Food and Waterborne Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Infection rates of Fasciola spp. in cattle slaughtered at 13 abattoirs in six of nine provinces of South Africa","authors":"Sophy Nukeri ,&nbsp;Mokgadi Pulane Malatji ,&nbsp;Msawenkosi I. Sithole ,&nbsp;Philile I. Ngcamphalala ,&nbsp;Ignore Nyagura ,&nbsp;Danisile Tembe ,&nbsp;Innocent Siyanda Ndlovu ,&nbsp;Mamohale Chaisi ,&nbsp;Samson Mukaratirwa","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fasciolosis or liver fluke infection is a snail-borne disease that affects the productivity of domestic ruminants including liver condemnation especially in cattle. However, there is paucity of information on the burden of infection due to lack of accurate data on liver condemnation related to correct geographical origin of infected animals. This distorts perception of the geographical occurrence of fasciolosis, particularly in South Africa among other countries. We aimed to determine the infection rates of <em>Fasciola</em> spp. in cattle slaughtered at selected abattoirs in South Africa. A total of 13 abattoirs consisting of 10 high throughput and three low throughput abattoirs across six provinces, were visited to screen for liver fluke infection in slaughtered cattle including tracing of the animals' geographical origin. A total of 57 livers from 673 slaughtered cattle (8.5 %) from 10 abattoirs were infected with <em>Fasciola</em> spp.. The highest infection rate from the study sites was 37 % and the lowest 4.5 %. Tracing of infected cattle showed that some abattoirs slaughtered cattle originating from other provinces. Forty-nine percent (29/57) of infected cattle had moderate body condition score (BCS) and recorded the highest intensity of fluke infection (&gt;100 flukes per liver). Furthermore, young animals had high infection rates (51 %; 29/57) compared to adults (49 %; 28/57) and females (54 %; 31/57) compared to males (46 %; 26/57). The overall results highlighted the presence of <em>Fasciola</em> spp. in five provinces of South Africa, represented by more than four agro-ecological zones. <em>Fasciola hepatica</em> occurred in all six provinces while both <em>Fasciola</em> spp. co-occurred in one province. Furthermore, <em>F. hepatica</em> constituted the highest percentage (74 %; 710/960) of <em>Fasciola</em> spp. specimens collected. <em>Fasciola gigantica</em> were collected from abattoirs in one province and constituted 26 % (250/960) of the total collected flukes. Results from the study provide information on the burden of fasciolosis in cattle. This is based on abattoir surveys in South Africa, considering the traced geographical origin of animals slaughtered. Using data from surveys of this nature might support efforts to map the geographical distribution of fasciolosis in South Africa. Thus, contribute towards the development of effective control and treatment programs of fasciolosis to mitigate the burden of the disease in cattle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission of parasites to people via food: how can we determine their impact and why do we need to know?","authors":"Lucy J. Robertson","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foodborne parasites exert a considerable burden on human health, and this can be estimated using the disability-adjusted life year metric, enabling comparisons across regions, age groups, and among parasites and other foodborne hazards. Previous estimates of the burden exerted by different foodborne hazards were published about a decade ago (2015) and an update is planned. These estimates are important, not only for comparative purposes, but also to provide an evidence-based framework for resource allocation for different interventions, including prioritisation of risk management efforts, determining where food safety policy infrastructure should be focused, financing research and innovation, and for targeting supplier and consumer education.</div><div>Here the potential for improving the previous estimates is discussed, not only by using more recent data, but also by inclusion of foodborne parasitic diseases and disease states that were omitted in the previous estimates. In particular, for example, the inclusion of foodborne infection with <em>Cyclospora cayetensis</em> and with <em>Trypanosoma cruzi</em> are suggested, along with consideration of disease states such as amoebic liver abscess in foodborne amoebiasis. In addition, knowledge gaps, potential interventions, and how intervention effects can be assessed are discussed, using specific examples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective and subjective knowledge of toxoplasmosis among women of childbearing age in the Apulia region of Southern Italy","authors":"Antonella Cammarelle,&nbsp;Alessandra Barlaam,&nbsp;Ylenia De Santis,&nbsp;Annunziata Giangaspero,&nbsp;Biagia De Deviitis","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toxoplasmosis, caused by <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em>, is a widespread zoonotic disease with potentially serious consequences to the fetus if acquired during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate objective and subjective knowledge of toxoplasmosis and its modes of transmission in women of reproductive age living in an Italian southeastern region (i.e., Apulia region) and to identify homogeneous segments of women based on their level of knowledge of toxoplasmosis. Data were collected in a web-based survey sample of 568 women, and analyzed via a two-step cluster analysis.</div><div>The results showed that 69.4 % of respondents claimed awareness of toxoplasmosis. Specifically, knowledge about infection risk factors, such as consumption of undercooked meat and raw unwashed fruits and vegetables (95.8 %) and pregnancy-related risks (94.5 %), was high. However, only 52.8 % knew that <em>T. gondii</em> is a parasitic protozoan, and 40.5 % were aware of soil as a transmission route. Cluster analysis identified three segments: women with knowledge (40.2 %), partial knowledge (39.6 %), and no knowledge (20.2 %). Women with higher education and employed showed greater awareness, whereas students and individuals with lower education levels were overrepresented among those with limited knowledge.</div><div>These findings highlight a knowledge gap in certain transmission aspects and underscore the importance of targeted health education, particularly regarding the role of soil and the nature of <em>T. gondii</em> as a parasite.</div><div>Implementing effective, accessible educational programs is crucial for reducing the burden of <em>T. gondii</em> infection, especially in regions with limited health literacy. Establishing regional reference centers could enhance monitoring, prevention, and support for at-risk populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in chickens in southern Syria","authors":"Dhifaf Mahmood,&nbsp;Samar Al Nahhas","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> is a foodborne protozoan parasite that infects all warm-blooded animals and humans worldwide. Poultry become infected with <em>T. gondii</em> oocysts by ground feeding, and humans contract toxoplasmosis by the consumption of raw or undercooked infected meat. In Syria, no research has been documented regarding <em>T. gondii</em> infection in chickens; therefore, this study was carried out to determine the infection rate in chickens using serological and molecular assays. A total of 59 birds (50 females and 9 males) including free range (FR) and caged chickens were purchased from the southern governorates of Syria. Blood and tissues (brain, heart, liver and pectoral muscle) were collected and analyzed for the presence of anti-<em>T. gondii</em> antibodies and parasite DNA by indirect hemagglutination test and semi-nested PCR, respectively. Overall, sero-positivity for <em>T. gondii</em> antibody was 72.9% (81.4% FR and 18.6% caged). Female chickens had higher prevalence than males (83.7% vs 16.3%). Furthermore, chickens older than six months showed higher infection rates compared to younger ones. Evidence of <em>T. gondii</em> DNA was detected in tissue homogenates from both groups of chickens (83.1%). Our study demonstrates, a high prevalence of <em>T. gondii</em> in chickens indicating that this parasite poses a threat to food safety and public health in our study area. This finding supports the recommendations that poultry meat should be cooked well before consumption and appropriate hygiene measures should be followed when handling meat. Further studies should be conducted to determine the prevalence of <em>T. gondii</em> and its genotypes in poultry in other regions of Syria and to identify the associated risk factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Board Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2405-6766(25)00003-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2405-6766(25)00003-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Edible plants as significant sources of Blastocystis spp. infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Abdollah Didban ,&nbsp;Farajolah Maleki ,&nbsp;Laya Shamsi ,&nbsp;Ali Asghari ,&nbsp;Behzad Bijani ,&nbsp;Amin Karampour","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to comprehensively overview the global epidemiology and subtypes (STs) distribution of <em>Blastocystis</em> spp. in edible plants. A comprehensive search of various electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) until May 19, 2024, found 27 studies/41 datasets meeting inclusion criteria, covering 8794 edible plants from 15 countries globally. Examined edible plants were composed of fruits (six datasets, 1198 samples), non-leafy green vegetables (10 datasets, 1158 samples), leafy green vegetables (18 datasets, 4245 samples), and uncategorized plants (seven datasets, 2193). This study revealed that 9.4 % (95 % CI: 6.6–13.4 %) of global edible plants harbored <em>Blastocystis</em> spp. Fruits had the highest <em>Blastocystis</em> spp. contamination rate among edible plants at 12.5 % (95 % CI: 5.4–26.6 %), followed by uncategorized plants at 10.2 % (95 % CI: 4.5–21.5 %), leafy green vegetables at 9.3 % (95 % CI: 6.1–13.9 %), and non-leafy green vegetables at 5.6 % (95 % CI: 2.5–12.1 %). Sensitivity analysis evaluated weighted prevalence changes after excluding specific studies. Subgroup analysis was conducted considering publication years, countries, continents, WHO regions, sample sizes, and diagnostic methods. Interestingly, zoonotic STs (ST1 and ST3) of <em>Blastocystis</em> spp. have been found in edible plants. These results highlight the potential risk of <em>Blastocystis</em> spp. transmission through consuming contaminated edible plants, emphasizing the importance of implementing adequate food safety measures to decrease the prevalence of this parasite in the food chain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00254"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of T. spiralis in a wolf in Italy: An increasing health concern?","authors":"G. Marucci ,&nbsp;C. Raso ,&nbsp;E. Borgogni ,&nbsp;F. Celani ,&nbsp;I. Tartarelli ,&nbsp;S. Cherchi ,&nbsp;A. Di Giambattista ,&nbsp;P. Calderini ,&nbsp;A. Casulli","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2024.e00253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2024.e00253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Trichinella spiralis</em> is a zoonotic nematode parasite of worldwide distribution. It is present in Europe with important foci, particularly in Eastern countries and Spain. This species is generally associated with a domestic cycle that involves primarily pigs. It is best adapted for pigs but can also infect a wide range of other domestic, synanthropic, and wild mammals including carnivores, omnivores and scavengers. Before 2016, when <em>T. spiralis</em> larvae were detected in a red fox (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) in the Piacenza province (Emilia Romagna region, Northern Italy), this parasite had only been reported in Italy occasionally, being found in horses or pork products imported from Eastern Europe. We describe here the first isolation of <em>T. spiralis</em> in a wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) in the Lazio region, Central Italy. In the wolf specimen <em>T. spiralis</em> was identified in coinfection with <em>Trichinella britovi</em>, a species endemic in Italian wildlife. Among the <em>Trichinella</em> species, <em>T. spiralis</em> is the most frequently associated with human disease in Europe and is known to cause more severe symptoms than <em>T. britovi</em>. In light of wolf population expansion, the detection of <em>T. spiralis</em> in Central Italy implies new scenarios for the risk of human trichinellosis because of the high risk this species represents for domestic and wild pigs. Active monitoring of wildlife living in these areas is necessary to define the actual distribution of <!--> <!-->this species and to detect its possible presence in other areas of the Italian peninsula.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11743876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization and zoonotic risk assessment of Cryptosporidium spp. in Philippine bats","authors":"Lin Xu ,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Fukuda ,&nbsp;Fumi Murakoshi ,&nbsp;Phillip Alviola ,&nbsp;Joseph Masangkay ,&nbsp;Frances Cagayat Recuenco ,&nbsp;Ayman Shehata ,&nbsp;Tsutomu Omatsu ,&nbsp;Hironori Bando ,&nbsp;Hikaru Fujii ,&nbsp;Yumi Une ,&nbsp;Kentaro Kato","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2024.e00249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2024.e00249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cryptosporidium</em> is a genus of parasitic protozoa known to cause diarrheal disease that impacts both humans and animals through infection of various vertebrate species. Bats are recognized as reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, including <em>Cryptosporidium</em>. The Philippines, renowned for its rich biodiversity, is home to diverse bat species, providing a unique ecological setting to investigate <em>Cryptosporidium</em> infection dynamics. Understanding the prevalence and genetic diversity of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> in Philippine bats is crucial for assessing their potential role in zoonotic disease transmission and associated public health risks.</div><div>We investigated the prevalence and genotypic diversity of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> in bats in the Philippines. From January 2019 to March 2024, a total of 569 bats were captured and analyzed, with 14 of the bat samples testing positive for the 18 s rRNA gene of <em>Cryptosporidium</em>, yielding an overall infection rate of 2.46 %. One sample exhibited co-infection, with 18 s rRNA sequence analysis indicating mixed infection with a species closely related to <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em> (intestinal <em>Cryptosporidium</em>) and <em>Cryptosporidium</em> sp. (gastric <em>Cryptosporidium</em>). Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene revealed that intestinal and gastric <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. form two distinct clades. Intestinal <em>Cryptosporidium</em> includes <em>C. parvum</em>, <em>C. hominis</em>, and most bat genotypes, while gastric <em>Cryptosporidium</em>, such as <em>C. andersoni</em> and <em>C. serpentis</em>, is typically found in reptiles and cattle. An unidentified <em>Cryptosporidium</em> species was also detected in one sample, whose sequence matched that of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> previously isolated from a human patient with diarrhea. Nine other samples exhibited genotypes related to <em>C. parvum</em>, indicating a potential for transmission to humans. The remaining three samples exhibited <em>Cryptosporidium</em> bat genotypes II and VI, which have previously been detected in Philippine bats. Our findings underscore the role of bats in the Philippines as potential reservoirs for <em>Cryptosporidium</em> and highlight the diversity of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> species in Philippine bats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00249"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11718318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142972515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Board Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2405-6766(24)00032-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2405-6766(24)00032-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article e00250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immuno-therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis antigens for inflammatory bowel diseases","authors":"Majed H. Wakid ,&nbsp;Walaa A. El Kholy ,&nbsp;Muslimah N. Alsulami ,&nbsp;Eman S. El-Wakil","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2024.e00248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2024.e00248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ulcerative colitis (UC), a severe chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon, is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that affects humans and several domestic animal species, including cats and dogs. Helminth infections and autoimmune diseases are inversely correlated, as explained by the hygiene hypothesis, which suggests that IBD is infrequent in countries where helminth infections are common but more prevalent in developed nations. This study investigated the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of <em>Trichinella spiralis</em> (<em>T. spiralis</em>) antigens in an experimental colitis model for IBD. Mice were divided into eight groups: normal model, colitis model, larval antigen prophylaxis, adult antigen prophylaxis, larval antigen therapeutic, adult antigen therapeutic, larval antigen prophylaxis and therapeutic, and adult antigen prophylaxis and therapeutic. Colitis was induced intrarectally by administering a single dose of 0.2 ml of acetic acid, except in the healthy group, which received PBS (0.2 ml). The mice were euthanized 12 days after colitis induction. The therapeutic and prophylactic potential of <em>T. spiralis</em> antigens were assessed through colitis severity and histopathological, immunological, and immunohistochemical examinations. The results showed a significant reduction in Disease Activity Index (DAI), an increase in goblet cells' acidic mucin levels, reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression, and decreased serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines in Groups IV-VIII compared to the colitis model, particularly in the group that received adult worm antigen both prophylactically and therapeutically. This study demonstrated that <em>T. spiralis</em> antigens, especially from adult worms, had protective and therapeutic effects on experimental colitis, with a superior effect when administered both before and after colitis induction by reducing inflammation and modulating the immune response. Thus, <em>T. spiralis</em> antigens may improve disease outcomes and provide a novel treatment approach for ulcerative colitis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article e00248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142417647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}