B. Bilska, M. Tomaszewska, D. Kołożyn-Krajewska, K. Szczepański, Robert Łaba, Sylwia Łaba
Abstract Food production is connected with a negative effect on the environment as it is linked with the utilisation of natural resources such as fresh water and with the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). It is, therefore, very important to prevent the wastage of food at all food chain stages. Special attention should be paid to the phenomena which burden the environment in an unjustified way. One such example may be the waste of final products at the stage of retail sale objects. The purpose of the present paper was to estimate the effect of wasted food in the selected network of the retail sale on the environment with the application of water footprint indicator and CO2 emission. On the grounds of the collected data, the participation of food withdrawn from the trade, the reasons for the mentioned phenomenon and the size of the wasted food products and those donated to charities were established. Based upon such data, the level of CO2 emission and the water print of the products which have not been utilised according to their destination were estimated. In spite of the fact that the animal origin products were characterised by a small participation in the weight of the unsold food (ca. 13.34% annually), they constituted the main source of CO2 emission and water footprint estimated from the food waste. It was calculated that the annual turnover and waste of the products only in one trade network was connected with the unjustified emission of ca. 12 thousand tonnes of CO2 and 13 million m3 of water footprint.
{"title":"Environmental aspects of food wastage in trade – a case study","authors":"B. Bilska, M. Tomaszewska, D. Kołożyn-Krajewska, K. Szczepański, Robert Łaba, Sylwia Łaba","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2020-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2020-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Food production is connected with a negative effect on the environment as it is linked with the utilisation of natural resources such as fresh water and with the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). It is, therefore, very important to prevent the wastage of food at all food chain stages. Special attention should be paid to the phenomena which burden the environment in an unjustified way. One such example may be the waste of final products at the stage of retail sale objects. The purpose of the present paper was to estimate the effect of wasted food in the selected network of the retail sale on the environment with the application of water footprint indicator and CO2 emission. On the grounds of the collected data, the participation of food withdrawn from the trade, the reasons for the mentioned phenomenon and the size of the wasted food products and those donated to charities were established. Based upon such data, the level of CO2 emission and the water print of the products which have not been utilised according to their destination were estimated. In spite of the fact that the animal origin products were characterised by a small participation in the weight of the unsold food (ca. 13.34% annually), they constituted the main source of CO2 emission and water footprint estimated from the food waste. It was calculated that the annual turnover and waste of the products only in one trade network was connected with the unjustified emission of ca. 12 thousand tonnes of CO2 and 13 million m3 of water footprint.","PeriodicalId":37767,"journal":{"name":"Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45714991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magdalena Baćkowska, Jolanta Bąk-Badowska, I. Żeber-Dzikowska, B. Gworek
Abstract In Poland and most of the areas of Europe, the beech, that is, Fagus sylvatica L. is one of the most vital species found in the species composition of forests. A number of the species of foliophages tend to develop on the leaves, which may contribute to the dieback of the tree. The demonstrated results are the effects of the research conducted in 2018 in the Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park. Subsequently, 11 species of foliophages were initially discovered there. Such species were inclined to form galls and the miner damages to the beech leaves. Among 4,000 of the analysed leaves, 398 galls and 498 leaf miner damages were found. They were caused by the representatives of insects and mites.
{"title":"Preliminary studies on the damage to the leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) caused by insects and mites in the Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park","authors":"Magdalena Baćkowska, Jolanta Bąk-Badowska, I. Żeber-Dzikowska, B. Gworek","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2020-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2020-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Poland and most of the areas of Europe, the beech, that is, Fagus sylvatica L. is one of the most vital species found in the species composition of forests. A number of the species of foliophages tend to develop on the leaves, which may contribute to the dieback of the tree. The demonstrated results are the effects of the research conducted in 2018 in the Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park. Subsequently, 11 species of foliophages were initially discovered there. Such species were inclined to form galls and the miner damages to the beech leaves. Among 4,000 of the analysed leaves, 398 galls and 498 leaf miner damages were found. They were caused by the representatives of insects and mites.","PeriodicalId":37767,"journal":{"name":"Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41848605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper looks at the ineffectiveness of climate protection undertaken by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Despite the emission reduction measures commenced by some countries, the global emission of carbon dioxide has increased more than 40% since the adoption of the UNFCCC. The most important reason of the catastrophe is the so-called Berlin Mandate (1995), which exempts most of the countries in the world – including China that became the largest emitter in 2006 – from taking any binding commitments to reduce emissions. The Paris Agreement (2015) has been the first attempt to overcome the failure. There are a number of economic reasons why the protection process has not been successful so far. ‘Carbon leakage’ caused by the fact that most countries do not have binding commitments implies that emission from economies that impose restrictions moves to where it is not constrained. This calls for a global agreement on emission reduction. Such a global agreement requires recognition of the fact that climate protection is a public good. It is surprising that those UNFCCC signatories, who are likely to be hit by the lack of protection most acutely, hesitate to adopt effective provisions.
{"title":"Economics of climate change","authors":"T. Żylicz","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2020-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2020-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper looks at the ineffectiveness of climate protection undertaken by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Despite the emission reduction measures commenced by some countries, the global emission of carbon dioxide has increased more than 40% since the adoption of the UNFCCC. The most important reason of the catastrophe is the so-called Berlin Mandate (1995), which exempts most of the countries in the world – including China that became the largest emitter in 2006 – from taking any binding commitments to reduce emissions. The Paris Agreement (2015) has been the first attempt to overcome the failure. There are a number of economic reasons why the protection process has not been successful so far. ‘Carbon leakage’ caused by the fact that most countries do not have binding commitments implies that emission from economies that impose restrictions moves to where it is not constrained. This calls for a global agreement on emission reduction. Such a global agreement requires recognition of the fact that climate protection is a public good. It is surprising that those UNFCCC signatories, who are likely to be hit by the lack of protection most acutely, hesitate to adopt effective provisions.","PeriodicalId":37767,"journal":{"name":"Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41842095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magdalena Marchel, B. Mossety-Leszczak, M. Walczak
Abstract The amount of used and worn out tires around the world reaches about 10 million tons. Rubber introduction to the environment in this shape is connected with its pollution, caused by tires’ chemical composition, which, apart from synthetic and natural rubber, contain soot as a filler, plasticizers having some amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and helping substances: activators, accelerator of vulcanization, cross-link means and homogenizers. The most important activator is zinc oxide. The aim of the conducted studies was to determine the influence of rubber rag added to the subsoil on the amount of yield, physiological state and the amount of taken zinc by maize (Zea mays). It was found that the rubber rag introduced into the soil caused an increase in the yield of maize and the plants growing on the soil with the highest amount of rubber rag showing higher efficiency photosynthetic apparatus than others. The zinc content in the aboveground parts of maize increased with the increase of rubber rag in the soil.
{"title":"Maize (Zea mays) reaction in response to rubber rag additive into the soil","authors":"Magdalena Marchel, B. Mossety-Leszczak, M. Walczak","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2020-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2020-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The amount of used and worn out tires around the world reaches about 10 million tons. Rubber introduction to the environment in this shape is connected with its pollution, caused by tires’ chemical composition, which, apart from synthetic and natural rubber, contain soot as a filler, plasticizers having some amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and helping substances: activators, accelerator of vulcanization, cross-link means and homogenizers. The most important activator is zinc oxide. The aim of the conducted studies was to determine the influence of rubber rag added to the subsoil on the amount of yield, physiological state and the amount of taken zinc by maize (Zea mays). It was found that the rubber rag introduced into the soil caused an increase in the yield of maize and the plants growing on the soil with the highest amount of rubber rag showing higher efficiency photosynthetic apparatus than others. The zinc content in the aboveground parts of maize increased with the increase of rubber rag in the soil.","PeriodicalId":37767,"journal":{"name":"Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47479848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joanna Masiewicz, Martyna Roszowska-Jarosz, M. Kostrzewa, Aleksandra Jasik, Paulina Krawczyk
Abstract The article presents the results of research on the modification of Epidian 5 epoxy resin by introducing natural modifiers. It's easy accessibility and biodegradability has a positive effect on environmental protection, cost-effectiveness of the process, useful and strength properties of composites. Still looking for the best solutions in the production of epoxy composites combining these features, we have attempted to compare and select the most optimal natural modifier. The epoxy resin was modified with collagen, hemp fibres, cellulose from pepper extraction residues. The amount of amine hardener suggested by the manufacturer was added to the composition. Each composition was cured at room temperature for 24 hours and then cured at 80°C for 3 hours. The prepared composites were subjected to impact assessment additions for mechanical properties, impact strength, three-point bending strength, critical stress intensity factor and gel time.
{"title":"The modification of an epoxy resin by natural plant materials","authors":"Joanna Masiewicz, Martyna Roszowska-Jarosz, M. Kostrzewa, Aleksandra Jasik, Paulina Krawczyk","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2020-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2020-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents the results of research on the modification of Epidian 5 epoxy resin by introducing natural modifiers. It's easy accessibility and biodegradability has a positive effect on environmental protection, cost-effectiveness of the process, useful and strength properties of composites. Still looking for the best solutions in the production of epoxy composites combining these features, we have attempted to compare and select the most optimal natural modifier. The epoxy resin was modified with collagen, hemp fibres, cellulose from pepper extraction residues. The amount of amine hardener suggested by the manufacturer was added to the composition. Each composition was cured at room temperature for 24 hours and then cured at 80°C for 3 hours. The prepared composites were subjected to impact assessment additions for mechanical properties, impact strength, three-point bending strength, critical stress intensity factor and gel time.","PeriodicalId":37767,"journal":{"name":"Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43987075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justyna Chrobak, J. Iłowska, R. Grabowski, Michał Szmatoła, H. Studnik, Kamil Korasiak, J. Drabik
Abstract Lubricants that are based on vegetable oils and other renewable resources are the subject of many research studies and can be used in various applications, especially in the food industry, which is characterized by the high quality requirements related to the necessity to develop biodegradable lubricants that are environmentally friendly and do not contain harmful components and are safe to use for people. The objective of the described research was to obtain a base oil with a certain viscosity, which is higher than the viscosity of the initial vegetable oil, and certain lubricating properties. The initial oil derived from Crambe abyssinica was subjected to oxidation in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide with or without supercritical CO2 as a solvent. As a final result of this study, base oils meeting the viscosity requirements and having high biodegradability were obtained. The Raman spectra of the modified vegetable oils were evaluated and they were used for the initial assessment of the composition and the evaluation of the presence of harmful chemical compounds.
{"title":"The use of modified vegetable oil from Crambe abyssinica as a lubricant base for the food industry","authors":"Justyna Chrobak, J. Iłowska, R. Grabowski, Michał Szmatoła, H. Studnik, Kamil Korasiak, J. Drabik","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2020-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2020-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lubricants that are based on vegetable oils and other renewable resources are the subject of many research studies and can be used in various applications, especially in the food industry, which is characterized by the high quality requirements related to the necessity to develop biodegradable lubricants that are environmentally friendly and do not contain harmful components and are safe to use for people. The objective of the described research was to obtain a base oil with a certain viscosity, which is higher than the viscosity of the initial vegetable oil, and certain lubricating properties. The initial oil derived from Crambe abyssinica was subjected to oxidation in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide with or without supercritical CO2 as a solvent. As a final result of this study, base oils meeting the viscosity requirements and having high biodegradability were obtained. The Raman spectra of the modified vegetable oils were evaluated and they were used for the initial assessment of the composition and the evaluation of the presence of harmful chemical compounds.","PeriodicalId":37767,"journal":{"name":"Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48618505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Since the early 1990s, more and more restrictive car emission standards have been successively introduced, and since 2015, targets of CO2 emission have also been in force. Even though these measures are effective in decreasing the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and also CO2 in recent years in the European Union (EU), the European Commission more and more emphatically stresses the necessity of evolution of the conventional road transport towards electromobility. The paper presents the financial and environmental aspects related to the use of selected passenger cars in Poland. External effects were calculated taking into account emission from the wear and tear of tyres and braking systems (conventional and electric cars), fuel combustion (conventional cars) and emission related to the production of the energy needed for propelling vehicles in the Polish energy sector (electric cars). The external costs were calculated in terms of emission for all the vehicles in the analysis. On this basis, conclusions were drawn with regard to the economic justification for the purchase and use of vehicles in Poland.
{"title":"Comparison of financial and external costs related to the use of selected electric and conventional passenger cars – the example of Poland","authors":"M. Trela","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2019-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2019-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the early 1990s, more and more restrictive car emission standards have been successively introduced, and since 2015, targets of CO2 emission have also been in force. Even though these measures are effective in decreasing the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and also CO2 in recent years in the European Union (EU), the European Commission more and more emphatically stresses the necessity of evolution of the conventional road transport towards electromobility. The paper presents the financial and environmental aspects related to the use of selected passenger cars in Poland. External effects were calculated taking into account emission from the wear and tear of tyres and braking systems (conventional and electric cars), fuel combustion (conventional cars) and emission related to the production of the energy needed for propelling vehicles in the Polish energy sector (electric cars). The external costs were calculated in terms of emission for all the vehicles in the analysis. On this basis, conclusions were drawn with regard to the economic justification for the purchase and use of vehicles in Poland.","PeriodicalId":37767,"journal":{"name":"Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47408687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The structure of fuels consumed for energy production and the amount of CO2 emissions associated with that production in Poland in 1990–2017 and in other selected European countries were presented. The countries to be compared were selected so that the analysed group was diverse in terms of electricity generation conditions. CO2 emission intensity from electricity production for Poland were estimated and compared with the average intensity for the EU and for the other selected European countries. Additionally, CO2 emission in the electricity and commercial heat production sector projected until 2040 was included to present the impact of the fuel mix on the emission results.
{"title":"The electricity production in Poland compared to selected European countries","authors":"I. Kargulewicz, D. Zasina","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2019-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2019-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The structure of fuels consumed for energy production and the amount of CO2 emissions associated with that production in Poland in 1990–2017 and in other selected European countries were presented. The countries to be compared were selected so that the analysed group was diverse in terms of electricity generation conditions. CO2 emission intensity from electricity production for Poland were estimated and compared with the average intensity for the EU and for the other selected European countries. Additionally, CO2 emission in the electricity and commercial heat production sector projected until 2040 was included to present the impact of the fuel mix on the emission results.","PeriodicalId":37767,"journal":{"name":"Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45639163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Rahmonov, Katarzyna Pukowiec-Kurda, Jarosław Banaszek, K. Brom
Abstract Ecosystems of city parks are one of the most important refuges of biodiversity in urbanized areas. Recently, naturalists have had an increased interest in floristic diversity in regions that have been drastically modified by human activity, particularly in urban spaces. Investigations were conducted at various levels of the biological organization, to protect the environment and to promote floristic diversity. The aim of this study is to present floristic diversity in urban parks in southern Poland. The research was conducted in 10 parks located in 3 cities (Dąbrowa Górnicza, Sosnowiec and Będzin). These parks have been formed at different times, on various parent rocks. They are both natural and anthropogenic in origin and have different sizes (the smallest being 6 ha and the largest 67 ha). Their common features are way of use and management. The results of this investigation have confirmed 426 vascular plants belonging to 83 families and 247 genera. The highest number of species belongs to Asteraceae and Poaceae. Grabek Park is the most species rich (288) in comparison to the other parks investigated. Research on urban parks shows important links between floral diversity and biodiversity within highly urbanized areas in city centres and in urban spaces in general. This variety includes both native species and alien species, which are often called ‘park species’ with a decorative origin.
{"title":"Floristic diversity in selected city parks in southern Poland","authors":"O. Rahmonov, Katarzyna Pukowiec-Kurda, Jarosław Banaszek, K. Brom","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2019-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2019-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ecosystems of city parks are one of the most important refuges of biodiversity in urbanized areas. Recently, naturalists have had an increased interest in floristic diversity in regions that have been drastically modified by human activity, particularly in urban spaces. Investigations were conducted at various levels of the biological organization, to protect the environment and to promote floristic diversity. The aim of this study is to present floristic diversity in urban parks in southern Poland. The research was conducted in 10 parks located in 3 cities (Dąbrowa Górnicza, Sosnowiec and Będzin). These parks have been formed at different times, on various parent rocks. They are both natural and anthropogenic in origin and have different sizes (the smallest being 6 ha and the largest 67 ha). Their common features are way of use and management. The results of this investigation have confirmed 426 vascular plants belonging to 83 families and 247 genera. The highest number of species belongs to Asteraceae and Poaceae. Grabek Park is the most species rich (288) in comparison to the other parks investigated. Research on urban parks shows important links between floral diversity and biodiversity within highly urbanized areas in city centres and in urban spaces in general. This variety includes both native species and alien species, which are often called ‘park species’ with a decorative origin.","PeriodicalId":37767,"journal":{"name":"Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49530307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sylwia Łaba, Mikołaj Niedek, K. Szczepański, Robert Łaba, Anna Kamińska‐Dwórznicka
Abstract The paper presents the analysis of the guidelines of the European Union, adopted in May, 2019, on the common methodology and quality requirements for the uniform system of measuring the food waste levels in the EU Member States. The Waste Framework Directive obliges the Member States to monitor the generation of food waste and to take measures to limit their production; however, a lack of uniform, reliable method for measuring the food waste levels in the EU causes that it is difficult to evaluate the scale of the problem, its sources and the related tendencies in time. The food waste is generated across the whole food supply chain; so, it is especially troublesome to determine the level of the discussed waste. The food waste with different characteristics, different source and different reasons for its generation is produced in each stage of the chain. The current data on the food wastes do not specify their quantities. In connection with this fact, a separate legal act was developed, that is, the Commission Delegated Decision (EU) dated 3 May 2019, focusing on the measuring of food waste, which is harmonized with the existing systems of data collection and provides a framework for further measures of the Member States in respect of the quantitative determination of the food waste that is generated.
{"title":"Regulation of the food waste measuring in the EU in the light of the need of counteracting the food wastage","authors":"Sylwia Łaba, Mikołaj Niedek, K. Szczepański, Robert Łaba, Anna Kamińska‐Dwórznicka","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2019-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2019-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the analysis of the guidelines of the European Union, adopted in May, 2019, on the common methodology and quality requirements for the uniform system of measuring the food waste levels in the EU Member States. The Waste Framework Directive obliges the Member States to monitor the generation of food waste and to take measures to limit their production; however, a lack of uniform, reliable method for measuring the food waste levels in the EU causes that it is difficult to evaluate the scale of the problem, its sources and the related tendencies in time. The food waste is generated across the whole food supply chain; so, it is especially troublesome to determine the level of the discussed waste. The food waste with different characteristics, different source and different reasons for its generation is produced in each stage of the chain. The current data on the food wastes do not specify their quantities. In connection with this fact, a separate legal act was developed, that is, the Commission Delegated Decision (EU) dated 3 May 2019, focusing on the measuring of food waste, which is harmonized with the existing systems of data collection and provides a framework for further measures of the Member States in respect of the quantitative determination of the food waste that is generated.","PeriodicalId":37767,"journal":{"name":"Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42893438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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