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Who gets screened and who tests positive? Drug screening among justice-involved youth in a midwestern urban county. 哪些人接受筛查,哪些人检测呈阳性?一个中西部城市县的涉法青少年毒品筛查。
IF 3.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00273-w
Richelle L Clifton, Ian Carson, Allyson L Dir, Wanzhu Tu, Tamika C B Zapolski, Matthew C Aalsma

Background: Given high rates of substance use among justice-involved youth, justice systems have attempted to monitor use through drug screening (DS) procedures. However, there is discretion in deciding who is screened for substance use, as not every youth who encounters the system is screened. The aim of the current study was to examine factors associated with selection for and results of oral DS among justice-involved youth assigned to probation to better inform potential DS policy. Electronic court records from 4,668 youth with first-incident records assigned to probation in a midwestern urban county's juvenile justice system between 2011 and 2016 were included in the analytical sample. Race/ethnicity, gender, age, number of charges and charge type for the current incident were included as independent variables.

Results: Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that males were more likely to be assigned to DS (aOR = 0.40, 95%CI [0.34, 0.46]), and more likely to test positive for use (aOR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.34, 0.54]) than females. As age increased, youth were less likely to be assigned to DS (aOR = 0.91, 95% CI [0.87, 0.94]), with non-significant differences in DS results. Greater number of charges were associated with a higher likelihood of being assigned to DS (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI [1.43, 1.68]). Youth with violent offenses were more likely to be assigned to DS than those with other offense types (property offenses, drug offenses, statutory offenses, disorderly conduct, and all other offenses), but less likely to test positive for use.

Conclusions: Many factors were associated with differences in DS, but these factors were not always associated with differential DS results. Demographic or charge-based decisions may not be appropriate for DS assignment.

背景:鉴于涉法青少年使用药物的比例较高,司法系统试图通过药物筛查(DS)程序来监控药物使用情况。然而,在决定对哪些人进行药物使用筛查时,存在一定的随意性,因为并不是每个进入司法系统的青少年都会接受筛查。本研究的目的是对被指派接受缓刑的涉法青少年中与口服药物筛查的选择和结果相关的因素进行研究,以便更好地为潜在的药物筛查政策提供信息。分析样本包括 2011 年至 2016 年间中西部城市某县少年司法系统中 4,668 名有首次事件记录并被指定缓刑的青少年的电子法庭记录。种族/民族、性别、年龄、指控次数和当前事件的指控类型被列为自变量:多变量分层逻辑回归分析表明,与女性相比,男性更有可能被分配到 DS 系统(aOR = 0.40,95%CI [0.34,0.46]),也更有可能在吸毒检测中呈阳性(aOR = 0.43,95%CI [0.34,0.54])。随着年龄的增长,青少年被分配到 DS 的可能性降低(aOR = 0.91,95% CI [0.87,0.94]),DS 结果的差异不显著。被指控的罪名越多,被分配到 DS 的可能性越大(aOR = 1.55,95% CI [1.43,1.68])。与其他犯罪类型(财产犯罪、毒品犯罪、法定犯罪、扰乱治安和所有其他犯罪)的青少年相比,有暴力犯罪的青少年更有可能被分配到DS,但吸毒检测呈阳性的可能性较低:结论:许多因素与吸毒检测结果的差异有关,但这些因素并不总是与吸毒检测结果的差异有关。基于人口统计或指控的决定可能不适合 DS 分配。
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引用次数: 0
Rural and urban clinician views on COVID-19's impact on substance use treatment for individuals on community supervision in Kentucky. 农村和城市临床医生对 COVID-19 对肯塔基州接受社区监管的个人药物使用治疗的影响的看法。
IF 3.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00266-9
Carrie B Oser, Maria Rockett, Sebastian Otero, Evan Batty, Marisa Booty, Rachel Gressick, Michele Staton, Hannah K Knudsen

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic produced system-level changes within the criminal legal system and community-based substance use disorder (SUD) treatment system with impacts on recovery efforts. This study examines rural and urban clinicians' perspectives of COVID-19 on SUD treatment delivery for people on community supervision.

Methods: Virtual qualitative interviews were conducted between April and October 2020 with 25 community supervision clinicians employed by Kentucky's Department of Corrections (DOC), who conduct assessments and facilitate community-based treatment linkages for individuals on probation or parole. Transcripts were analyzed in NVivo using directed content analysis methods.

Results: Clinicians were predominantly white (92%) and female (88%) with an average of over 9 years working in the SUD treatment field and 4.6 years in their current job. Four COVID-19 themes were identified by both rural and urban clinicians including: (1) telehealth increases the modes of communication, but (2) also creates paperwork and technological challenges, (3) telehealth requires more effort for inter/intra-agency collaboration, and (4) it limits client information (e.g., no urine drug screens). Two additional rural-specific themes emerged related to COVID-19: (5) increasing telehealth options removes SUD treatment transportation barriers and (6) requires flexibility with programmatic requirements for rural clients.

Conclusions: Findings indicate the need for community-based SUD treatment providers approved or contracted by DOC to support and train clients to access technology and improve information-sharing with community supervision officers. A positive lesson learned from COVID-19 transitions was a reduction in costly travel for rural clients, allowing for greater engagement and treatment adherence. Telehealth should continue to be included within the SUD continuum of care, especially to promote equitable services for individuals from rural areas.

背景:COVID-19 大流行在刑事法律系统和社区药物使用障碍(SUD)治疗系统中产生了系统层面的变化,对康复工作产生了影响。本研究探讨了农村和城市临床医生对 COVID-19 对接受社区监管的人进行 SUD 治疗的看法:2020 年 4 月至 10 月期间,我们对肯塔基州矫正局 (DOC) 聘用的 25 名社区监管临床医生进行了虚拟定性访谈,这些临床医生负责对缓刑或假释人员进行评估并促进基于社区的治疗联系。笔录在 NVivo 中使用定向内容分析方法进行分析:临床医生主要为白人(92%)和女性(88%),平均在 SUD 治疗领域工作 9 年以上,从事当前工作 4.6 年。农村和城市临床医生都确定了 COVID-19 的四个主题,包括:(1) 远程医疗增加了沟通方式,但 (2) 也带来了文书工作和技术方面的挑战,(3) 远程医疗需要更多的机构间/机构内合作,(4) 它限制了客户信息(例如,没有尿液药物筛查)。与 COVID-19 相关的另外两个针对农村的主题是:(5)增加远程医疗选择消除了 SUD 治疗的交通障碍;(6)需要灵活处理针对农村客户的计划要求:研究结果表明,毒品和犯罪问题办公室批准或签约的社区药物滥用治疗机构需要支持和培训客户使用技术,并改善与社区监管人员的信息共享。从 COVID-19 过渡中汲取的一个积极经验是减少了农村客户昂贵的旅行费用,从而提高了他们的参与度和治疗依从性。应继续将远程保健纳入药物滥用的连续护理中,尤其是为了促进为农村地区的个人提供公平的服务。
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引用次数: 0
Identifying structural risk factors for overdose following incarceration: a concept mapping study. 确定监禁后用药过量的结构性风险因素:概念图研究。
IF 3.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00265-w
Samantha K Nall, Cole Jurecka, Anthony Ammons, Avel Rodriguez, Betsy Craft, Craig Waleed, Daniel Dias, Jessie Henderson, Joshua Boyer, Kristina Yamkovoy, Pallavi Aytha Swathi, Prasad Patil, Forrest Behne, Katherine LeMasters, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, Joshua A Barocas

Background: Currently, there are more than two million people in prisons or jails, with nearly two-thirds meeting the criteria for a substance use disorder. Following these patterns, overdose is the leading cause of death following release from prison and the third leading cause of death during periods of incarceration in jails. Traditional quantitative methods analyzing the factors associated with overdose following incarceration may fail to capture structural and environmental factors present in specific communities. People with lived experiences in the criminal legal system and with substance use disorder hold unique perspectives and must be involved in the research process.

Objective: To identify perceived factors that impact overdose following release from incarceration among people with direct criminal legal involvement and experience with substance use.

Methods: Within a community-engaged approach to research, we used concept mapping to center the perspectives of people with personal experience with the carceral system. The following prompt guided our study: "What do you think are some of the main things that make people who have been in jail or prison more and less likely to overdose?" Individuals participated in three rounds of focus groups, which included brainstorming, sorting and rating, and community interpretation. We used the Concept Systems Inc. platform groupwisdom for our analyses and constructed cluster maps.

Results: Eight individuals (ages 33 to 53) from four states participated. The brainstorming process resulted in 83 unique factors that impact overdose. The concept mapping process resulted in five clusters: (1) Community-Based Prevention, (2) Drug Use and Incarceration, (3) Resources for Treatment for Substance Use, (4) Carceral Factors, and (5) Stigma and Structural Barriers.

Conclusions: Our study provides critical insight into community-identified factors associated with overdose following incarceration. These factors should be accounted for during resource planning and decision-making.

背景:目前,有 200 多万人被关押在监狱或看守所中,其中近三分之二的人符合药物使用障碍的标准。根据这些模式,用药过量是出狱后的主要死因,也是监狱监禁期间的第三大死因。传统的定量方法分析监禁后用药过量的相关因素,可能无法捕捉到特定社区中存在的结构和环境因素。在刑事法律系统和药物使用障碍方面有生活经验的人拥有独特的视角,必须参与研究过程:目的:确定有直接刑事法律关系和药物使用经历的人在刑满释放后对用药过量产生影响的感知因素:在社区参与的研究方法中,我们使用概念绘图法,以与监禁系统有个人经历的人的观点为中心。以下提示为我们的研究提供了指导:"你认为有哪些主要因素会使蹲过监狱或坐过牢的人更容易或更不容易吸毒过量?个人参与了三轮焦点小组讨论,包括头脑风暴、分类评级和社区解读。我们使用 Concept Systems Inc. 的平台 groupwisdom 进行分析,并绘制了聚类图:来自 4 个州的 8 个人(33 至 53 岁)参加了此次活动。集思广益的过程产生了 83 个影响用药过量的独特因素。概念图绘制过程产生了五个群组:(1) 基于社区的预防,(2) 药物使用和监禁,(3) 药物使用治疗资源,(4) Carceral 因素,以及 (5) 耻辱和结构性障碍:我们的研究对社区确定的与监禁后用药过量相关的因素提供了重要见解。在资源规划和决策过程中应考虑到这些因素。
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引用次数: 0
Deaths among adults under supervision of the England and Wales' probation services: variation in individual and criminal justice-related factors by cause of death. 英格兰和威尔士缓刑服务机构监管下成年人的死亡情况:按死因分列的个人因素和刑事司法相关因素的差异。
IF 3.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00263-y
Karen Slade, Lucy Justice, Frederica Martijn, Rohan Borschmann, Thom Baguley

Background: The mortality rate among people under probation supervision in the community is greater than that among incarcerated people and that among the general population. However, there is limited research on the distinct vulnerabilities and risks underlying the causes of death in this population. In this retrospective cohort study, we examined the individual and criminal justice-related factors associated with different causes of death. Factors were assessed in relation to the type of supervision, distinguishing between those under post-custodial release and those serving a community sentence.

Results: The study utilised the official data held by His Majesty's Prison and Probation Service in England and Wales on the deaths of men and women under probation supervision between 01 April 2019 and 31 March 2021 where the cause of death had been definitively recorded (n = 1770). The high risk of deaths primarily caused by external factors (i.e., suspected suicide (10%), homicide (5%), and drug-related death (26%)) in this population was confirmed. A Gaussian Graphical Model (GGM) demonstrated unique relationships with suspected suicide and drug-related deaths for known suicide risk, history of drug use and recent (< 28 days of death) enforcement action due to a breach of probation conditions. Our findings suggest that that familial violence and abuse may be relevant in suicide and drug-related deaths and that minority groups may experience disproportional risk to certain types of death.

Conclusions: This study identified unique risk indicators and modifiable factors for deaths primarily caused by external factors in this population within the health and justice spheres. It emphasised the importance of addressing health inequalities in this population and improved joint-working across health and justice. This involves ensuring that research, policies, training, and services are responsive to the complex needs of those under probation supervision, including those serving community sentences. Only then can we hope to see lower rates of death within this population.

背景:在社区接受缓刑监督的人员的死亡率高于在押人员和普通人群。然而,关于这一人群死亡原因背后的独特脆弱性和风险的研究却十分有限。在这项回顾性队列研究中,我们考察了与不同死因相关的个人因素和刑事司法相关因素。评估的因素与监管类型有关,并对监禁后释放和社区服刑人员进行了区分:研究利用了英格兰和威尔士监狱与缓刑犯监管局(His Majesty's Prison and Probation Service in England and Wales)掌握的官方数据,这些数据涉及2019年4月1日至2021年3月31日期间接受缓刑监管的男性和女性的死亡情况,其中死亡原因有明确记录(n = 1770)。研究证实,在这一人群中,主要由外部因素(即疑似自杀(10%)、他杀(5%)和毒品相关死亡(26%))导致死亡的风险很高。高斯图形模型(GGM)显示了已知自杀风险、吸毒史和近期吸毒史与疑似自杀和毒品相关死亡之间的独特关系:这项研究确定了主要由外部因素造成的这一人群在卫生和司法领域死亡的独特风险指标和可改变因素。研究强调了解决该人群健康不平等问题以及改善卫生和司法领域联合工作的重要性。这需要确保研究、政策、培训和服务能够满足缓刑监管对象(包括社区服刑人员)的复杂需求。只有这样,我们才有希望降低这一人群的死亡率。
{"title":"Deaths among adults under supervision of the England and Wales' probation services: variation in individual and criminal justice-related factors by cause of death.","authors":"Karen Slade, Lucy Justice, Frederica Martijn, Rohan Borschmann, Thom Baguley","doi":"10.1186/s40352-024-00263-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-024-00263-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The mortality rate among people under probation supervision in the community is greater than that among incarcerated people and that among the general population. However, there is limited research on the distinct vulnerabilities and risks underlying the causes of death in this population. In this retrospective cohort study, we examined the individual and criminal justice-related factors associated with different causes of death. Factors were assessed in relation to the type of supervision, distinguishing between those under post-custodial release and those serving a community sentence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study utilised the official data held by His Majesty's Prison and Probation Service in England and Wales on the deaths of men and women under probation supervision between 01 April 2019 and 31 March 2021 where the cause of death had been definitively recorded (n = 1770). The high risk of deaths primarily caused by external factors (i.e., suspected suicide (10%), homicide (5%), and drug-related death (26%)) in this population was confirmed. A Gaussian Graphical Model (GGM) demonstrated unique relationships with suspected suicide and drug-related deaths for known suicide risk, history of drug use and recent (< 28 days of death) enforcement action due to a breach of probation conditions. Our findings suggest that that familial violence and abuse may be relevant in suicide and drug-related deaths and that minority groups may experience disproportional risk to certain types of death.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study identified unique risk indicators and modifiable factors for deaths primarily caused by external factors in this population within the health and justice spheres. It emphasised the importance of addressing health inequalities in this population and improved joint-working across health and justice. This involves ensuring that research, policies, training, and services are responsive to the complex needs of those under probation supervision, including those serving community sentences. Only then can we hope to see lower rates of death within this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898034/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139973891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cervical cancer screening barriers and facilitators from the perspectives of women with a history of criminal-legal system involvement and substance use. 从有刑事法律系统参与史和药物使用史的妇女角度看宫颈癌筛查的障碍和促进因素。
IF 3 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00262-z
Amanda Emerson, Marissa Dogan, Elizabeth Hawes, Kiana Wilson, Sofía Mildrum Chana, Patricia J Kelly, Megan Comfort, Megha Ramaswamy

Background: The wide availability of routine screening with Papanicolaou (Pap) tests and vaccinations against human papillomavirus has resulted in a decline in rates of cervical cancer. As with other diseases, however, disparities in incidence and mortality persist. Cervical cancer, is found more often, at later stages, and has worse outcomes in people who live in rural areas, identify as Black or Hispanic, and in people who are incarcerated. Studies report 4-5 times higher rates of cervical cancer incidence in people detained in jails and prisons than in community-based samples. Studies to explain cervical cancer differences have been inconclusive, though there is broad consensus that issues of access play a role. In this study, we sought to learn more from people who have a history of criminal-legal system involvement and substance use about what barriers and facilitators they perceive in accessing cervical cancer preventive health and other support services in the community.

Results: We conducted semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions by telephone with 20 self-identified women, ages 22-58, in Birmingham, Alabama. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed and the transcripts analyzed using immersion-crystallization techniques. Our team identified two main themes, making connections: the importance of interpersonal communication, which stressed barriers and facilitators related to what makes for effective and humanistic interactions in cervical health prevention and other services, and getting it done: the logistics of access and availability, which highlighted elements of cost and payment; scheduling; transportation; and clinic policies.

Conclusions: People with a history of criminal-legal system involvement and substance abuse meet with a variety of enabling and impeding factors at personal and interpersonal as well as systemic levels in obtaining cervical health services. To better ensure that women in this high-risk group have equitable access to cervical cancer prevention and treatment-and thus better cancer outcomes-will require multilevel efforts that include an emphasis on improving the human connection in health care encounters and improving the nuts-and-bolts logistics related to accessing that care.

背景:巴氏涂片(Pap)常规筛查和人类乳头瘤病毒疫苗接种的广泛普及导致宫颈癌发病率下降。然而,与其他疾病一样,发病率和死亡率的差异依然存在。生活在农村地区、被认定为黑人或西班牙裔以及被监禁的人患宫颈癌的几率更高、发病时间更晚、治疗效果更差。研究报告显示,被关押在监狱中的人的宫颈癌发病率是社区样本的 4-5 倍。关于宫颈癌发病率差异的研究尚无定论,但人们普遍认为接触问题在其中起到了一定的作用。在这项研究中,我们试图从有刑事法律系统参与史和药物使用史的人那里了解更多关于他们在社区中获得宫颈癌预防保健和其他支持服务时遇到的障碍和促进因素:我们通过电话对阿拉巴马州伯明翰市 20 名自我认同的 22-58 岁女性进行了开放式问题的半结构化访谈。我们对访谈进行了录音和转录,并使用沉浸-结晶技术对转录内容进行了分析。我们的团队确定了两大主题:建立联系:人际沟通的重要性,强调了在宫颈健康预防和其他服务中进行有效和人性化互动的障碍和促进因素;完成任务:获取和可用性的后勤问题,强调了成本和付款、时间安排、交通和诊所政策等要素:结论:有刑事法律系统参与史和药物滥用史的人在获得宫颈健康服务时会遇到个人、人际和系统层面的各种有利和不利因素。为了更好地确保这一高风险群体中的妇女能够公平地获得宫颈癌预防和治疗服务,从而取得更好的癌症治疗效果,需要多层次的努力,包括强调改善医疗服务中的人际关系,以及改善与获得医疗服务相关的后勤服务。
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引用次数: 0
A mixed methods evaluation of family-driven care implementation in juvenile justice agencies in Georgia. 对佐治亚州少年司法机构以家庭为导向的护理实施情况进行混合方法评估。
IF 3 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00261-0
Kaitlin N Piper, Alexandra Jahn, Cam Escoffery, Briana Woods-Jaeger, Amy Nunn, David P Schwartz, Cathy Smith-Curry, Jessica Sales

Background: Improving family engagement in juvenile justice (JJ) system behavioral health services is a high priority for JJ systems, reform organizations, and family advocacy groups across the United States. Family-driven care (FDC) is a family engagement framework used by youth-serving systems to elevate family voice and decision-making power at all levels of the organization. Key domains of a family-driven system of care include: 1) identifying and involving families in all processes, 2) informing families with accurate, understandable, and transparent information, 3) collaborating with families to make decisions and plan treatments, 4) responding to family diversity and inclusion, 5) partnering with families to make organizational decisions and policy changes, 6) providing opportunities for family peer support, 7) providing logistical support to help families overcome barriers to participation, and 8) addressing family health and functioning. FDC enhances family participation, empowerment, and decision-making power in youth services; ultimately, improving youth and family behavioral health outcomes, enhancing family-child connectedness, and reducing youth recidivism in the JJ setting.

Methods: We evaluated staff-perceived adoption of the eight domains of FDC across detention and community services agencies in the state of Georgia. We collected mixed methods data involving surveys and in-depth qualitative interviews with JJ system administrators, staff, and practitioners between November 2021- July 2022. In total, 140 individuals from 61 unique JJ agencies participated in surveys; and 16 JJ key informants participated in qualitative interviews.

Results: FDC domains with the highest perceived adoption across agencies included identifying and involving families, informing families, collaborative decision-making and treatment planning, and family diversity and inclusion. Other domains that had mixed or lower perceived adoption included involving families in organizational feedback and policy making, family peer support, logistical support, and family health and functioning. Adoption of FDC domains differed across staff and organizational characteristics.

Conclusions: Findings from this mixed methods assessment will inform strategic planning for the scale-up of FDC strategies across JJ agencies in the state, and serve as a template for assessing strengths and weaknesses in the application of family engagement practices in systems nationally.

背景:改善青少年司法(JJ)系统行为健康服务中的家庭参与,是全美青少年司法系统、改革组织和家庭倡导团体的当务之急。家庭驱动护理(FDC)是青少年服务系统使用的一种家庭参与框架,旨在提高家庭在组织各个层面的发言权和决策权。家庭驱动型照护系统的关键领域包括1) 识别家庭并让家庭参与所有过程;2) 用准确、易懂和透明的信息告知家庭;3) 与家庭合作做出决策和计划治疗;4) 应对家庭的多样性和包容性;5) 与家庭合作做出组织决策和政策改变;6) 提供家庭同伴支持的机会;7) 提供后勤支持以帮助家庭克服参与障碍;8) 解决家庭健康和功能问题。家庭发展中心提高了家庭在青少年服务中的参与度、授权和决策权;最终改善了青少年和家庭的行为健康状况,增强了家庭与子女之间的联系,并减少了青少年在 JJ 环境中的累犯现象:我们评估了佐治亚州拘留所和社区服务机构的工作人员对 FDC 八个领域的采用情况。我们在 2021 年 11 月至 2022 年 7 月期间收集了混合方法数据,包括对 JJ 系统管理员、工作人员和从业人员的调查和深入定性访谈。共有来自 61 个JJ 机构的 140 人参与了调查;16 名JJ 关键信息提供者参与了定性访谈:在各机构中,家庭发展中心采用率最高的领域包括识别家庭并让家庭参与、通知家庭、合作决策和治疗规划,以及家庭多样性和包容。其他采用率不一或较低的领域包括:让家庭参与组织反馈和政策制定、家庭同伴支持、后勤支持以及家庭健康和功能。对 FDC 领域的采用因工作人员和组织特征而异:这一混合方法评估的结果将为在该州的 JJ 机构中推广 FDC 策略的战略规划提供信息,并可作为评估全国系统中家庭参与实践应用的优缺点的模板。
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引用次数: 0
Love after lockup: examining the role of marriage, social status, and financial stress among formerly incarcerated individuals. 入狱后的爱:研究婚姻、社会地位和经济压力在曾被监禁者中的作用。
IF 3.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-24 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00264-x
Jemar R Bather, Anna-Michelle Marie McSorley, Brennan Rhodes-Bratton, Adolfo G Cuevas, Saba Rouhani, Ridwan T Nafiu, Adrian Harris, Melody S Goodman

Background: Upon reintegration into society, formerly incarcerated individuals (FIIs) experience chronic financial stress due to prolonged unemployment, strained social relationships, and financial obligations. This study examined whether marriage and perceived social status can mitigate financial stress, which is deleterious to the well-being of FIIs. We also assessed whether sociodemographic factors influenced financial stress across marital status. We used cross-sectional data from 588 FIIs, collected in the 2023 Survey of Racism and Public Health. The financial stress outcome (Cronbach's [Formula: see text] = 0.86) comprised of five constructs: psychological distress, financial anxiety, job insecurity, life satisfaction, and financial well-being. Independent variables included marital and social status, age, race/ethnicity, gender identity, educational attainment, employment status, and number of dependents. Multivariable models tested whether financial stress levels differed by marital and perceived social status (individual and interaction effects). Stratified multivariable models assessed whether social status and sociodemographic associations varied by marital status.

Results: We found that being married/living with a partner (M/LWP, b = -5.2) or having higher social status (b = -2.4) were protective against financial stress. Additionally, the social status effect was more protective among divorced, separated, or widowed participants (b = -2.5) compared to never married (NM, b = -2.2) and M/LWP (b = -1.7) participants. Lower financial stress correlated with Black race and older age, with the age effect being more pronounced among M/LWP participants (b = -9.7) compared to NM participants (b = -7.3). Higher financial stress was associated with woman gender identity (overall sample b = 2.9, NM sample b = 5.1), higher education (M/LWP sample b = 4.4), and having two or more dependents (overall sample b = 2.3, M/LWP sample b = 3.4).

Conclusions: We provide novel insights into the interrelationship between marriage, perceived social status, and financial stress among FIIs. Our findings indicate the need for policies and programs which may target the family unit, and not only the individual, to help alleviate the financial burden of FIIs. Finally, programs that offer legal aid to assist in expungement or sealing of criminal records or those offering opportunities for community volunteer work in exchange for vouchers specific to legal debt among FIIs could serve to reduce financial stress and improve social standing.

背景:重新融入社会后,由于长期失业、社会关系紧张和经济负担等原因,曾被监禁的人员(FIIs)会经历长期的经济压力。本研究探讨了婚姻和社会地位感知是否能减轻经济压力,因为经济压力会损害前被监禁者的福祉。我们还评估了社会人口因素是否会影响不同婚姻状况下的财务压力。我们使用了 2023 年种族主义与公共健康调查中收集的 588 名外国投资人的横截面数据。财务压力结果(Cronbach's[公式:见正文] = 0.86)由五个构面组成:心理压力、财务焦虑、工作不安全感、生活满意度和财务幸福感。自变量包括婚姻和社会地位、年龄、种族/民族、性别认同、教育程度、就业状况和受抚养人数量。多变量模型检验了财务压力水平是否因婚姻状况和感知的社会地位而不同(个体效应和交互效应)。分层多变量模型评估了社会地位和社会人口学关联是否因婚姻状况而异:我们发现,已婚/与伴侣同居(M/LWP,b = -5.2)或社会地位较高(b = -2.4)对经济压力具有保护作用。此外,与从未结婚(NM,b = -2.2)和已婚/与伴侣同居(M/LWP,b = -1.7)的参与者相比,社会地位对离婚、分居或丧偶参与者的保护作用更大(b = -2.5)。较低的经济压力与黑人种族和年龄相关,与 NM 参与者(b = -7.3)相比,年龄效应在 M/LWP 参与者中更为明显(b = -9.7)。较高的经济压力与女性性别认同(总体样本 b = 2.9,非女性样本 b = 5.1)、高等教育(男性/女性低收入者样本 b = 4.4)和有两个或两个以上受抚养人(总体样本 b = 2.3,男性/女性低收入者样本 b = 3.4)相关:我们对外国投资机构中婚姻、社会地位感知和经济压力之间的相互关系提供了新的见解。我们的研究结果表明,有必要制定针对家庭单位(而不仅仅是个人)的政策和计划,以帮助减轻外国投资机构的经济负担。最后,提供法律援助以协助消除或封存犯罪记录的方案,或提供社区志愿工作机会以换取专门针对外国投资机构法律债务的代金券的方案,都可以起到减轻经济压力和提高社会地位的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Judgment, shame, and coercion: the criminal legal system and reproductive autonomy. 审判、耻辱和胁迫:刑事法律制度和生育自主权。
IF 3.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00259-8
Ginny Garcia-Alexander, Melissa Thompson

Background: A growing body of research has called attention to limitations to reproductive autonomy in both women who are socially disadvantaged and in those who have had contact with the criminal legal (CL) system. However, it is unclear whether CL system contact influences contraceptive use patterns and how these processes unfold. We utilize a mixed-methods approach to investigate whether history of arrest is associated with receipt of contraceptive counseling, use of long-term contraception, sterilization, and subsequent desire for reversal of sterilization. We further consider how agents in and around the CL system may influence women's reproductive decisions and outcomes (856 survey respondents; 10 interviewees).

Results: We observe that women who have been arrested more commonly report receipt of contraceptive counseling and sterilization. They are also significantly more likely to want their sterilization reversed. Our in-depth interviews suggest that women with CL contact experience considerable shame, and in some cases, coercion to limit fertility from various agents in and outside the criminal legal system including medical providers, Parole/Probation Officers (POs), guards, and family members.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest the need for ongoing attention to how exposure to this system may promote uneven use of certain forms of contraception and dissatisfaction, i.e., desire for reversal of sterilization, among these women. Findings further suggest that de-emphasizing the CL system as a means through which to address reproductive needs should be considered.

背景:越来越多的研究呼吁人们关注社会弱势妇女和与刑事法律系统(CL)有过接触的妇女在生育自主权方面受到的限制。然而,目前还不清楚与刑事法律系统的接触是否会影响避孕药具的使用模式,以及这些过程是如何展开的。我们采用了一种混合方法来研究被捕史是否与接受避孕咨询、使用长期避孕药具、绝育以及随后希望撤销绝育手术有关。我们还进一步考虑了在避孕和节育系统内部和周围的人员会如何影响妇女的生育决定和结果(856 名调查对象;10 名受访者):我们观察到,被捕妇女更常报告接受过避孕咨询和绝育手术。她们也更有可能希望撤销绝育手术。我们的深入访谈表明,与 CL 有接触的女性会感到相当羞耻,在某些情况下,她们还会受到刑事法律系统内外各种人员(包括医疗服务提供者、假释/监管官员 (PO)、看守和家庭成员)的胁迫,以限制生育:我们的研究结果表明,有必要持续关注这种制度可能会如何促进这些妇女不均衡地使用某些形式的避孕药具和产生不满情绪,即希望撤销绝育手术。研究结果还表明,应考虑不再强调将 CL 系统作为满足生殖需求的一种手段。
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引用次数: 0
Effectiveness, working mechanisms, and implementation of youth-initiated mentoring for juvenile delinquents: a multiple-methods study protocol. 由青少年发起的针对少年犯的辅导的有效性、工作机制和实施情况:多方法研究方案。
IF 3.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00258-9
Angelique Boering, Annabeth P Groenman, Levi van Dam, Geertjan Overbeek

Background: The societal costs associated with juvenile delinquency and reoffending are high, emphasising the need for effective prevention strategies. A promising approach is Youth-Initiated Mentoring (YIM). In YIM, professionals support youths in selecting a non-parental adult from within their social network as their mentor. However, until now, little (quasi-)experimental research has been conducted on YIM in the field of juvenile delinquency. We will examine the effectiveness, working mechanisms, and implementation of YIM as a selective prevention strategy for juvenile delinquents.

Methods: This multiple-methods study consists of a quasi-experimental trial and a qualitative study. In the quasi-experimental trial, we aim to include 300 juvenile offenders referred to Halt, a Dutch juvenile justice system organisation which offers youths a diversion program. In the Netherlands, all juvenile offenders between 12 and 18 years old are referred to Halt, where they must complete the Halt intervention. Youths will be non-randomly assigned to region-matched non-YIM-trained and YIM-trained Halt professionals implementing Care as Usual (CAU, i.e., the Halt intervention) or CAU plus YIM, respectively. Despite non-random allocation, this approach may yield comparable conditions regarding (1) the characteristics of professionals delivering the intervention and (2) case type and severity. Youth and caregiver(s) self-report data will be collected at pre-and post-test and a 6-month follow-up and complemented with official Halt records data. Multilevel analyses will test whether youths following CAU plus YIM show a stronger increase in resilience factors and a stronger decline in the need for formal support and delinquency than youths following CAU. In the qualitative study, we will organise focus group interviews with YIM-trained professionals to explore boosters and barriers experienced by professionals during the implementation of YIM.

Discussion: The proposed study will help identify the effectiveness of YIM in strengthening resilience factors and possibly decreasing juvenile delinquency. In addition, it may offer insights into how and for whom YIM works. Finally, this study can help strengthen the implementation of YIM in the future.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.Gov (# NCT05555472). Registered 7 September 2022. https://www.

Clinicaltrials: gov/ct2/show/NCT05555472?cond=Youth+Initiated+Mentoring&draw=2&rank=1 .

背景:与青少年犯罪和重新犯罪相关的社会成本很高,因此需要采取有效的预防战略。青少年主动辅导(YIM)是一种很有前途的方法。在 "青少年主动辅导 "中,专业人员帮助青少年从他们的社交网络中选择一位非父母的成年人作为他们的导师。然而,迄今为止,在青少年犯罪领域,有关 YIM 的(准)实验研究还很少。我们将研究YIM作为青少年犯罪选择性预防策略的有效性、工作机制和实施情况:本研究采用多种方法,包括一项准实验试验和一项定性研究。在准实验性试验中,我们的目标是将 300 名少年犯转介到荷兰少年司法系统组织 Halt,该组织为青少年提供分流计划。在荷兰,所有 12 至 18 岁的少年犯都会被转到 Halt,他们必须在那里完成 Halt 干预项目。青少年将被非随机地分配到与地区相匹配的非YIM培训和YIM培训的哈特专业人员那里,分别实施 "照常护理"(CAU,即哈特干预)或 "照常护理 "加 "YIM"。尽管不是随机分配,但这种方法可能会在以下方面产生可比条件:(1)实施干预的专业人员的特征;(2)病例类型和严重程度。将在测试前后和 6 个月的随访中收集青少年和照顾者的自我报告数据,并与官方的 Halt 记录数据进行补充。多层次分析将检验与接受儿童适应性评估和青年干预措施的青少年相比,接受儿童适应性评估和青年干预措施的青少年在抗逆力因素方面是否有更大的提高,在对正式支持的需求和犯罪率方面是否有更大的下降。在定性研究中,我们将组织焦点小组访谈,采访接受过 "青年管理 "培训的专业人员,探讨专业人员在实施 "青年管理 "过程中遇到的促进因素和障碍:建议的研究将有助于确定 "青年管理 "在加强抗逆力因素和可能减少青少年犯罪方面的有效性。此外,这项研究还有助于深入了解 "青少年融入社会 "如何发挥作用以及对哪些人有效。最后,这项研究有助于在未来加强 "青少年融入社会 "的实施:试验注册:ClinicalTrials.Gov(# NCT05555472)。https://www.Clinicaltrials: gov/ct2/show/NCT05555472?cond=Youth+Initiated+Mentoring&draw=2&rank=1 .
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引用次数: 0
Impact of COVID-19 on Florida family dependency drug courts. COVID-19 对佛罗里达州家庭依赖药物法庭的影响。
IF 3 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00260-1
Olivia K Golan, Fatema Z Ahmed, Barbara Andraka-Christou, Rachel Totaram, Yara Asi, Danielle Atkins

Background: To promote parent-child reunification, family dependency drug courts (FDDCs) facilitate substance use disorder treatment for people whose children have been removed due to parental substance use. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted FDDC operations, forcing FDDCs to quickly adapt to new circumstances. Although existing research has examined COVID-19 impacts on adult drug courts and civil dependency courts, studies have yet to examine the impact of COVID-19 on FDDCs specifically.

Methods: To explore the impact of COVID-19 on FDDCs, we conducted 20 focus groups and 5 individual interviews with court team members from five Florida FDDCs between 2020 and 2022. Data were analyzed using iterative categorization.

Results: Five overarching themes emerged. First, FDDCs adopted virtual technology during the pandemic and more flexible drug screening policies. Second, virtual technology was perceived as improving hearing attendance but decreasing client engagement. FDDC team members discussed a potential hybrid in-person/virtual hearing model after the pandemic. Third, COVID-19 negatively impacted parent-child visitation opportunities, limiting development of bonds between parents and children, and parent-child bonding is a key consideration during judicial reunification decisions. Fourth, COVID-19 negatively impacted the mental health of court team members and clients. Court team members adopted new informal roles, such as providing technical support and emotional counseling to clients, in addition to regular responsibilities, resulting in feeling overwhelmed and overworked. Court team members described clients as feeling more depressed and anxious, in part due to limited visitation opportunities with children, which decreased clients' motivation for substance use recovery. Fifth, COVID-19 decreased recruitment of potential clients into FDDCs.

Conclusions: If FDDCs continue to rely on virtual hearings beyond the pandemic, they must develop practices for improving client engagement during virtual hearings. FDDCs should preemptively develop procedures for improving parent-child visitation during future public health crises, because limited visitation opportunities could weaken parent-child bonding and, ultimately, the likelihood of reunification.

背景:为了促进父母与子女的团聚,家庭依赖药物法庭(FDDCs)为那些因父母使用药物而导致子女被带走的人提供药物使用障碍治疗的便利。COVID-19 大流行扰乱了 FDDC 的运作,迫使 FDDC 迅速适应新环境。虽然现有的研究已经考察了 COVID-19 对成人毒品法庭和民事扶养法庭的影响,但还没有研究专门考察 COVID-19 对 FDDC 的影响:为了探索 COVID-19 对 FDDC 的影响,我们在 2020 年至 2022 年期间对来自佛罗里达州五个 FDDC 的法院团队成员进行了 20 次焦点小组讨论和 5 次个别访谈。我们采用迭代分类法对数据进行了分析:结果:我们发现了五个重要主题。首先,佛罗里达州毒品管制中心在大流行期间采用了虚拟技术和更灵活的毒品筛查政策。其次,人们认为虚拟技术提高了听证会的出席率,但降低了客户的参与度。FDDC 团队成员讨论了大流行后可能采用的面谈/虚拟听证混合模式。第三,COVID-19 对亲子探视机会产生了负面影响,限制了父母与子女之间纽带的发展,而亲子纽带是司法团聚决定中的一个关键考虑因素。第四,COVID-19 对法院团队成员和当事人的心理健康产生了负面影响。法庭团队成员除了常规职责外,还承担了新的非正式角色,如为客户提供技术支持和情感咨询,这导致他们感到不堪重负、工作过度。据法庭团队成员描述,客户感到更加抑郁和焦虑,部分原因是与子女的探视机会有限,这降低了客户对药物使用康复的积极性。第五,COVID-19 减少了家庭发展与康复中心对潜在客户的招募:结论:如果联邦疾病预防控制中心在大流行后继续依赖虚拟听证会,则必须制定相关措施,提高客户在虚拟听证会期间的参与度。在未来的公共卫生危机中,家庭数据中心应预先制定改善亲子探视的程序,因为有限的探视机会可能会削弱亲子关系,并最终降低团聚的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
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