Gantry stages, which consist of two parallel acting servo drives, are commonly used in machine tools. One drawback of this concept is the crosstalk between both drives, when a stiff mechanical coupling is present. This can lead to a limited bandwidth of the position control or to high reaction forces. One way to overcome these issues is the usage of joints to create an additional degree of freedom, which allows the drives to move independently. The design of these joints as compliant elements offers advantages compared to common rolling bearings, such as low friction and the absence of backlash. Another benefit is the variability in the design of the compliant joints allowing for adjustments to the position of each joint’s centre of compliance. Thus, the position of the resulting pivot, and the transfer matrix between the motion of the drives and the motion at the gantry stage’s tool centre point, change as well. This paper addresses the placement of the joint’s centre of compliance in order to improve motion accuracy. For this purpose, joints with modular arranged compliant links have been designed. The characteristics of the joints and their effect on the behaviour of the gantry stage are compared using analytical investigations as well as experimental results.
{"title":"Compliant Joints with Remote Centre of Compliance for the Improvement of the Motion Accuracy of a Gantry Stage","authors":"Pöhlmann Patrick, Peuker Christoph, Merx Marcel, Müller Jens, Ihlenfeldt Steffen","doi":"10.36897/jme/149902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36897/jme/149902","url":null,"abstract":"Gantry stages, which consist of two parallel acting servo drives, are commonly used in machine tools. One drawback of this concept is the crosstalk between both drives, when a stiff mechanical coupling is present. This can lead to a limited bandwidth of the position control or to high reaction forces. One way to overcome these issues is the usage of joints to create an additional degree of freedom, which allows the drives to move independently. The design of these joints as compliant elements offers advantages compared to common rolling bearings, such as low friction and the absence of backlash. Another benefit is the variability in the design of the compliant joints allowing for adjustments to the position of each joint’s centre of compliance. Thus, the position of the resulting pivot, and the transfer matrix between the motion of the drives and the motion at the gantry stage’s tool centre point, change as well. This paper addresses the placement of the joint’s centre of compliance in order to improve motion accuracy. For this purpose, joints with modular arranged compliant links have been designed. The characteristics of the joints and their effect on the behaviour of the gantry stage are compared using analytical investigations as well as experimental results.","PeriodicalId":37821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Machine Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48303363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohaned Alaluss, R. Kurth, R. Tehel, M. Wagner, Nico Wagner, S. Ihlenfeldt
High reproducibility of forming processes along with high quality expectations of the resulting formed parts demand cognitive production systems. The prerequisite is process transparency, which can be improved by increased knowledge of interdependencies between forming tool and forming machine that affects the tool clamping interface behavior. Due to the arrangement as surfaces transmitting process forces, their closeness to the forming process, and yet machine inherent, tool clamping interface provide greater potential for intelligent monitoring. This paper presents a holistic analysis of the interdependencies at the tool clamping interface. Here, the elastic deflection behavior of the press table and slide with their related clamping surfaces, the frictional slip behavior between the interacting machine components and the used clamping devices are described on qualitative level and verified by simulative analysis. Based on the results, available sensor systems are assessed regarding the capability to monitor the identified phenomena inline.
{"title":"Potential of Tool Clamping Surfaces in Forming Machines for Cognitive Production","authors":"Mohaned Alaluss, R. Kurth, R. Tehel, M. Wagner, Nico Wagner, S. Ihlenfeldt","doi":"10.36897/jme/149414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36897/jme/149414","url":null,"abstract":"High reproducibility of forming processes along with high quality expectations of the resulting formed parts demand cognitive production systems. The prerequisite is process transparency, which can be improved by increased knowledge of interdependencies between forming tool and forming machine that affects the tool clamping interface behavior. Due to the arrangement as surfaces transmitting process forces, their closeness to the forming process, and yet machine inherent, tool clamping interface provide greater potential for intelligent monitoring. This paper presents a holistic analysis of the interdependencies at the tool clamping interface. Here, the elastic deflection behavior of the press table and slide with their related clamping surfaces, the frictional slip behavior between the interacting machine components and the used clamping devices are described on qualitative level and verified by simulative analysis. Based on the results, available sensor systems are assessed regarding the capability to monitor the identified phenomena inline.","PeriodicalId":37821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Machine Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48038158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johann August Marwitz, Theissen Nikolas Alexander, Bassante Monica Katherine Gonzalez, Friedrich Christian, Hellmich Arvid, Archenti Andreas, Ihlenfeldt Steffen
{"title":"Accuracy Assessment of Articulated Industrial Robots using the Extended- and the Loaded-Double-Ball-Bar","authors":"Johann August Marwitz, Theissen Nikolas Alexander, Bassante Monica Katherine Gonzalez, Friedrich Christian, Hellmich Arvid, Archenti Andreas, Ihlenfeldt Steffen","doi":"10.36897/jme/149413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36897/jme/149413","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Machine Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46278455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LeManh Duc, P. Hiếu, N. Mai, T. Trong, Nguyen Quang
POLISHING The process of removing machining residues using chemical-mechanical slurry (CMS) has an important place in the creation of ultra-precise components in optical devices. Based on this feature, this work investigates the efficiency of the CMS polishing process by comparing the surface reaction modes by the ionic and solid reaction modes when polishing the yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) and sapphire crystal. The study procedures were conducted to clarify the polishing performance corresponding to these two reaction types. The obtained experiments results show that the balance between the mechanical effect process using CMS polishing technology with chemical effect can be achieved with the ionic reaction mode. The results also show that the ionic surface reaction modes give more uniform material removal than the solid reaction on YAG and sapphire crystal surfaces. Therefore, the surface quality when polished by CMS technology with ionic surface reaction modes is better than that of solid surface
{"title":"Analysis of Solid and Ionic Surface Reaction Form to Surface Quality when Using Chemical-Mechanical Slurry Polishing","authors":"LeManh Duc, P. Hiếu, N. Mai, T. Trong, Nguyen Quang","doi":"10.36897/jme/149496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36897/jme/149496","url":null,"abstract":"POLISHING The process of removing machining residues using chemical-mechanical slurry (CMS) has an important place in the creation of ultra-precise components in optical devices. Based on this feature, this work investigates the efficiency of the CMS polishing process by comparing the surface reaction modes by the ionic and solid reaction modes when polishing the yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) and sapphire crystal. The study procedures were conducted to clarify the polishing performance corresponding to these two reaction types. The obtained experiments results show that the balance between the mechanical effect process using CMS polishing technology with chemical effect can be achieved with the ionic reaction mode. The results also show that the ionic surface reaction modes give more uniform material removal than the solid reaction on YAG and sapphire crystal surfaces. Therefore, the surface quality when polished by CMS technology with ionic surface reaction modes is better than that of solid surface","PeriodicalId":37821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Machine Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49191565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Naumann, J. Glänzel, M. Dix, S. Ihlenfeldt, Philipp Klimant
The compensation of thermal errors in machine tools is one of the major challenges in ensuring positioning accuracy during cutting operations. There are numerous methods for both the model-based estimation of the thermal tool center point (TCP) deflection and for controlling the thermal or thermo-elastic behavior of the machine tool. One branch of thermal error estimation uses regression models to map temperature sensors directly onto the TCP-displacement. This can, e.g., be accomplished using linear models, artificial neural networks or characteristic diagrams. One of the main limitations of these models is the poor extrapolation behavior with regard to untrained load cases. This paper presents a new method for updating characteristic diagram based compensation models by combining existing models with new measurements. This allows the optimization of the compensation for serial production load cases without the effort of computing a new model. The new method was validated on a 5-axis machining center.
{"title":"Optimization of Characteristic Diagram Based Thermal Error Compensation via Load Case Dependent Model Updates","authors":"C. Naumann, J. Glänzel, M. Dix, S. Ihlenfeldt, Philipp Klimant","doi":"10.36897/jme/148181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36897/jme/148181","url":null,"abstract":"The compensation of thermal errors in machine tools is one of the major challenges in ensuring positioning accuracy during cutting operations. There are numerous methods for both the model-based estimation of the thermal tool center point (TCP) deflection and for controlling the thermal or thermo-elastic behavior of the machine tool. One branch of thermal error estimation uses regression models to map temperature sensors directly onto the TCP-displacement. This can, e.g., be accomplished using linear models, artificial neural networks or characteristic diagrams. One of the main limitations of these models is the poor extrapolation behavior with regard to untrained load cases. This paper presents a new method for updating characteristic diagram based compensation models by combining existing models with new measurements. This allows the optimization of the compensation for serial production load cases without the effort of computing a new model. The new method was validated on a 5-axis machining center.","PeriodicalId":37821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Machine Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46352228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danyil Diachenko, Andriy Partyshev, S. Pizzagalli, Yevhen Bondarenko, T. Otto, V. Kuts
Standardized and universal solutions for industrial robot integration are increasingly urgent requirements for companies looking for machine interconnectivity, and flexibility in creating tailor made manufacturing systems. These solutions must be supported by modular and open-source components able to easily integrate new control methods and advanced Extended Reality (XR) interfaces. Robot Operating System (ROS) has proven to be a reliable standard for industrial robot integration. ROS compatibility software is provided by many producers and allows for the implementation of modular control units by unifying development practices along the same libraries and methods. Digital Twins (DT) of industrial equipment and processes offer a solid base to develop innovative digital tools relying on synchronization between physical and digital entities and to easily setup intuitive XR interfaces for teleoperation and programming. This work presents the integration of the OMRON TM5-9000 collaborative industrial robot into the IVAR laboratory DT system at Tallinn University of Technology. By using Unity3D game engine and developing a ROS package for the specific machine, the digital model of the collaborative robot is integrated into the existing twin. Synchronization with the real counterpart is provided by MQTT protocol while a robot user interface is developed in Unity and provides robot joints visualization and remote control.
{"title":"Industrial Collaborative Robot Digital Twin integration and Control Using Robot Operating System","authors":"Danyil Diachenko, Andriy Partyshev, S. Pizzagalli, Yevhen Bondarenko, T. Otto, V. Kuts","doi":"10.36897/jme/148110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36897/jme/148110","url":null,"abstract":"Standardized and universal solutions for industrial robot integration are increasingly urgent requirements for companies looking for machine interconnectivity, and flexibility in creating tailor made manufacturing systems. These solutions must be supported by modular and open-source components able to easily integrate new control methods and advanced Extended Reality (XR) interfaces. Robot Operating System (ROS) has proven to be a reliable standard for industrial robot integration. ROS compatibility software is provided by many producers and allows for the implementation of modular control units by unifying development practices along the same libraries and methods. Digital Twins (DT) of industrial equipment and processes offer a solid base to develop innovative digital tools relying on synchronization between physical and digital entities and to easily setup intuitive XR interfaces for teleoperation and programming. This work presents the integration of the OMRON TM5-9000 collaborative industrial robot into the IVAR laboratory DT system at Tallinn University of Technology. By using Unity3D game engine and developing a ROS package for the specific machine, the digital model of the collaborative robot is integrated into the existing twin. Synchronization with the real counterpart is provided by MQTT protocol while a robot user interface is developed in Unity and provides robot joints visualization and remote control.","PeriodicalId":37821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Machine Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69778246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an approach to assembly planning in the early phase of product development. The product specification, workstation, environment, equipment and tools are not fully known in the early stage of product development. When comparing product variants at this stage there is a lack of data that affects the efficiency of the manufacturing process. It is therefore necessary to apply methods useful in processing incomplete and uncertain data. The main indicator which helps in comparing different product variants is manufacturing time standard. This papier is focused on assembly tool selection which is one of important data influenced assembly time. Based on the proposed algorithm and case study, a tool selection method using a decision tree induced from a training set with reduced uncertainty is presented.
{"title":"Knowledge base development for assembly planning using evidence theory.","authors":"I. Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz, Marcin Matuszny","doi":"10.36897/jme/149185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36897/jme/149185","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an approach to assembly planning in the early phase of product development. The product specification, workstation, environment, equipment and tools are not fully known in the early stage of product development. When comparing product variants at this stage there is a lack of data that affects the efficiency of the manufacturing process. It is therefore necessary to apply methods useful in processing incomplete and uncertain data. The main indicator which helps in comparing different product variants is manufacturing time standard. This papier is focused on assembly tool selection which is one of important data influenced assembly time. Based on the proposed algorithm and case study, a tool selection method using a decision tree induced from a training set with reduced uncertainty is presented.","PeriodicalId":37821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Machine Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47434300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Shevtshenko, Rene Maas, Lea Murumaa, Tatjanja Karaulova, Ibrahim Oluwole Raji, Janek Popell
The main idea of the current research is to apply customer satisfaction level Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for supply chain reliability improvement. The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model-based KPI metrics increase the quality of product/service by monitoring, visualising, and digitalising directly involved processes. In the long run, the solution will ultimately help reduce/eliminate the number of customer reclamations in the supply chain. An industry-oriented performance measurement model based on SCOR can be easily adapted for different sectors. The approach proposed in the current research is based on identifying key factors of supply chain performance of the SCOR model connected with the predictive and diagnostic capability of Bayesian Believe Networks. The difference in performance can be reached via applying the best practices to processes, affecting the performance on a larger scale.
{"title":"Digitalisation of Supply Chain management system for customer quality service improvement.","authors":"E. Shevtshenko, Rene Maas, Lea Murumaa, Tatjanja Karaulova, Ibrahim Oluwole Raji, Janek Popell","doi":"10.36897/jme/147803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36897/jme/147803","url":null,"abstract":"The main idea of the current research is to apply customer satisfaction level Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for supply chain reliability improvement. The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model-based KPI metrics increase the quality of product/service by monitoring, visualising, and digitalising directly involved processes. In the long run, the solution will ultimately help reduce/eliminate the number of customer reclamations in the supply chain. An industry-oriented performance measurement model based on SCOR can be easily adapted for different sectors. The approach proposed in the current research is based on identifying key factors of supply chain performance of the SCOR model connected with the predictive and diagnostic capability of Bayesian Believe Networks. The difference in performance can be reached via applying the best practices to processes, affecting the performance on a larger scale.","PeriodicalId":37821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Machine Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45476969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mustafa Demetgül, M. Gu, Hillenbrand Jonas, Yicheng Zhao, P. Gönnheimer, J. Fleischer
CURRENT The linear feed axes are critical subsystems in many production machines and have important responsibilities such as transporting workpieces and tools in the process. Therefore, the component’s working condition is crucial for the production of high-quality products. Because these systems gradually deteriorate, it is necessary to detect these changes and occurring faults with condition monitoring systems. In this study, the motor current of feed axes is monitored for axis misalignment that occurs during or after assembly. We conduct diagnosis with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and statistical methods in order to differentiate different misalignment scenarios and operating constraints of the feed axis. Different states are achieved by simulating left and right axis misalignment and operating the table at different speeds and
{"title":"Misalignment Detection on Linear Feed Axis with FFT and Statistical Analysis using Motor Current","authors":"Mustafa Demetgül, M. Gu, Hillenbrand Jonas, Yicheng Zhao, P. Gönnheimer, J. Fleischer","doi":"10.36897/jme/147699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36897/jme/147699","url":null,"abstract":"CURRENT The linear feed axes are critical subsystems in many production machines and have important responsibilities such as transporting workpieces and tools in the process. Therefore, the component’s working condition is crucial for the production of high-quality products. Because these systems gradually deteriorate, it is necessary to detect these changes and occurring faults with condition monitoring systems. In this study, the motor current of feed axes is monitored for axis misalignment that occurs during or after assembly. We conduct diagnosis with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and statistical methods in order to differentiate different misalignment scenarios and operating constraints of the feed axis. Different states are achieved by simulating left and right axis misalignment and operating the table at different speeds and","PeriodicalId":37821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Machine Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42351028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Krall, C. Baumann, Hemant Agiwal, F. Bleicher, F. Pfefferkorn
The objective of this research is to investigate observable process changes during multi-layer friction surfacing of EN AW 6060 aluminum, whether for repair, remanufacturing, or new part manufacturing. In this study, friction surfacing was performed with a 10-mm-diameter rod of EN AW 6060 aluminum at spindle speeds ranging from 1000 to 7000 rpm to create up to three layers of 40-mm-long deposits on a substrate of the same alloy. The process forces and layer temperatures were observed. Post-process measurement of flash geometry, layer geometry and microhardness were conducted with the motivation to understand the impact of multi-layer depositions on performance and identifying acceptable conditions required to achieve acceptable build quality. The thickness, deposition and joining efficiency of layers in the multilayer configuration remained consistent. Friction surfacing of EN AW 6060 aluminum allowed for high deposition rates of 9 kg/hr, when compared to other metal additive technologies.
本研究的目的是研究ena6060铝合金在多层摩擦表面处理过程中可观察到的工艺变化，无论是用于修复、再制造还是新零件制造。在这项研究中，在主轴转速从1000到7000转/分的范围内，用直径10毫米的EN AW 6060铝棒进行摩擦表面处理，在同一合金的基底上形成多达三层40毫米长的沉积物。观察了工艺力和层温。为了了解多层沉积对性能的影响，并确定实现可接受的构建质量所需的可接受条件，对闪光几何形状、层几何形状和显微硬度进行了后处理测量。在多层结构中，层的厚度、沉积和连接效率保持一致。与其他金属添加剂技术相比，EN AW 6060铝的摩擦表面允许9 kg/hr的高沉积速率。
{"title":"Investigation of multilayer coating of EN AW 6060 - T66 using friction surfacing","authors":"S. Krall, C. Baumann, Hemant Agiwal, F. Bleicher, F. Pfefferkorn","doi":"10.36897/jme/147502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36897/jme/147502","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research is to investigate observable process changes during multi-layer friction surfacing of EN AW 6060 aluminum, whether for repair, remanufacturing, or new part manufacturing. In this study, friction surfacing was performed with a 10-mm-diameter rod of EN AW 6060 aluminum at spindle speeds ranging from 1000 to 7000 rpm to create up to three layers of 40-mm-long deposits on a substrate of the same alloy. The process forces and layer temperatures were observed. Post-process measurement of flash geometry, layer geometry and microhardness were conducted with the motivation to understand the impact of multi-layer depositions on performance and identifying acceptable conditions required to achieve acceptable build quality. The thickness, deposition and joining efficiency of layers in the multilayer configuration remained consistent. Friction surfacing of EN AW 6060 aluminum allowed for high deposition rates of 9 kg/hr, when compared to other metal additive technologies.","PeriodicalId":37821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Machine Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46909180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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