Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396734
X. Duan, A. Vogt, H. Bruns, C. Schuster
This paper presents a multi-step approach for the modeling of radiated emissions of electronic systems. Due to the high complexity and high aspect ratio of the inner structures of a printed circuit board (PCB), full wave modeling of a system including the external environment and enclosures is usually unrealistic. In this multi-step approach, the system is decomposed into internal and external domains by the PCB surfaces. The interior domain is first solved using the contour integral method to obtain equivalent surface currents, which serve as excitations for the method of moments to solve the external domain. Here, we focus on the radiation from the board edges by assuming solid plates on both upper and lower sides of the PCB. Various configurations will be analyzed to study the impact of exterior structures on the radiated emission of the system. The impact of the coupling from the scattered field back to the PCB will be discussed.
{"title":"Progress towards a combined CIM/MoM approach for EMI analysis of electronic systems","authors":"X. Duan, A. Vogt, H. Bruns, C. Schuster","doi":"10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396734","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a multi-step approach for the modeling of radiated emissions of electronic systems. Due to the high complexity and high aspect ratio of the inner structures of a printed circuit board (PCB), full wave modeling of a system including the external environment and enclosures is usually unrealistic. In this multi-step approach, the system is decomposed into internal and external domains by the PCB surfaces. The interior domain is first solved using the contour integral method to obtain equivalent surface currents, which serve as excitations for the method of moments to solve the external domain. Here, we focus on the radiation from the board edges by assuming solid plates on both upper and lower sides of the PCB. Various configurations will be analyzed to study the impact of exterior structures on the radiated emission of the system. The impact of the coupling from the scattered field back to the PCB will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":377100,"journal":{"name":"International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123724000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396912
V. Deniau, S. Dudoyer, S. Ambellouis, M. Heddebaut, A. Mariscotti
The GSM-R (Global System for Mobile communications - Railways) is a communication system under deployment in Europe to transmit voice exchanges and data signalling information between the trains and the control centres. This system consists in a network of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) located on the track side and the trains are equipped with an antenna on the locomotive connected to an embedded mobile. The GSM-R antenna receives the signals sent by the BTS but can also receive in-band electromagnetic (EM) interferences present above the train. These interferences have therefore to be controlled to verify that their levels do not affect the quality of the GSM-R reception. This paper is focused on the research of observables and measurement methods efficient to control the EM disturbances produced on board the trains, in order to warrant the protection of the GSM-R communications.
{"title":"Research of observables adapted to the analysis of EM noise impacting the quality of GSM-Railway transmissions","authors":"V. Deniau, S. Dudoyer, S. Ambellouis, M. Heddebaut, A. Mariscotti","doi":"10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396912","url":null,"abstract":"The GSM-R (Global System for Mobile communications - Railways) is a communication system under deployment in Europe to transmit voice exchanges and data signalling information between the trains and the control centres. This system consists in a network of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) located on the track side and the trains are equipped with an antenna on the locomotive connected to an embedded mobile. The GSM-R antenna receives the signals sent by the BTS but can also receive in-band electromagnetic (EM) interferences present above the train. These interferences have therefore to be controlled to verify that their levels do not affect the quality of the GSM-R reception. This paper is focused on the research of observables and measurement methods efficient to control the EM disturbances produced on board the trains, in order to warrant the protection of the GSM-R communications.","PeriodicalId":377100,"journal":{"name":"International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131952677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396909
T. Oizumi, I. Laakso, A. Hirata
The eye is said to be one of the most sensitive organs due to microwave heating. According to previous studies, the possibility of microwave-induced cataract formation has been experimentally investigated in rabbit and monkey eyes, while not for the human eye due to ethical reason. In the present study, we investigated the temperature elevation in the lens, the skin around the eye, and core temperature of numeric human and rabbit phantoms for plane-wave exposure at 2.45GHz. The temperature elevations in the human and rabbit phantoms were compared with the threshold temperatures inducing cataract, thermal pain in the skin, and reversible health effects such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke. The core temperature elevation is shown to be essential both in the human and rabbit phantoms as suggested in the international guidelines and standard.
{"title":"FDTD analysis of temperature elevation in the human and rabbit phantoms due to plane-wave exposure at 2.45GHz","authors":"T. Oizumi, I. Laakso, A. Hirata","doi":"10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396909","url":null,"abstract":"The eye is said to be one of the most sensitive organs due to microwave heating. According to previous studies, the possibility of microwave-induced cataract formation has been experimentally investigated in rabbit and monkey eyes, while not for the human eye due to ethical reason. In the present study, we investigated the temperature elevation in the lens, the skin around the eye, and core temperature of numeric human and rabbit phantoms for plane-wave exposure at 2.45GHz. The temperature elevations in the human and rabbit phantoms were compared with the threshold temperatures inducing cataract, thermal pain in the skin, and reversible health effects such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke. The core temperature elevation is shown to be essential both in the human and rabbit phantoms as suggested in the international guidelines and standard.","PeriodicalId":377100,"journal":{"name":"International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129246214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396819
B. Loader, A. Gregory, D. Bownds, F. Seifert
This paper examines the measurement of the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radio frequency energy during magnetic resonance imaging using an optical electric field sensor (OEFS). The sensor was used to measure SAR in a simple phantom during a 3-Tesla MRI scan and the results compared to computer simulations and also those obtained through temperature measurements. Good agreement is demonstrated. The optical electric field sensor has much higher sensitivity for SAR measurement than thermometers and the measurements are much quicker. The application of this technology allows the spatial distributions of SAR within phantoms during MRI to be measured.
{"title":"Evaluation of an optical electric field sensor for measurement of specific absorption rate (SAR) during magnetic resonance imaging","authors":"B. Loader, A. Gregory, D. Bownds, F. Seifert","doi":"10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396819","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the measurement of the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radio frequency energy during magnetic resonance imaging using an optical electric field sensor (OEFS). The sensor was used to measure SAR in a simple phantom during a 3-Tesla MRI scan and the results compared to computer simulations and also those obtained through temperature measurements. Good agreement is demonstrated. The optical electric field sensor has much higher sensitivity for SAR measurement than thermometers and the measurements are much quicker. The application of this technology allows the spatial distributions of SAR within phantoms during MRI to be measured.","PeriodicalId":377100,"journal":{"name":"International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128813882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396879
Y. Hatogai, H. Sasaki, T. Sudo
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) forecast is a critical issue in the modern electronic systems. The conventional method of EMI forecast includes the resonance frequency and S parameter of single board itself. However, it was not enough to estimate the worst peak frequency of EMI accurately, because on-chip capacitance affects greatly on the resonance frequency. Therefore, the EMI forecast is required to be improved by including on-chip power distribution network (PDN) and package PDN too. In this paper, transfer impedance of the entire system was precisely analyzed. As a result, it was confirmed that the peak frequency of transfer impedance of total system showed better correlation with the measured peak frequency of EMI.
{"title":"EMI peak frequency forecast by power supply transfer impedance with on-chip property","authors":"Y. Hatogai, H. Sasaki, T. Sudo","doi":"10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396879","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic interference (EMI) forecast is a critical issue in the modern electronic systems. The conventional method of EMI forecast includes the resonance frequency and S parameter of single board itself. However, it was not enough to estimate the worst peak frequency of EMI accurately, because on-chip capacitance affects greatly on the resonance frequency. Therefore, the EMI forecast is required to be improved by including on-chip power distribution network (PDN) and package PDN too. In this paper, transfer impedance of the entire system was precisely analyzed. As a result, it was confirmed that the peak frequency of transfer impedance of total system showed better correlation with the measured peak frequency of EMI.","PeriodicalId":377100,"journal":{"name":"International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123325794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396918
K. Fors, K. Wiklundh, P. Stenumgaard
To evaluate the performance degradation of a digital communication system, the Middleton's Class A noise model has shown to be a useful model for real interference sources. By varying the model parameter A and Γ, interference from pure Gaussian to a highly impulsive interference can be represented. The digital communication system performance is often determined by using the well-known Gaussian approximation (GA) to determine the bit error probability (BEP) of the system. The GA-approximation has been shown to severely underestimate the BEP for impulsive interference and therefore an earlier proposal, based on a so-called Impulsiveness Correction Factor (ICF) is used to correct the GA-approximation. In earlier work, the ICF has been extended to the case in which the interference signal consists of multiple interference signals. However, a limiting factor in that case is that one of the interference signals has to be dominant in power. In this paper, a simple but useful method is proposed to derive the ICF for a sum of equally distributed Class A-interference signals when none of the signals are dominant in power. This method is a complement to the earlier method and extends the usefulness of the ICF in interference analyses to a wider area of interference signals.
{"title":"On the Impulsiveness Correction Factor for estimation of performance degradation of wireless systems in Middletońs Class A interference","authors":"K. Fors, K. Wiklundh, P. Stenumgaard","doi":"10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396918","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate the performance degradation of a digital communication system, the Middleton's Class A noise model has shown to be a useful model for real interference sources. By varying the model parameter A and Γ, interference from pure Gaussian to a highly impulsive interference can be represented. The digital communication system performance is often determined by using the well-known Gaussian approximation (GA) to determine the bit error probability (BEP) of the system. The GA-approximation has been shown to severely underestimate the BEP for impulsive interference and therefore an earlier proposal, based on a so-called Impulsiveness Correction Factor (ICF) is used to correct the GA-approximation. In earlier work, the ICF has been extended to the case in which the interference signal consists of multiple interference signals. However, a limiting factor in that case is that one of the interference signals has to be dominant in power. In this paper, a simple but useful method is proposed to derive the ICF for a sum of equally distributed Class A-interference signals when none of the signals are dominant in power. This method is a complement to the earlier method and extends the usefulness of the ICF in interference analyses to a wider area of interference signals.","PeriodicalId":377100,"journal":{"name":"International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE","volume":"270 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116080584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396668
O. Losito, K. Fujii, G. Cannone, V. Dimiccoli, B. Audone, R. Colombo, D. Barletta
In the fields of electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic compatibility, it is important to measure the strength of the electric field originating from electric devices. For this purpose, knowledge of the antenna factor of a receiving antenna is necessary. In this paper, we discuss the recently measurement methods called Antenna Impedance Method as a new calibration method able to obtain the free-space antenna factor. The experimental measurements of the antenna factor obtained with this method were compared with Standard Field Method and the data provided by the manufacturer of three antennas data (Biconical, Log-periodic and Horn antenna) founding an agreement with the norm applicable to the calibration of antenna ANSI C63.5.
{"title":"Antenna factor determination with Antenna Impedance measurements","authors":"O. Losito, K. Fujii, G. Cannone, V. Dimiccoli, B. Audone, R. Colombo, D. Barletta","doi":"10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396668","url":null,"abstract":"In the fields of electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic compatibility, it is important to measure the strength of the electric field originating from electric devices. For this purpose, knowledge of the antenna factor of a receiving antenna is necessary. In this paper, we discuss the recently measurement methods called Antenna Impedance Method as a new calibration method able to obtain the free-space antenna factor. The experimental measurements of the antenna factor obtained with this method were compared with Standard Field Method and the data provided by the manufacturer of three antennas data (Biconical, Log-periodic and Horn antenna) founding an agreement with the norm applicable to the calibration of antenna ANSI C63.5.","PeriodicalId":377100,"journal":{"name":"International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE","volume":"116 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114050018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396805
Andrea Mariscotti, U. Reggiani, A. Ogunsola, L. Sandrolini
This paper presents the assessment of the effectiveness of the design provisions adopted for mitigating the electromagnetic interference generated by stray currents in a dc rail traction system. The track characteristics of the Red Line of the Dubai Metro are analysed and the measurements carried out to assess compliance with EN 50122-2 are shown. It is demonstrated that the design of the constituent components of the current return circuit is a key element in attaining overall system EMC.
{"title":"Mitigation of electromagnetic interference generated by stray current from a dc rail traction system","authors":"Andrea Mariscotti, U. Reggiani, A. Ogunsola, L. Sandrolini","doi":"10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396805","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the assessment of the effectiveness of the design provisions adopted for mitigating the electromagnetic interference generated by stray currents in a dc rail traction system. The track characteristics of the Red Line of the Dubai Metro are analysed and the measurements carried out to assess compliance with EN 50122-2 are shown. It is demonstrated that the design of the constituent components of the current return circuit is a key element in attaining overall system EMC.","PeriodicalId":377100,"journal":{"name":"International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125284393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396732
Guang-Xiao Luo, X. Cui, Xing-Chang Wei, E. Li
A method is presented to get the distributed characteristic of impedance and the locations of decoupling capacitors on power-ground(PG) planes for minimizing the impedance design. Multi-port networks method based on the integral equation is proposed to model the PG pair with voltage regulator module(VRM) and decoupling capacitors, the distributed characteristic of impedance is analyzed by ports reduced process, and the location of decoupling capacitors is advised to lower the power distribution network (PDN) impedance and the noise coupling on the whole PG plane. Numerical examples reveal that this location optimizing process is efficient for PDN Design.
{"title":"Distributed decoupling analysis on PG planes for PDN design","authors":"Guang-Xiao Luo, X. Cui, Xing-Chang Wei, E. Li","doi":"10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396732","url":null,"abstract":"A method is presented to get the distributed characteristic of impedance and the locations of decoupling capacitors on power-ground(PG) planes for minimizing the impedance design. Multi-port networks method based on the integral equation is proposed to model the PG pair with voltage regulator module(VRM) and decoupling capacitors, the distributed characteristic of impedance is analyzed by ports reduced process, and the location of decoupling capacitors is advised to lower the power distribution network (PDN) impedance and the noise coupling on the whole PG plane. Numerical examples reveal that this location optimizing process is efficient for PDN Design.","PeriodicalId":377100,"journal":{"name":"International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122999496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-31DOI: 10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396829
B. Audone
One of the most critical problems in immunity testing is to detect the malfunctions of the equipment under test (EUT) when the susceptibility signals are injected into it. In most EMC specifications it is left to the test operator to decide whether the EUT is susceptible on the basis of examination of qualitative output parameters; even if quantitative data is available the pass/fail decision is still based upon purely deterministic considerations, which do not take into account possible degradations due to many factors such as test equipment random performance characteristics, equipment aging and the parameter spread of electronic components used in manufacturing processes. Statistical evaluations may be necessary to find out a suitable solution to this problem especially in the case of safety critical equipment and systems.
{"title":"On the detection of random broadband signals","authors":"B. Audone","doi":"10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEUROPE.2012.6396829","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most critical problems in immunity testing is to detect the malfunctions of the equipment under test (EUT) when the susceptibility signals are injected into it. In most EMC specifications it is left to the test operator to decide whether the EUT is susceptible on the basis of examination of qualitative output parameters; even if quantitative data is available the pass/fail decision is still based upon purely deterministic considerations, which do not take into account possible degradations due to many factors such as test equipment random performance characteristics, equipment aging and the parameter spread of electronic components used in manufacturing processes. Statistical evaluations may be necessary to find out a suitable solution to this problem especially in the case of safety critical equipment and systems.","PeriodicalId":377100,"journal":{"name":"International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE","volume":"4 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131433723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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