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Johannesburg, 2nd Greatest City after Paris: reflections on photographing Hermann Kallenbach's Johannesburg through the lens of Walter Benjamin's Arcades in the age of digital reproduction 约翰内斯堡,仅次于巴黎的第二大城市:在数字复制时代,通过沃尔特·本雅明的街机镜头拍摄赫尔曼·卡伦巴赫的约翰内斯堡的思考
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-03-09 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2020.1727346
Svea Josephy
This photographic essay traces the collaboration between an historian and a photographer in a collaborative ‘conversation’ – both visual and textual – as part of a broader project to reimage urban space in Johannesburg, South Africa. Titled JoziQuest, the project locates a series of architectures and heritage sites in the space of the city, and uses digital methods as a critical tool to explore both: through time and space, historical narrative and imagery, text and context. In this pilot phase, structures associated with the architect Hermann Kallenbach have been creatively ‘mapped’ through site visits and photographic recordings of the actual buildings, which exist in variety of conditions and contexts – some restored, others in ruin. Photographing Kallenbach's Johannesburg enabled us to discursively and visually trace these architectures and locations to a time of the city's extraordinary growth into the leading metropolis of the African continent. In drawing on Kallenbach's design work in relation to Walter Benjamin, and as a way of framing my photographic intervention, this visual essay seeks to show that Kallenbach's work can be made to act as a lens of sorts, enabling sets of understandings of the relationship between early Johannesburg and the post-apartheid city in 2018, to emerge.
这篇摄影文章追溯了一位历史学家和一位摄影师在合作“对话”中的合作——包括视觉和文本——作为重塑南非约翰内斯堡城市空间的更广泛项目的一部分。该项目名为JoziQuest,在城市空间中定位了一系列建筑和遗址,并使用数字方法作为探索的关键工具:通过时间和空间,历史叙事和图像,文本和背景。在这个试点阶段,与建筑师Hermann Kallenbach有关的建筑通过实地考察和实际建筑的摄影记录被创造性地“绘制”出来,这些建筑存在于各种条件和环境中——有些已经修复,有些已经毁坏。拍摄Kallenbach的约翰内斯堡使我们能够以话语和视觉的方式追溯这些建筑和地点,追溯这座城市非凡发展成为非洲大陆主要大都市的时期。通过借鉴Kallenbach与Walter Benjamin相关的设计作品,并作为我摄影干预的一种方式,这篇视觉文章试图表明,Kallenbach的作品可以作为各种镜头,使人们能够理解早期约翰内斯堡与2018年后种族隔离城市之间的关系。
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引用次数: 2
Sites of unfinished independence in Johannesburg and Kinshasa 约翰内斯堡和金沙萨未完成的独立遗址
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-02-24 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2020.1724808
R. Sacks
This article looks at the material remains of the African independence era in Johannesburg's Constitution Hill (2004) and Kinshasa's Tour de l'échangeur de Limete (1974) according to how they function within their respective cityscapes. Adapting Walter Benjamin's method, I trace the contemporary meanings of built representatives of momentous eras.
这篇文章着眼于非洲独立时期在约翰内斯堡宪法山(2004)和金沙萨的Tour de l' samchangeur de Limete(1974)的物质遗迹,根据它们在各自城市景观中的作用。采用本雅明的方法,我追溯了重大时代的建筑代表的当代意义。
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引用次数: 0
Mediating ‘absence-presence’ at Rwanda’s genocide memorials: of care-taking, memory and proximity to the dead 调解卢旺达种族灭绝纪念馆的“缺席”:照顾,记忆和接近死者
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-16 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2019.1707100
Julia Viebach
This paper analyses the connectivities between violence, memory, personhood, place and human substances after the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. It explores the practice of ‘care-taking’ at genocide memorials – the preservation and care of human remains – to reveal how survivors of the Genocide remake their worlds through working with the remnants of their dead loved ones. I argue that ‘care-taking’ is a way to rebuild selves and to retain lost relations to the dead that still interfere in the everyday lives of the living. Survivors project their emotions, sentiments and confusion about an uncertain future onto the remains. Care-taking re-verses time because it gives back dignity to those who died ‘bad deaths’ during the Genocide. I further argue that the memorials are a vehicle for what I coin ‘place-bound proximity’ that enables a material space of communication between care-takers and their dead loved ones, provides a last resting place and a ‘home’ for both the living and the dead. Following a ‘victim-approach’ this paper draws on extensive fieldwork conducted in Rwanda since 2011.
本文分析了1994年卢旺达图西族大屠杀后暴力、记忆、人格、地点和人类物质之间的联系。它探讨了种族灭绝纪念馆的“照料”实践——保存和照顾人类遗骸——以揭示种族灭绝幸存者如何通过与死去的亲人的遗骸一起工作来重塑他们的世界。我认为,“照顾”是一种重建自我的方式,也是保持与死者失去的关系的一种方式,这种关系仍然干扰着生者的日常生活。幸存者将他们的情绪、情绪和对不确定未来的困惑投射到遗骸上。照料使时间倒流,因为它使那些在种族灭绝期间“不幸死亡”的人重获尊严。我进一步认为,纪念碑是我所说的“地点边界接近”的载体,它使照顾者和他们死去的亲人之间的物质交流空间成为可能,为生者和死者提供最后的安息之地和“家”。遵循“受害者方法”,本文借鉴了自2011年以来在卢旺达进行的广泛实地调查。
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引用次数: 1
Revisiting conquest in classical Swahili war epics 重温经典斯瓦希里战争史诗中的征服
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-10 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2019.1707101
Wafula Yenjela
This article reads two 18th Century classical Swahili epics of war as coded critiques of empire. Here, Empire refers not only to Europe but also the Arab world's conquest histories on the Indian Ocean seaboard. The epics: Mwengo bin Athumani's Chuo cha Tambuka (1728), ‘The Epic of Tabuk’, and Mgeni bin Faqihi's Utenzi wa Rasi’lGhuli (1855), ‘The Epic of Rasi’lGhuli’, are typically read in terms of their religious content and have been deemed apolitical; that they are merely concerned with translating Arabic tales for Islamic spiritual purposes. Through a critical approach, the article asserts that the epics deeply reflect on East African conquests as they are written in the era of Swahili coast conquests by the Portuguese and the Omani Arabs. They portray the oppressed, whose imagined piety is emphasized, appropriating religious authority to launch revolutions against their conquerors. The article demonstrates that the epics are political strategies of liberation from militarily powerful empires bent on consolidation of territory and exploitation. The poetic craft of winding tales of war not only nurtured and sustained the revolutionary spirit, but also reveals the warring atmosphere that defined the Swahili in their efforts to imagine a community in the years of imperial incursions.
这篇文章读了两篇18世纪斯瓦希里经典的战争史诗,作为对帝国的编码批评。在这里,帝国不仅指欧洲,也指阿拉伯世界在印度洋沿岸的征服历史。史诗:Mwengo bin Athumani的《Chuo cha Tambuka》(1728),《Tabuk的史诗》,以及Mgeni bin Faqihi的《Utenzi wa Rasi’lghuli》(1855),《Rasi’lghuli的史诗》,通常是根据其宗教内容来阅读的,被认为是非政治的;他们只是为了伊斯兰教的精神目的而翻译阿拉伯故事。通过批判的方法,文章断言,史诗深刻反映了东非的征服,因为它们是在葡萄牙人和阿曼阿拉伯人征服斯瓦希里海岸的时代写成的。他们描绘被压迫者,强调他们想象中的虔诚,利用宗教权威发动反对征服者的革命。这篇文章论证了史诗是一种政治策略,目的是从军事强大的帝国中解放出来,巩固领土和剥削。史诗般的战争故事不仅滋养和维持了革命精神,而且揭示了战争氛围,这种氛围定义了斯瓦希里人在帝国入侵年代努力想象一个社区的过程。
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引用次数: 0
Temporalities of waiting in Africa 非洲短暂的等待
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2020.1717361
M. Stasik, Valerie Hänsch, D. Mains
Ethnographic accounts of Africa in the late 20th century described a continent in which people were seemingly waiting endlessly for a future that would not come (Ferguson 1999; Piot 2010). Driven by normative temporal narratives of modernity and development, citizens and states imagined linear incremental movements through time. From individuals who envision better lives through work, education or migration, to larger community’s agendas for collective empowerment, to government’s long-term visions of national renewal, Africa has been rife with expectations for the future. For both states and citizens, the realization of these multiple futures is routinely delayed and often indefinitely postponed, creating a stark divide between expectation and reality. Across the continent a sense that the future is an elusive good and the present is a chronic state of waiting emerged in the aftermath of neoliberal structural adjustment policies that accelerated inequality, poverty, unequal resource access and marginalization (Ferguson 2006). Perhaps more than any other area, it is in the lives of youth that scholars have examined the gap between expectations of progress and a reality of stagnation (e.g. Archambault 2012; Cole 2004; Hansen 2005; Mains 2012; Masquelier 2005, 2019; Weiss 2009). Youth not only wait for economic development, they wait for maturation and growth in their own lives, as they struggle to attain normative expectations for the life course and become adults. In the face of persistently unmet expectations, many young people have experienced frustration, disillusion, despair or apathy. Scholars have attempted to conceptualize this experience of youth with the notion of ‘waithood’ (Honwana 2012). Attributed to a combination of persisting structures of gerontocratic and patrimonial rule and of economic pressures under neoliberal capitalism, the effects of structural adjustment, in particular, waithood describes the involuntarily prolonged adolescence of (mainly male and urban) youth grappling with issues of poverty, underemployment, access to education and, more generally, social and political marginalization. Deprived of access to the resources needed for attaining markers of social adulthood (i.e. stable income, marriage, family and household formation), youth are effectively put in a state of prolonged waiting that generates feelings of boredom, frustration and shame (Mains 2007, 2017; Masquelier 2013; Schielke 2008). Studies of expectations of development and youth waithood in Africa follow similar logics. Through engagement with modernizing discourses, like formal education, Africans have
20世纪后期的非洲民族志描述了一个大陆,在那里人们似乎无休止地等待着一个不会到来的未来(Ferguson 1999;皮奥特2010)。在现代性和发展的规范性时间叙事的推动下,公民和国家想象着随时间推移的线性增量运动。从个人通过工作、教育或移民设想更好的生活,到更大的社区集体赋权议程,再到政府对国家复兴的长期愿景,非洲一直充满着对未来的期望。对于国家和公民来说,这些多重未来的实现经常被推迟,而且往往是无限期地推迟,这在期望和现实之间造成了明显的鸿沟。新自由主义结构调整政策加速了不平等、贫困、不平等的资源获取和边缘化,在整个非洲大陆,一种未来是难以捉摸的美好,而现在是一种长期等待的状态。学者们在年轻人的生活中研究了进步的期望与停滞的现实之间的差距,这可能比其他任何领域都要多(例如Archambault 2012;科尔2004;汉森2005;电源2012;Masquelier 2005, 2019;维斯2009)。青年不仅等待经济发展,他们也等待自己生活的成熟和成长,因为他们努力达到对生命历程的规范期望并成为成年人。面对长期未能实现的期望,许多年轻人经历了挫折、幻灭、绝望或冷漠。学者们试图用“等待期”的概念来概念化这种青年经历(Honwana 2012)。由于老年政治和世袭统治的持续结构以及新自由主义资本主义下的经济压力的结合,结构调整的影响,特别是等待期,描述了(主要是男性和城市)青年与贫困、就业不足、教育机会以及更普遍的社会和政治边缘化等问题作斗争的非自愿延长的青春期。被剥夺了获得社会成年标志所需资源的机会(即稳定的收入、婚姻、家庭和家庭组成),青年实际上处于一种长时间等待的状态,产生了无聊、沮丧和羞耻的感觉(Mains 2007, 2017;Masquelier 2013;Schielke 2008)。对非洲发展预期和青年等待期的研究遵循类似的逻辑。通过参与现代化的话语,如正规教育,非洲人已经
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引用次数: 36
Unemployment, service delivery and practices of waiting in South Africa’s informal settlements 南非非正式定居点的失业、服务提供和等待行为
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2019.1697312
Joseph Mujere
Informal mining settlements in Rustenburg, South Africa, grew exponentially due to the removal of apartheid-era spatial controls in the late 1980s and the boom in platinum mining in the early 2000s. These informal settlements lack official recognition, and this generates collective uncertainty and engenders different forms of waiting. Residents wait for employment, services, and ultimately official recognition of their settlement and its integration into the Rustenburg Local Municipality. As residents wait, they also fashion various strategies to alleviate their situation. Drawing on ethnographic data collected from the Ikemeleng informal settlement on the outskirts of Rustenburg town, this article combines an analysis of experiences of waiting with the conditions and structures that generate waiting. It argues that waiting in informal settlements is not characterized by passive acquiesce but is an engaged activity that is informed by residents’ reflexive responses to the different structures and regimes of waiting. The article argues that informal settlements should be viewed as zones of waiting, not only because they are spaces that generate waiting, but most importantly because residents engage in active waiting.
由于20世纪80年代末种族隔离时代的空间控制被取消,以及21世纪初铂金开采的繁荣,南非勒斯滕堡的非正式采矿定居点呈指数级增长。这些非正式定居点缺乏官方认可,这就产生了集体的不确定性,并产生了不同形式的等待。居民们等待着就业、服务,并最终正式承认他们的定居点,并将其纳入勒斯滕堡地方自治市。在居民等待的同时,他们也想出了各种策略来缓解自己的处境。根据从勒斯滕堡镇郊区的Ikemeleng非正式定居点收集的人种学数据,本文将等待经验与产生等待的条件和结构相结合。该研究认为,在非正式住区中等待的特征不是被动的默许,而是居民对不同等待结构和制度的反射性反应所告知的一种参与活动。文章认为,非正式住区应被视为等待区,不仅因为它们是产生等待的空间,而且最重要的是,居民参与了积极的等待。
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引用次数: 9
On patience: perseverance and imposed waiting during dam-induced displacement in Northern Sudan 关于耐心:在苏丹北部因大坝导致的流离失所期间,坚持不懈和强制等待
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2019.1697317
Valerie Hänsch
In this paper, I explore patience as an attitude towards imposed waiting in uncertainty among peasants in rural Northern Sudan who were flooded out of their homes along the Nile during the 2003–2009 Merowe dam construction project. My aim is to examine the complex temporalities that appear in the politics of displacement. I show how such temporal alterations were related to the implementation of a large infrastructural project and to the shaping of the Manasir people’s perception of time as they attempted to stay and revive life in their homeland on the shores of the emerging reservoir. Corresponding to the gendered experience of imposed inactivity and the resultant dissolution of time, patience is practised to varying degrees. Amongst the displaced communities, patience, as a temporal practice, represents a commitment both to future divine rewards and to living within the present situation. This commitment, in turn, offers hope and enables people to persevere. I argue that patience is not, as is often assumed, a quietist attitude, but a political practice directed against attacks by the state.
在本文中,我探讨了在2003-2009年梅洛维大坝建设项目期间,苏丹北部农村农民被尼罗河沿岸的家园淹没,他们对不确定的强制等待所持的耐心态度。我的目的是研究流离失所政治中出现的复杂的时间性。我展示了这种时间变化是如何与大型基础设施项目的实施以及马纳西尔人的时间观念的形成有关的,因为他们试图留在新兴水库岸边的家园并恢复生活。与被强加的不活动的性别经验和由此产生的时间溶解相对应,耐心在不同程度上得到了实践。在流离失所的群体中,耐心作为一种暂时的实践,代表着对未来神圣奖励和生活在现状中的承诺。这种承诺反过来又提供了希望,使人们能够坚持下去。我认为耐心并不像人们通常认为的那样是一种安静的态度,而是一种针对国家攻击的政治实践。
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引用次数: 9
Waiting: elements of a conceptual framework 等待:概念框架的要素
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2019.1697309
G. Dobler
Waiting has become an important topic for the social sciences and a metaphor for the situation of young people in a variety of regions. This essay proposes to take a step back from metaphors of waithood, stuckedness, timepass or boredom to newly ask what waiting is and what social consequences it has. I see waiting as the evaluation of a situation; by social framing, this evaluation can coagulate into a specific action. Both evaluation and action are characterized by future orientation, passivity, uncertainty, stasis, and absence of intrinsic value. Waiting, I show, is an important medium of social cooperation on the one hand, of the allocation of resources on the other. Both lead to the unequal distribution of waiting. Those who have to wait can wait in competition to each other or jointly, and joint waiting can become a seed of social critique. Building on these elements of a conceptual framework, I ask if there is anything specific about waiting in Africa. I argue that contemporary waithood is produced and reproduced by global economic structures, and I describe ways in which these can translate into an unequal distribution of waiting – in Africa and beyond.
等待已经成为社会科学的一个重要话题,也是对各个地区年轻人处境的一种隐喻。本文建议从等待、停滞、时间流逝或无聊等隐喻中退一步,重新思考等待是什么以及它会带来什么社会后果。我认为等待是对一种情况的评估;通过社会框架,这种评价可以凝结成具体的行动。评价和行动都具有未来导向、被动性、不确定性、停滞性和内在价值缺失的特点。等待,一方面是社会合作的重要媒介,另一方面也是资源配置的重要媒介。两者都会导致等待时间分配不均。那些不得不等待的人可以相互竞争或共同等待,而共同等待可能成为社会批判的种子。在概念框架的这些要素的基础上,我问在非洲等待是否有什么具体的东西。我认为,当代的等待期是由全球经济结构产生和再生产的,我描述了这些结构如何转化为等待期的不平等分布——在非洲和其他地区。
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引用次数: 6
Waiting, relationships and money in a Ponzi scheme in Northern Ghana 加纳北部庞氏骗局中的等待、关系和金钱
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2019.1697315
J. Beek
In Northern Ghana, the microfinance company DKM convinced large segments of the population to give them money based on spectacular rates, only to fail spectacularly and leave many people bankrupt in 2016. Such Ponzi schemes are anything but unusual, in Africa and elsewhere, and have been studied as manifestations of an ever-accelerating neoliberal capitalism. Yet, the affected people remember DKM and its manager fondly, and they have abandoned the wait to get their money back. Instead of exploring economic questions, this paper will explore practices of waiting in the context of the scheme to understand the connection between social relationships and imagined futures. In DKM, actors engaged in deeply social forms of waiting, and these were part of late-modern financial schemes, leading to various forms of synchronization. When the tension between the social and instrumental aspects of this waiting emerged after the scheme’s collapse, actors – in Northern Ghana at least – ultimately decided to preserve their relationships. Looking back, actors speak about this period as a time of hope, a time in which waiting seemed to be over in a more existential sense.
在加纳北部,小额信贷公司DKM说服了大量人口以惊人的利率向他们提供资金,结果却以惊人的失败告终,导致许多人在2016年破产。这样的庞氏骗局在非洲和其他地方并不罕见,并被研究为不断加速的新自由主义资本主义的表现。然而,受影响的人们对DKM及其经理记忆犹新,他们放弃了等待拿回他们的钱。本文将不探讨经济问题,而是探讨在该方案背景下的等待实践,以理解社会关系与想象的未来之间的联系。在DKM中,演员参与了深度社会形式的等待,这是近代金融计划的一部分,导致了各种形式的同步。当该计划失败后,社会方面和工具方面的紧张关系出现时,参与者——至少在加纳北部——最终决定维持他们的关系。回顾过去,演员们把这段时期说成是一个充满希望的时期,在这个时期,等待似乎在一种更存在的意义上结束了。
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引用次数: 2
Waiting as a site of subject formation: examining collective prayers by Ethiopian asylum seekers in Germany 作为主题形成地点的等待:考察在德国的埃塞俄比亚寻求庇护者的集体祈祷
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2019.1697311
Serawit B. Debele
In this article I look at collective payers by Ethiopian asylum seekers to explore how religious narratives are mobilized to deal with temporal angst in the context of waiting. I posit that waiting is a site of multifaceted struggles in which subjectivities are constituted, in response to both the violence waiting imposes and the anticipated freedom it carries with it. Asylum seekers confront life in waiting in various ways until they attain what they wait for and ‘settle’ in the host country. To settle is imagined as living in Europe as independent and self-reliant workers who could generate their own income which is contingent on waiting for the acceptance of their applications for asylum. Whether people attain what they wait for or not, their subjectivities are formed through a certain idea of themselves, an understanding of their situation and their practices, all of which are located within histories and structures of power relations. My analysis draws on ethnographic data generated from fieldwork conducted in 2016–2017 among Oromo asylum seekers in the city of Nuremberg, Germany.
在这篇文章中,我研究了埃塞俄比亚寻求庇护者的集体支付者,以探索如何动员宗教叙事来处理等待背景下的暂时焦虑。我认为等待是一个多方面斗争的场所,主体性在其中被构成,以回应等待所施加的暴力和它所带来的预期自由。寻求庇护者以各种方式面对等待的生活,直到他们获得他们所等待的并在东道国“定居”。定居被认为是生活在欧洲的独立和自力更生的工人,他们可以创造自己的收入,这取决于他们的庇护申请是否被接受。无论人们是否获得了他们所等待的东西,他们的主体性都是通过对自己的某种观念,对自己处境的理解和实践而形成的,而这些都是位于权力关系的历史和结构之中的。我的分析借鉴了2016-2017年在德国纽伦堡市奥罗莫寻求庇护者中进行的实地调查产生的人种学数据。
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引用次数: 8
期刊
Critical African Studies
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