman's theory of tragic vision. The comparison is made in the light of the connections between both theories and Pascal's philosophy. The author concludes that these theories are essentially analogous and complementary. In the author's opinion, both theories, despite all the differences, clarify sadness and tragedy by addressing the paradox of human existence that consists in the discovery of the vast infinity of the world and the inaccessibility of transcendence, in the light of which, however, we are forced to think about our own existence. Based on the results of the review, the author emphasizes the essential parallelism and connection of both theories with Pascal's philosophy, which to some extent can be seen as their common ground.","PeriodicalId":37673,"journal":{"name":"Sententiae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139130070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses the ancient origins of the mathematical foundations of Cartesian rationalism. The author concludes that Cartesian project of «mathesis universalis» synthesised the ideas of many ancient thinkers. In particular, the idea of coordinates comes from Apollonius, the use of motion in mathematics from Archimedes, and the concept of modelling mathematical objects (Cartesius uses geometric shapes) from the Pythagoreans. The author, while acknowledging the conventionality of these parallels, concludes that without the ancient union of philosophy and mathematics, this unity could not have developed in the modern era.
{"title":"Antique origins of the relations between Modern philosophy and mathematics","authors":"Kostiantyn Uzbek","doi":"10.31649/sent05.01.044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31649/sent05.01.044","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the ancient origins of the mathematical foundations of Cartesian rationalism. The author concludes that Cartesian project of «mathesis universalis» synthesised the ideas of many ancient thinkers. In particular, the idea of coordinates comes from Apollonius, the use of motion in mathematics from Archimedes, and the concept of modelling mathematical objects (Cartesius uses geometric shapes) from the Pythagoreans. The author, while acknowledging the conventionality of these parallels, concludes that without the ancient union of philosophy and mathematics, this unity could not have developed in the modern era.","PeriodicalId":37673,"journal":{"name":"Sententiae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139130605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article is devoted to the evolution of Nikolai Karamzin's views, which largely illustrates the identification processes in Russia at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Even before writing the «History of the Russian State», Karamzin's views were in line with the trend of transition from a «servile» state to enlightened absolutism. In particular, the autocracy was to be based on law, the source of which should be the monarch himself. Under this system, the subject was not a slave but a citizen. However, after the defeat of enlightenment project , Karamzin began a research of Russian history, where he tried to find not a rational guidance, but something that could consolidate the nation – its spirit. All the ideologues of «Slavophilism» were brought up on Karamzin's «History». The author illustrates how Russian classicism gives way to romanticism, which «awakens» the national consciousness. Karamzin plays a significant role in this process: he provides the russian romantics with the necessary element without which Romanticism is impossible – tradition.
{"title":"Russian identification. Nikolai Karamzin","authors":"Ihor Nemchynov","doi":"10.31649/sent05.01.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31649/sent05.01.114","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the evolution of Nikolai Karamzin's views, which largely illustrates the identification processes in Russia at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Even before writing the «History of the Russian State», Karamzin's views were in line with the trend of transition from a «servile» state to enlightened absolutism. In particular, the autocracy was to be based on law, the source of which should be the monarch himself. Under this system, the subject was not a slave but a citizen. However, after the defeat of enlightenment project , Karamzin began a research of Russian history, where he tried to find not a rational guidance, but something that could consolidate the nation – its spirit. All the ideologues of «Slavophilism» were brought up on Karamzin's «History». The author illustrates how Russian classicism gives way to romanticism, which «awakens» the national consciousness. Karamzin plays a significant role in this process: he provides the russian romantics with the necessary element without which Romanticism is impossible – tradition.","PeriodicalId":37673,"journal":{"name":"Sententiae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139131582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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