We tested the Political Business Cycle theory in Sub-Sahara Africa. To provide an empirical explanation for this nexus, this paper used unbalanced panel data from thirty-six (36) Sub-Saharan African countries between 1990 and 2018. The system Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) developed by Arrelano-Bover/Blundell-Bond was employed to analyze the collected data. The results of the system GMM revealed that the fiscal deficit is significantly large in election years and the deficit spending spills into the year after the election, though not as high as in the election year. We could not, however, find a significant effect in the pre-election year. In addition, we found evidence suggesting that though democracy significantly lowers the fiscal deficit, it promotes higher deficit spending in the election year and the year after the election. Hence, the study established the existence of a political business cycle in Sub-Saharan African countries. The study thus recommends that sound economic policies should be put in place to reduce the persistent deficit in SSA so as to maintain sustainable fiscal health, as well as the sustainability of macroeconomics, particularly enhanced industrialization, as the study found that countries' fiscal deficits are lower in more industrialized countries in the region.
{"title":"Political business cycle and fiscal discipline in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Funsho Obakemi, Hammed Adesola Adebowale, Babatunde Nageri Yusuf, Timothy Terwase Nev","doi":"10.17979/ejge.2021.10.2.6787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2021.10.2.6787","url":null,"abstract":"We tested the Political Business Cycle theory in Sub-Sahara Africa. To provide an empirical explanation for this nexus, this paper used unbalanced panel data from thirty-six (36) Sub-Saharan African countries between 1990 and 2018. The system Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) developed by Arrelano-Bover/Blundell-Bond was employed to analyze the collected data. The results of the system GMM revealed that the fiscal deficit is significantly large in election years and the deficit spending spills into the year after the election, though not as high as in the election year. We could not, however, find a significant effect in the pre-election year. In addition, we found evidence suggesting that though democracy significantly lowers the fiscal deficit, it promotes higher deficit spending in the election year and the year after the election. Hence, the study established the existence of a political business cycle in Sub-Saharan African countries. The study thus recommends that sound economic policies should be put in place to reduce the persistent deficit in SSA so as to maintain sustainable fiscal health, as well as the sustainability of macroeconomics, particularly enhanced industrialization, as the study found that countries' fiscal deficits are lower in more industrialized countries in the region.","PeriodicalId":37945,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Government and Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45719691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-17DOI: 10.17979/ejge.2021.10.1.7444
Federico Martín Palmero, Fernando Gonz´ález Laxe
Successive technical and organizational innovations have modelled the current structure and composition of the fishing industry. The market structure varies considerably between countries and the fish species they catch. There is a generalised global convergence towards an industrial-outsourced model, in which companies occupy a central and basic position in economic strategies. Two predominant key trends are identified: financialisation and the monopolisation of fishing areas. This paper begins with an analysis of the fishing sector from the perspective of the presence of investment funds that hold stakes in companies specialising in a principal region of Europe.
{"title":"The financialisation of the fishing industry","authors":"Federico Martín Palmero, Fernando Gonz´ález Laxe","doi":"10.17979/ejge.2021.10.1.7444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2021.10.1.7444","url":null,"abstract":"Successive technical and organizational innovations have modelled the current structure and composition of the fishing industry. The market structure varies considerably between countries and the fish species they catch. There is a generalised global convergence towards an industrial-outsourced model, in which companies occupy a central and basic position in economic strategies. Two predominant key trends are identified: financialisation and the monopolisation of fishing areas. This paper begins with an analysis of the fishing sector from the perspective of the presence of investment funds that hold stakes in companies specialising in a principal region of Europe.","PeriodicalId":37945,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Government and Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43862346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.17979/ejge.2020.9.3.5776
C. Pattichis
Using the model derived by Bajo-Rubio (2014), this paper estimates government budget balance-consistent growth rates for the euro area countries. A comparison of these estimates to their actual growth rates indicates that most of these countries are growing at rates that are very similar to their government balance-consistent growth rates. This finding implies that many euro area countries would not be experiencing excessive imbalances in their government budget over the long-run that could harm future economic growth. The analysis has also shown that for many euro area countries, the predictions of the model seem to be broadly consistent with their actual fiscal experience.
{"title":"Government balance-consistent economic growth rates and their implications: A study of the euro area countries","authors":"C. Pattichis","doi":"10.17979/ejge.2020.9.3.5776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2020.9.3.5776","url":null,"abstract":"Using the model derived by Bajo-Rubio (2014), this paper estimates government budget balance-consistent growth rates for the euro area countries. A comparison of these estimates to their actual growth rates indicates that most of these countries are growing at rates that are very similar to their government balance-consistent growth rates. This finding implies that many euro area countries would not be experiencing excessive imbalances in their government budget over the long-run that could harm future economic growth. The analysis has also shown that for many euro area countries, the predictions of the model seem to be broadly consistent with their actual fiscal experience.","PeriodicalId":37945,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Government and Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42897101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.17979/ejge.2020.9.3.6717
Chimere O. Iheonu, O. Nwodo, U. Anaduaka, U. Ekpo
This study examined the impact of income inequality on female labour force participation in West Africa for the period 2004 to 2016. The study employed the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio as measures of income inequality. For robustness, the study also utilises female employment and female unemployment as measures of female labour force participation. The study employed the instrumental variable fixed effects model with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors to account for simultaneity/reverse causality, serial correlation, groupwise heteroskedasticity and cross-sectional dependence. The empirical results reveal that the three measures of income inequality significantly reduce the participation of women in the labour force in West Africa. The study also revealed that domestic credit, remittances and female education are positively associated with female labour force participation in the sub-region. Further findings reveal that economic development reduces the participation of women in the labour force in West Africa with the U-shaped feminisation theory not valid for the West African region. The study, however, revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between inequality and female unemployment. Policy recommendations based on these findings are discussed.
{"title":"Inequality and female labour force participation in West Africa","authors":"Chimere O. Iheonu, O. Nwodo, U. Anaduaka, U. Ekpo","doi":"10.17979/ejge.2020.9.3.6717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2020.9.3.6717","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the impact of income inequality on female labour force participation in West Africa for the period 2004 to 2016. The study employed the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio as measures of income inequality. For robustness, the study also utilises female employment and female unemployment as measures of female labour force participation. The study employed the instrumental variable fixed effects model with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors to account for simultaneity/reverse causality, serial correlation, groupwise heteroskedasticity and cross-sectional dependence. The empirical results reveal that the three measures of income inequality significantly reduce the participation of women in the labour force in West Africa. The study also revealed that domestic credit, remittances and female education are positively associated with female labour force participation in the sub-region. Further findings reveal that economic development reduces the participation of women in the labour force in West Africa with the U-shaped feminisation theory not valid for the West African region. The study, however, revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between inequality and female unemployment. Policy recommendations based on these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":37945,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Government and Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43056365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.17979/ejge.2020.9.3.5966
Felix Hörisch, J. Tosun, Julian Erhardt, W. Maloney
In this study, we examine the extent to which socio-economic institutions shape young people’s perceptions of labour market opportunity structures and their employment attitudes (i.e. skills and retraining). Building on the varieties of capitalism approach, we expect young people (aged 18–35) in coordinated market economies (CMEs) with encompassing welfare states to regard firm- and industry-specific skills as more important than their peers in liberal market economies (LMEs). To assess this proposition, we draw on original survey data and compare young people’s employment attitudes in five European countries: the United Kingdom (UK), which represents a typical liberal market economy, and Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland as representatives of coordinated market economies. To what extent do different training regimes in CMEs and LMEs shape individual attitudes towards skill formation? The empirical analysis shows that young people’s attitudes with regard to the specificity of skills and the willingness to undertake retraining differ systematically between CME and LME countries and supports our argument that the specific socio-economic institutions matter.
{"title":"Varieties of Capitalism and labour market opportunities for the youth","authors":"Felix Hörisch, J. Tosun, Julian Erhardt, W. Maloney","doi":"10.17979/ejge.2020.9.3.5966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2020.9.3.5966","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we examine the extent to which socio-economic institutions shape young people’s perceptions of labour market opportunity structures and their employment attitudes (i.e. skills and retraining). Building on the varieties of capitalism approach, we expect young people (aged 18–35) in coordinated market economies (CMEs) with encompassing welfare states to regard firm- and industry-specific skills as more important than their peers in liberal market economies (LMEs). To assess this proposition, we draw on original survey data and compare young people’s employment attitudes in five European countries: the United Kingdom (UK), which represents a typical liberal market economy, and Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland as representatives of coordinated market economies. To what extent do different training regimes in CMEs and LMEs shape individual attitudes towards skill formation? The empirical analysis shows that young people’s attitudes with regard to the specificity of skills and the willingness to undertake retraining differ systematically between CME and LME countries and supports our argument that the specific socio-economic institutions matter.","PeriodicalId":37945,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Government and Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46454679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-24DOI: 10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5842
Pedro Garcia‐del‐Barrio, G. Rossi
Institutional and legal reforms applied in the context of sports competitions often provoke structural changes that can be empirically investigated. Using a data set of 560 observations (20 teams per season, from 2009/10 to 2015/16, of teams playing in the Premier League, La Liga, Serie A and Ligue 1), this paper examines how the UEFA Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations may have altered the football clubs’ decisions concerning their sport and financial priorities. Moreover, based on a simple theoretical description, the paper shows that the increasing financial stability promoted by the FFP rules might actually imply – as an undesired side effect – a declined competitive balance affecting the European football leagues. Finally, the paper discusses some policy issues and recommendations.
{"title":"How the UEFA Financial Fair Play regulations affect football clubs’ priorities and leagues’ competitive balance?","authors":"Pedro Garcia‐del‐Barrio, G. Rossi","doi":"10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5842","url":null,"abstract":"Institutional and legal reforms applied in the context of sports competitions often provoke structural changes that can be empirically investigated. Using a data set of 560 observations (20 teams per season, from 2009/10 to 2015/16, of teams playing in the Premier League, La Liga, Serie A and Ligue 1), this paper examines how the UEFA Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations may have altered the football clubs’ decisions concerning their sport and financial priorities. Moreover, based on a simple theoretical description, the paper shows that the increasing financial stability promoted by the FFP rules might actually imply – as an undesired side effect – a declined competitive balance affecting the European football leagues. Finally, the paper discusses some policy issues and recommendations.","PeriodicalId":37945,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Government and Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44730732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-24DOI: 10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5840
A. Martínez-Moreno, Francisco Cavas-García, Francisco Cano-Noguera, Arturo Díaz-Suárez
The objective of this study was to determine the type of leadership applied by the directors of amateur sports clubs. This quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 48 directors of sports clubs in total: 23 (47.91%) belonging to collective sports clubs and 25 (52.08%) to individual sports clubs. The study administered the MLQ-X5 Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (45 items). The answers are collected on a Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (almost always). The results indicated that the directors opt for a transformational leadership style (3.24), preferably followed by the corrective leadership type (3.18) and almost the same level as the developer type (3.17). The study concluded that the collective sports directors opt for the style of transformational leadership by being proactive and promoting the achievement of extraordinary goals.
{"title":"Female leadership in sports clubs","authors":"A. Martínez-Moreno, Francisco Cavas-García, Francisco Cano-Noguera, Arturo Díaz-Suárez","doi":"10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5840","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to determine the type of leadership applied by the directors of amateur sports clubs. This quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 48 directors of sports clubs in total: 23 (47.91%) belonging to collective sports clubs and 25 (52.08%) to individual sports clubs. The study administered the MLQ-X5 Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (45 items). The answers are collected on a Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (almost always). The results indicated that the directors opt for a transformational leadership style (3.24), preferably followed by the corrective leadership type (3.18) and almost the same level as the developer type (3.17). The study concluded that the collective sports directors opt for the style of transformational leadership by being proactive and promoting the achievement of extraordinary goals.","PeriodicalId":37945,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Government and Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49163780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-24DOI: 10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5846
Moisés Grimaldi Puyana, P. Gálvez-Ruíz, M. Valcarce-Torrente, Ainara Bernal-García
In Spanish sports habits, there exists a clear increase of the institutionalised sports practice and a distinct trend of leisure and recreational sport. This motivates the current work as it is necessary to go deeply into the knowledge of this practice. The aims proposed are twofold. On the one hand, to perform an analysis of the profile and the characteristics of the behaviour of the users of sports centres and leisure and recreational sportspeople. And, on the other hand, to study the motives of leisure/recreational sports practice. A descriptive quantitative methodology has been followed in this research. The description of the profile of users emerges from the data analysed as well as that they practise sport for exotelic reasons. The results obtained can serve managers to orientate their strategies destined to satisfy the needs of these users.
{"title":"The profile of leisure time sports people and their reason for doing sport in Spanish sports facilities","authors":"Moisés Grimaldi Puyana, P. Gálvez-Ruíz, M. Valcarce-Torrente, Ainara Bernal-García","doi":"10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5846","url":null,"abstract":"In Spanish sports habits, there exists a clear increase of the institutionalised sports practice and a distinct trend of leisure and recreational sport. This motivates the current work as it is necessary to go deeply into the knowledge of this practice. The aims proposed are twofold. On the one hand, to perform an analysis of the profile and the characteristics of the behaviour of the users of sports centres and leisure and recreational sportspeople. And, on the other hand, to study the motives of leisure/recreational sports practice. A descriptive quantitative methodology has been followed in this research. The description of the profile of users emerges from the data analysed as well as that they practise sport for exotelic reasons. The results obtained can serve managers to orientate their strategies destined to satisfy the needs of these users.","PeriodicalId":37945,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Government and Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41754967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-24DOI: 10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5953
Benito Pérez-González, Luis Eduardo de la Riva, José Bonal, Álvaro Fernández-Luna
The purpose was to analyse the income variation of the 13 top clubs of Deloitte Football Money League Report (2019) as well as the variation of the perceived value of their squad, obtained from the website www.transfermarkt.es during 9 seasons. Friedman's two-way analysis by ranges of selected samples and Wilcoxon W tests were used to measure the evolution and relation among the clubs’ income and perceived value of players. The income of clubs was deflected according to inflation (CPI: 2016) and market value was adjusted to a 20 players squad. Market value and income have a significant positive variation from one year to the next (p = .000). We found differences between both variables only in the last 2 years on the period analysed (2011-2019). Market value has suffered an increase higher than expected. This fact should make football managers reflect on how to control constant inflation in the transfer market.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of income trends and perceived value of squad of the highest turnover European football clubs (2010-2019)","authors":"Benito Pérez-González, Luis Eduardo de la Riva, José Bonal, Álvaro Fernández-Luna","doi":"10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5953","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose was to analyse the income variation of the 13 top clubs of Deloitte Football Money League Report (2019) as well as the variation of the perceived value of their squad, obtained from the website www.transfermarkt.es during 9 seasons. Friedman's two-way analysis by ranges of selected samples and Wilcoxon W tests were used to measure the evolution and relation among the clubs’ income and perceived value of players. The income of clubs was deflected according to inflation (CPI: 2016) and market value was adjusted to a 20 players squad. Market value and income have a significant positive variation from one year to the next (p = .000). We found differences between both variables only in the last 2 years on the period analysed (2011-2019). Market value has suffered an increase higher than expected. This fact should make football managers reflect on how to control constant inflation in the transfer market.","PeriodicalId":37945,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Government and Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44902193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-24DOI: 10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5850
David Parra-Camacho, Daniel Michel Duclos Bastías, Frano Giakoni Ramírez, S. López-Carril
The aim of this study is to analyse residents' perception of the social impact of the Formula E Grand Prix of Santiago de Chile. A sample of 414 residents was collected through a questionnaire made up of 46 items regarding possible positive and negative impacts. Descriptive analysis, confirmatory factorial analysis and cluster analysis were performed. The results showed two groups with different perceptions of this sporting event: realistic (n=152) and favourable (n=162). Sociodemographic variables referring to education level, civil status, income level, location of the family residence and political orientation contribute to significantly differentiating the clusters. The variables related to interest in the event, support for the celebration, attendance, participation and frequency of contact also contributed to significantly differentiating the groups. Citizens’ high degree of support for holding the sporting event could be identified by a positive social representation of the event.
{"title":"Evaluation of the perceived social impacts of the Formula E Grand Prix of Santiago de Chile","authors":"David Parra-Camacho, Daniel Michel Duclos Bastías, Frano Giakoni Ramírez, S. López-Carril","doi":"10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2020.9.2.5850","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to analyse residents' perception of the social impact of the Formula E Grand Prix of Santiago de Chile. A sample of 414 residents was collected through a questionnaire made up of 46 items regarding possible positive and negative impacts. Descriptive analysis, confirmatory factorial analysis and cluster analysis were performed. The results showed two groups with different perceptions of this sporting event: realistic (n=152) and favourable (n=162). Sociodemographic variables referring to education level, civil status, income level, location of the family residence and political orientation contribute to significantly differentiating the clusters. The variables related to interest in the event, support for the celebration, attendance, participation and frequency of contact also contributed to significantly differentiating the groups. Citizens’ high degree of support for holding the sporting event could be identified by a positive social representation of the event.","PeriodicalId":37945,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Government and Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46463062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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