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The influence of a rival’s (in)fertility on jealousy and the allocation of blame following a mate’s infidelity 配偶不忠后,竞争对手的生育能力对嫉妒和责任分配的影响
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.5964/ijpr.v12i2.291
M. Fisher, Laura Robertson, H. Dillon
Selective pressures throughout evolutionary history have caused the adaptation of sex-specific responses to dilemmas that are relevant for reproductive fitness. Sex differences in imagined jealousy due to infidelity are well documented, but past work does not consider the influence of reproductive capability (i.e., being fertile versus infertile) on responses. Relying on an online survey of 369 adults, we hypothesized that infidelities involving an infertile interloper lead to less jealousy than infidelities involving a fertile interloper. Further, for sexual infidelity, regardless of the interloper’s fertility, we hypothesized men would allocate the most responsibility to their partner and women would do so for the interloper, given women are assumed to behave with more intention. This hypothesis was partially supported; while men did allocate the most responsibility to their mate, so too did women, but women also blamed the interloper more than men. With regards to emotional infidelity, again independent of the interloper’s fertility, we hypothesized men will primarily hold their partner responsible. However, we hypothesized that women will again consider the interloper responsible, but also their partner, due to concerns over fear of losing access to needed resources. This prediction was partially supported, as both sexes primarily hold their partner most responsible, and women held the interloper more accountable than did men. The findings shed light onto how individuals assess relationship threats and allocate responsibility, according to reproductive capability.
进化史上的选择压力导致了与生殖适应性相关的性别特异性反应的适应。由于不忠而产生的想象嫉妒的性别差异已经得到了充分的证明,但过去的研究并没有考虑生殖能力(即生育能力与不育能力)对反应的影响。根据一项对369名成年人的在线调查,我们假设,与一个有生育能力的闯入者相比,与一个有生育能力的闯入者不忠会导致更少的嫉妒。此外,对于性不忠,不管闯入者的生育能力如何,我们假设男性会将大部分责任分配给他们的伴侣,而女性会为闯入者承担大部分责任,因为假设女性的行为更有目的性。这一假设得到了部分支持;虽然男性确实把大部分责任都分配给了配偶,但女性也比男性更多地责怪闯入者。至于情感出轨,同样与闯入者的生育能力无关,我们假设男性主要是让他们的伴侣负责。然而,我们假设女性会再次考虑闯入者的责任,但也会考虑她们的伴侣,因为她们担心失去获得所需资源的机会。这一预测得到了部分支持,因为两性都认为自己的伴侣负有主要责任,而且女性比男性更认为闯入者负有责任。研究结果揭示了个体如何根据繁殖能力来评估关系威胁和分配责任。
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引用次数: 0
Psychosocial Determinants of Romantic Inclination Among Indian Youth 印度青年浪漫倾向的社会心理决定因素
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-10-20 DOI: 10.5964/IJPR.V11I1.213
D. B. Ganth, S. Kadhiravan
The present study was conducted with the aim of understanding the psychosocial determinants of romantic inclination among youth in India. We involved 779 student participants from a large central university in south India in the age range of 18-24 years. The participants filled measures on romantic inclination, personality, attachment style, interpersonal attraction, and social influence on romantic relationship in addition to a questionnaire on demographic information and relationship history. Analysis of the data revealed that males showed higher level of romantic inclination than females. Those who had current/past involvement in a romantic relationship (Lovers) showed higher levels of romantic inclination than those who had never involved in a romantic relationship (Non-lovers). Parents’ type of marriage (Love/arranged), close fiends’ involvement in romantic relationship too had a discriminatory role in romantic inclination. Romantic inclination was significantly related to personality factors, attachment style, media and peer influences on romantic relationships and interpersonal attraction. Extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, media influence, peer influence, secure attachment and physical attraction emerged as significant predictors of romantic inclination in a regression model. Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) indicated that personality, attachment style and interpersonal attraction had a significant influence on romantic inclination mediated by both media and peer influences. Romantic inclination in turn significantly predicted romantic relationship status.
本研究的目的是了解印度青年浪漫倾向的社会心理决定因素。我们研究了779名来自印度南部一所大型中央大学的学生,年龄在18-24岁之间。参与者填写了关于浪漫倾向、个性、依恋类型、人际吸引力和对浪漫关系的社会影响的问卷,以及关于人口统计信息和关系历史的问卷。对数据的分析显示,男性比女性表现出更高的浪漫倾向。那些目前或过去有过恋爱关系的人(恋人)比那些从未有过恋爱关系的人(非恋人)表现出更高的浪漫倾向。父母的婚姻类型(爱情/包办婚姻),亲密朋友的恋爱关系也对浪漫倾向起着歧视性作用。恋爱倾向与人格因素、依恋类型、媒介和同伴对恋爱关系和人际吸引的影响显著相关。在回归模型中,外向性、经验开放性、宜人性、媒体影响、同伴影响、安全依恋和身体吸引力成为浪漫倾向的重要预测因素。结构方程模型(SEM)表明,人格、依恋类型和人际吸引力在媒介和同伴影响的中介作用下对浪漫倾向有显著影响。浪漫倾向反过来又显著地预测了恋爱关系的状态。
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引用次数: 9
Your Responses Guide Me: Decreased Attachment Anxiety Through an Online Relationship-Building Paradigm 你的回答引导我:通过在线关系建立范式减少依恋焦虑
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-10-20 DOI: 10.5964/IJPR.V11I1.254
Benjamin N. Johnson, N. Bliwise
This study aims to improve self-reported attachment anxiety and avoidance through an online relationship-building paradigm. Seventy-seven undergraduate participants completed an online attachment-focused paradigm in which they developed a relationship with a virtual partner, and fifty participants successfully completed a second laboratory-based phase of the study. During the online phase, all participants completed the Experiences in Close Relationships―Revised questionnaire (ECR-R), the experimental group engaged in an interactive relationship-formation story with a virtual partner designed to enhance secure attachment, and control participants engaged in the program without guidance. Participants then visited the laboratory, were asked to recall the online interaction, and again completed the ECR-R. Overall, participants exhibited a significant decrease in their attachment anxiety, but not avoidance; however, change in attachment security did not differ based on study group. Change in the experimental condition was attributed to the secure focus of the guided interaction with the virtual partner. Change in the control condition, on the other hand, was attributed to general relationship practice and behavioral principles of operant conditioning. These results provide preliminary evidence for the effect of a virtual practice relationship on attitudes towards real-life attachments to significant others.
本研究旨在透过网路关系建构范式,改善自我报告的依恋焦虑与回避。77名大学生参与者完成了一个以在线依恋为中心的范例,在这个范例中,他们与一个虚拟伴侣建立了关系,50名参与者成功地完成了研究的第二个实验室阶段。在在线阶段,所有参与者都完成了亲密关系的体验-修订问卷(ECR-R),实验组与虚拟伴侣进行互动关系形成故事,旨在增强安全依恋,并控制参与者在没有指导的情况下参与程序。然后,参与者参观了实验室,被要求回忆在线互动,并再次完成ECR-R。总体而言,参与者表现出依恋焦虑的显著减少,但没有回避;然而,依恋安全感的变化在不同研究组之间并无差异。实验条件的变化归因于与虚拟伙伴的引导交互的安全焦点。另一方面,控制条件的变化归因于一般关系实践和操作性条件反射的行为原则。这些结果为虚拟实践关系对现实生活中对重要他人的依恋态度的影响提供了初步证据。
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引用次数: 2
Function of Attachment Hierarchies in Young Adults Experiencing the Transition From University 依恋等级在大学生过渡中的作用
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-10-20 DOI: 10.5964/IJPR.V11I1.223
E. Scharfe, Robyn Pitman, Valerie Cole
An important cornerstone of Bowlby’s attachment theory (1969/1997) is the proposal that moving away from parents and toward peers is an indication of healthy development. In this study, we explored the benefit of the shift, not the shift itself, in a sample of emerging adults experiencing a stressful life event (i.e., the transition from university). Although the shift from parents to peers is an important cornerstone of Bowlby’s theory, this study is one of the first to test the differential effects of parent and peer networks on adjustment. In this longitudinal study, 73 participants completed surveys to assess attachment, social networks, and distress one month before completing their undergraduate degree and 6 months later. We found that participants experiencing the transition from university, who chose a peer as the first person in their network, tended to report stable scores over time whereas participants who chose a family member reported more variable scores. Interestingly, the direction of change was not different for the groups, just the magnitude of change. Furthermore, the difference in adjustment was not found when we compared the groups using the percent hierarchy method highlighting that there is a benefit of exploring primary attachment relationships when examining the influence of networks on adjustment.
Bowlby的依恋理论(1969/1997)的一个重要基石是提出离开父母走向同伴是健康发展的标志。在这项研究中,我们探讨了转变的好处,而不是转变本身,在一个经历压力生活事件(即,从大学过渡)的新兴成年人的样本中。虽然从父母到同伴的转变是鲍尔比理论的重要基石,但本研究是第一个测试父母和同伴网络对适应的差异影响的研究之一。在这项纵向研究中,73名参与者在完成本科学位前一个月和六个月后分别完成了依恋、社交网络和痛苦程度的调查。我们发现,从大学毕业的参与者,选择同伴作为他们网络中的第一个人,随着时间的推移,他们倾向于报告稳定的分数,而选择家庭成员的参与者报告的分数则更多变。有趣的是,两组的变化方向并没有不同,只是变化的幅度不同。此外,当我们使用百分比层次法比较各组时,没有发现调整的差异,这突出表明在检查网络对调整的影响时,探索主要依恋关系是有益的。
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引用次数: 6
Ambivalent Sexism as a Mediator for Sex Role Orientation and Gender Stereotypes in Romantic Relationships: A Study in Turkey 矛盾的性别歧视作为浪漫关系中性别角色取向和性别刻板印象的中介:在土耳其的研究
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-10-20 DOI: 10.5964/IJPR.V11I1.229
Ferzan Curun, Ebru Taysi, Fatih Orçan
The present study examined the mediating effects of ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent) in the relationship between sex role orientation (masculinity and femininity) and gender stereotypes (dominance and assertiveness) in college students. The variables were measured using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), and the Attitudes toward Gender Stereotypes in Romantic Relationships Scale (AGSRRS). These inventories were administered to 250 undergraduate students at Istanbul University in Istanbul and Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta, Turkey. Results indicate that benevolent sexism mediates the relationship between hostile sexism and male dominance. Benevolent sexism also mediates femininity and male dominance, as well as femininity and male assertiveness. Hostile sexism was mediated only between the masculine personality trait and benevolent sexism. The present findings expand the literature on sex role orientation by revealing evidence that masculine and feminine individuals experience ambivalent sexism distinctively. The results are discussed in terms of the assumptions of sex role orientation, ambivalent sexism, and gender stereotypes.
摘要本研究考察了矛盾性别歧视(敌意和善意)在大学生性别角色取向(男性化和女性化)与性别刻板印象(支配性和自信性)之间的中介作用。采用本姆性别角色量表(BSRI)、矛盾性别歧视量表(ASI)和恋爱关系中性别刻板印象态度量表(AGSRRS)对变量进行测量。对伊斯坦布尔伊斯坦布尔大学和土耳其伊斯帕塔苏莱曼德米雷尔大学的250名本科生进行了问卷调查。结果表明,善意性别歧视在敌意性别歧视与男性支配的关系中起中介作用。善意的性别歧视也调解了女性气质和男性主导,以及女性气质和男性自信。敌意性别歧视仅在男性人格特质与善意性别歧视之间中介。本研究扩充了性别角色取向的研究文献,揭示了男性和女性个体不同的矛盾性别歧视。研究结果从性别角色取向假设、矛盾性别歧视假设和性别刻板印象假设三个方面进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 4
Relationship Between Childhood (Un)predictability and Life Milestones in Young Brazilians 巴西年轻人童年(非)可预测性与人生里程碑之间的关系
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-10-20 DOI: 10.5964/IJPR.V11I1.252
Cézar D. Luquine Jr., Anna Beatriz Howat-Rodrigues, P. Izar
The present study sought to investigate whether perceived family unpredictability affects the development of life history strategies in both the reproductive and somatic domains by evaluating the ages at which life milestones occurred. In this study 211 young Brazilians answered a 10-item instrument that contained future milestones, the Family Unpredictability in Childhood, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Not all participants had already achieved the milestones. Earlier ages of giving birth to the first child, marrying, starting a family, and at first formal employment were correlated with greater unpredictability scores. Significant correlations were found more frequently for the participants who had already met the milestones. Data support the importance of the childhood environment for later development. Results suggest that data obtained based on the ages at which milestones occurred and ages at which milestones are expected to occur may present important differences with regard to the influence of environmental factors.
本研究试图通过评估生命里程碑发生的年龄,来调查感知到的家庭不可预测性是否会影响生殖和躯体领域的生活史策略的发展。在这项研究中,211名巴西年轻人回答了一个包含未来里程碑、童年家庭不可预测性和社会人口调查问卷的10项工具。并不是所有的参与者都已经达到了里程碑。生第一个孩子、结婚、组建家庭和刚开始正式工作的年龄越早,不可预测性得分越高。在已经达到里程碑的参与者中,发现显著的相关性更频繁。数据支持童年环境对以后发展的重要性。结果表明,根据发生里程碑的年龄和预期发生里程碑的年龄获得的数据可能在环境因素的影响方面存在重要差异。
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引用次数: 0
Capacity for Empathy and Emotional Contagion in Those With Psychopathic Personalities 病态人格者的共情能力与情绪传染
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-10-20 DOI: 10.5964/IJPR.V11I1.247
C. Luckhurst, E. Hatfield, Claire Gelvin-Smith
People with psychopathic traits are sometimes adept at recognizing the emotions of others and using this knowledge in anti-social ways. However, data from incarcerated psychopaths suggest that they are incapable of true empathy. In this paper, we describe three studies that link psychopathic personality to emotional contagion and empathy, and we offer suggestions for reconciling the seemingly conflicting data. While most studies of psychopathic personality assess incarcerated respondents, the resulting data may not be generalizable to non-criminals; participants in these studies were recruited from the general population. The research confirms that empathy and emotional contagion are positively correlated and that each is negatively correlated with psychopathy, as expected. Unique to these studies is the finding that, when instructed, those with psychopathic traits can easily “catch” the emotions of others via the steps of the emotional contagion pathway, thus implying their capacity for empathy. However, without instruction, those with psychopathic traits did not automatically catch others’ emotions.
具有精神病态特征的人有时善于识别他人的情绪,并以反社会的方式利用这种知识。然而,来自被监禁的精神病患者的数据表明,他们没有真正的同理心。在本文中,我们描述了三个将精神病人格与情绪感染和共情联系起来的研究,并为调和看似矛盾的数据提供了建议。虽然大多数关于精神病人格的研究评估的是被监禁的受访者,但所得数据可能无法推广到非罪犯;这些研究的参与者是从普通人群中招募的。研究证实,同理心和情绪感染是正相关的,而每一种都与精神病呈负相关,正如预期的那样。这些研究的独特之处在于发现,当受到指示时,具有精神病态特征的人可以很容易地通过情绪传染途径的步骤“捕捉”他人的情绪,从而暗示他们有同理心的能力。然而,在没有指导的情况下,那些有精神病态特征的人不会自动捕捉到别人的情绪。
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引用次数: 6
Friendship and Internal Migration in Brazil: Vulnerability and Coping 巴西的友谊与内部移民:脆弱性与应对
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-06-02 DOI: 10.5964/IJPR.V11ISUPP1.232
Agnaldo Garcia, Tayssa Grassi Rodrigues, Lorena Schettino Lucas, Daniela Marisol Pérez-Angarita
Friendship has been investigated in the context of international migration, but little is known about the subject in relation to internal migration, a phenomenon of great social importance in Brazil. The purpose of this article is to present and discuss data obtained in an investigation on the relations between internal migration and friendship as perceived by citizens from the state of Espirito Santo who were living in other states of Brazil, in the North, Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast regions. Twenty adults born in the state and who had migrated to another Brazilian state participated in the investigation. The participants have been interviewed about how they perceived the relationship between friendship and migration and the data were subjected to thematic content analysis. Among the results difficulties to maintain friendships with people of the place of origin as well as difficulties in forming new friendships were observed. Friends were considered relevant for adaptation to the new state, affecting the perception of the same. The article also discusses the origin of friends, the perception of cultural differences and difficulties to make friends in another state. It is concluded that friends play a relevant role in the lives of Brazilian internal migrants and further investigations are necessary.
在国际移民的背景下对友谊进行了调查,但对国内移民这一在巴西具有重要社会意义的现象所知甚少。本文的目的是展示和讨论在调查中获得的数据,这些数据来自圣埃斯皮里图州的公民,他们居住在巴西的其他州,包括北部、东北部、中西部、南部和东南部地区,他们认为国内移民与友谊之间的关系。20名出生在该州并移民到巴西另一个州的成年人参与了这项调查。参与者接受了采访,了解他们如何看待友谊与移民之间的关系,并对数据进行了主题内容分析。结果发现,与原籍地的人保持友谊的困难,以及建立新友谊的困难。朋友被认为与适应新状态有关,影响对新状态的感知。文章还讨论了朋友的起源、文化差异的感知以及在另一个国家交朋友的困难。结论是,朋友在巴西国内移民的生活中起着相关的作用,有必要进一步调查。
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引用次数: 2
Work Relations and Helping in the Lives of Amazon Rural Women Workers 工作关系和帮助亚马逊农村女工的生活
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-06-02 DOI: 10.5964/IJPR.V11ISUPP1.248
C. Sampaio, Socorro de Fátima Moraes Nina, Rosângela Dutra de Moraes
Changes in methods of agricultural production have impacted on the lives of those involved in this sector. New social relations, technologies, values and landscapes have been introduced as well as potential risks to health. Female workers have a specific experience that requires a closer analysis to understand their situation. The research addresses the interrelationship of health, work, and the environment of women agriculturalists in a rural Amazonian community. This focus allows the identification and understanding of relations between the women and the actors with whom they share daily activities and the implications for health, work, and self-image. Using qualitative methods the experiences of 47 women were captured through collective interviews, which were analysed by Nucleus of Meaning Analysis (NMA), adapted from Categorical Content Analysis. Work is central to the lives of the women workers but is attributed with different meanings depending on the context and the relationship. It was found that the relationship with employers increases the risk of workplace exploitation; with male partners work is characterised as ‘helping’. Work with female co-workers increases a sense of identity, strengthens social bonds and an ability to solve problems. In conclusion, in addition to issues related to production methods, the subjective relational universe of these workers is marked by a complexity that impacts on their lives and health. The authors suggest that research on the impact of daily life and workplace on health considers the different and complex relations and subjective demands, especially in contexts endowed with uniqueness.
农业生产方法的变化影响了该部门相关人员的生活。引入了新的社会关系、技术、价值观和景观以及对健康的潜在风险。女性员工有特殊的经历,需要更仔细地分析才能了解她们的处境。该研究探讨了亚马逊农村社区妇女农学家的健康、工作和环境之间的相互关系。这一重点使人们能够确定和理解妇女与与她们共同参与日常活动的行为者之间的关系及其对健康、工作和自我形象的影响。采用定性方法,通过集体访谈捕捉了47名女性的经历,并采用意义核分析(NMA)对其进行了分析,该方法改编自分类内容分析。工作是女工生活的中心,但根据环境和关系的不同,工作被赋予了不同的意义。研究发现,与雇主的关系增加了工作场所剥削的风险;对于男性伴侣来说,工作被描述为“帮助”。与女同事一起工作可以增强认同感,加强社会联系,提高解决问题的能力。总之,除了与生产方法有关的问题外,这些工人的主观关系世界也具有复杂性,影响到他们的生活和健康。作者认为,研究日常生活和工作场所对健康的影响应考虑不同的、复杂的关系和主观需求,特别是在具有独特性的环境中。
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引用次数: 1
Coparenting in Caregivers of Children With Cerebral Palsy 脑瘫儿童照料者的亲子教养
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-06-02 DOI: 10.5964/IJPR.V11ISUPP1.250
Carolina Moraes Dourado, I. L. França, Vagner dos Santos Cardoso, S. S. C. Silva, F. Pontes
The Brazilian Association of Cerebral Palsy defines Cerebral Palsy (CP) as a group of disorders of development and posture, which cause limitations in an individual activity. The birth of a child with CP generates an impact, which brings a new reality for the family, mainly parents and others caregivers. The goal of the present work was to describe coparenting relationships in parents of children with CP, comparing between main and secondary caregivers, and still, the relationship between coparenting pair. Data was obtained from 12 coparenting pairs (24 individuals) caregivers of children with CP. Were used the instruments: Coparenting Questionnaire (COPQ), to evaluate the coparenting relationships, Socio Demographic Inventory (SDI), to describe information about the main and secondary caregivers and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) for to measure the children’s gross motor function. The data was treated through the software SPSS (version 20.0), the statistic calculated was frequency, descriptive, and still, a parameter of scores was fixed for the classification of coparentality factors (cooperation, triangulation and conflict). The results indicated that secondary caregivers exhibited higher average in the factors of analysis of cooperation and triangulation (21 and 5,2). The mainly caregivers indicated the bigger average in conflict factor, (11, 3). In general, the coparenting pairs exhibited high cooperation (19-25 points), high triangulation (4-8 points) and low conflict (5-11 points). The establishment of a good coparenting relationship, expressed in the mutual support and commitment of the dyads is fundamental for the family functioning and for the child’s global welfare.
巴西脑瘫协会将脑瘫定义为一组发育和姿势障碍,导致个体活动受限。一个患有CP的孩子的出生产生了影响,这给家庭,主要是父母和其他照顾者带来了新的现实。本研究的目的是描述CP患儿父母的亲子关系,比较主要照顾者和次要照顾者之间的关系,以及亲子关系对之间的关系。本研究采用共12对共24名CP患儿的照顾者为研究对象,采用共父母调查问卷(COPQ)评价共父母关系,社会人口统计量表(SDI)描述主要和次要照顾者信息,大运动功能分类系统(GMFCS)测量儿童大运动功能。采用SPSS(20.0版)软件对数据进行处理,计算的统计量为频次统计、描述性统计,并固定一个分数参数对共父母因素(合作、三角剖分、冲突)进行分类。结果表明,第二照顾者在合作分析和三角分析因子中表现出更高的平均值(21和5,2)。主要照顾者的冲突因子平均值较大(11,3)。总体而言,父母对表现为高合作(19-25分)、高三角化(4-8分)和低冲突(5-11分)。建立良好的父母关系,表现为两个人的相互支持和承诺,对家庭的运作和儿童的全球福利是至关重要的。
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引用次数: 0
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Interpersona
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